Alkadienes: guryaha jireed, guryaha kiimikada iyo codsigooda. The guryaha jirka ah ee alkadienes: miiska, sawir, tusaalooyin

Ku xiran tahay tirada iyo silsilado badan oo u dhexeeya atamka carbon aqoonsado fasalada dhowr ah oo hydrocarbon ah. Ina keena aynu deggan xeryahooda Diene, gaar ahaan guryaha ay qaab-dhismeedka, jirka iyo kiimikada.

Qaab-dhismeedka

Waa maxay alkadienes ah? guryaha jirka ah ee fasalka this xeryahooda organic la mid yihiin kuwa alkanes iyo alkenes. Dienes haysta SpN2p-2 xiriir adag formula guud, sidaas tixraac Consort roodhida.

links Kuwani waxaa lagu qori karaa boosas kale duwan si ay u sameeyaan a kala duwan Diene:

• isbiirsaday kuwaas oo dhaaraheedii badan ku yaalaan labada dhinac ee la eb ka mid ah carbon;
• conjugate (conjugate), taas oo ka mid ah bond double hal waxa uu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa;
• go'doon, kaas oo u dhexeeya bonds double waxa uu ku yaalaa ah noocyada hal yar.

In walxaha sida oo dhan Consort, at debaajiga double taagan yihiin gobolka SP2-hybrid. Waa maxay astaamaha waa alkadienes? guryaha Physical xeryahooda waxyaalahan waxaa loo go'aamiyo si hufan by sifooyinka ay dhismaha.

Magac-

Sida ay isku waydaarsanayeen nidaamsan, Consort Diene waxaa loo by mabda'a isku mid ah, sida laga soo xigtay siinaya magaca xarunta ethylenic. Waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah muuqaalada kala ah in si fudud loo macnayn karaa by joogitaanka ee u taagoo of laba bonds double ay.

First, waa in aad aqoonsado in lafaha carbon ah silsilad ugu dheer carbon, taas oo ka kooban leedahay laba bonds double ah. Sida laga soo xigtay tirada atamka carbon la doortay saldhig magaca, ka dibna -diene-galaha lagu darayaa ku daraa. lambarada ayaa tilmaamaya jagada xiriir kasta, laga bilaabo hooseeya.

Tusaale ahaan, isku waydaarsanayeen nidaamsan pentadiene-1 walax 3 leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka soo socda:

H ₂ C = CH-CH = CH-CH _3.

In isku waydaarsanayeen nidaamsan ayaa sii raagayaan magacyada qaar ka mid ah: Allen, butadiene, isoprene.

noocyada isomerism

Alkadienes kuwaas oo guryaha jirka ku xiran tahay tirada atamka carbon ee Britain ayaa u, leedahay dhowr nooc oo isomeric

• dhig bonds double,
• lafaha carbon;
• muuqaalka-fasalka cross.

Waxaan hada u soo jeesataa arrimaha la xiriira qeexidda tirada isomers ee Consort Diene ah.

Bartilmaameedyada for isomers

"Hilaadda tirada xeryahooda isomeric iyo magacaabi guryaha jirka ah ee alkadienes" - fasalka 10aad ee barnaamijka dugsiga on casharo chemistry organic ardayda lagu weydiiyo su'aalo badan oo nooca this. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, tixraaca lagu helay xiriirin karo Consort roodhida hal chemistry gobolka baadhitaan.

Tusaale ahaan, waa in aad sheeg oo dhan isomers Halabuurka ee C ₄ H _6, iyo sidoo kale inaan iyaga siiyo magaca waydaarsanayeen nidaamsan. First of dhan, waxaad samayn kartaa oo dhan alkadienes, guryaha jirka ah kuwaas oo xeryahooda ethylene mid ah:

H ₂ C = CH-CH = CH _2.

Xarunta Tani waa walax gaseous taas oo ah beelaya in biyaha. Sida ay isku waydaarsanayeen nidaamsan, waxaa lagu magacaabi doonaa 1,3 butadiene.

Marka dhaqaaqin dhismeedka bond badan waxaa laga heli karaa isomer foomka soo socda:

H ₃ C-CH = CH = CH ₂

Waxay leedahay magaca soo socda: Butadiene 1,2

Intaa waxaa dheer in ay isomers booska bond kala duwan oo ka kooban C ₄ H ₆ ayaa sidoo kale waxaa lagu arki karaa isomerism interclass, kuwaas oo wakiilo ka fasalka ee alkynes.

Dhegyadii xeryahooda Diene

Sida loo helo alkadienes? guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada ka mid ah wakiilo ka class this loo baran karaa in ay ka buuxaan oo kaliya haddii jiritaanka habab hufan ee shaybaarka iyo wax soo saarka warshadaha.

Marka la eego xaqiiqada ah in ugu dalbaday in industry casriga ah waa butadiene iyo isoprene, tixgelin fursadaha si loo helo xogta Consort Diene.

In warshadaha, kuwaas oo wakiilo ka ah xeryahooda roodhida helay dehydrogenation reer alkanes u dhiganta ama ka badan alkenes Hannaan ah taas oo u dhaqmo sida xabagta chromium (3).

alaabta ceeriin for habka this waxaa la go'doonsan by processing oo gaas ah oo la xidhiidha ka saliid ama waxyaabaha la safeeyey.

1,3-butadiene waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo jirka ka khamriga ethyl ee dehydrogenation iyo fuuq Academician Lebedev. Waa habkan ku lugta leh isticmaalka sida aluminium Hannaan ama oxides zinc iyo dal at heerkul ah 450 degrees Celsius, oo waxaa lala baxay sida aasaas u ah Avv warshadaha ee butadiene. isla'egta ee habkan waa sida soo socota:

H5OH ------ 2C ₂ H ₂ C = CH-CH = CH ₂ + 2 saac ₂ O + H _2.

mid ka mid ah weliba, kala saari karaa isoprene divil iyo xaddi yar by saliidda pyrolysis.

Features of sifooyinka jirka

In taas oo gobolka ka mid ah xulkii waa alkadienes? miiska guryaha jirka taas oo ka kooban macluumaad ku saabsan heerkulka barafka, kulayl daran, waxay muujinaysaa in xubnaha hoose ee fasalka waxa ay kala yihiin dalalka gaseous isagoo dhibic karaya hoose iyo barafku.

Iyada oo sii kordhaya mass qaraabo kelli ah ee dhaqankan cusub ee siyaadiyaa tilmaamayaashan, guurka ka gobolka dareere ah xulkii.

Waxay kaa caawinaysaa in aad in la baaro si faahfaahsan guryaha jirka ah ee miiska alkadienes. Photo muujinayay in waxyaabaha ka xeryahooda, kuwaas oo helay waxaa ku xusan soo bandhigay.

kiimikaad

Haddii loo arko go'doon (non-conjugated) bonds double, waxay leeyihiin sifooyinka la mid ah sida caadiga ah Consort ethylenic.

Waxaan falanqeyn guryaha jirka ah ee alkadienes, tusaalooyin isdhexgalka kiimikada ay suurtagal tahay in la tixgeliyo -1,3 butadiene.

xeryahooda The isagoo silsilado double conjugated, waxay leeyihiin falcelin sare sida noocyada kale ee dienes marka la barbar dhigo.

Intaa waxaa dheer reaction

Maxaa yeelay, dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee Diene lagu gartaa ficil xarunta a. iyaga ka mid ah waxaan la soco halogenation. reaction Tani waxa ay keentey in beddelidda ee Diene in alkene u dhigma. Marka hydrogen waxa laga soo qaatay in qadar xad-dhaaf ah, waxaa suurtagal ah si ay u helaan hydrocarbon ah cokan. Waxaan wakiil habka qaab isla'eg ah:

H ₃ C-CH = CH = CH ₂ + 2 saac ₂ = H ₃ C-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3.

Halogenation lug ficil xarunta Diene la Britain a diatomic ah chlorine, iodine, bromine ah.

dareen-celin fuuq (waxaa dheer ee u taagoo biyo ah) iyo gidrogalogenirovaniya (waayo, xeryahooda Diene isagoo bond a double ee booska ugu horreeya) socodka iyada oo xukunka Markovnikov. Its nuxurka been in xaqiiqda ah in marka dillaac ah atamka hydrogen ku xiran yihiin in ay atamka carbon kaas oo ay leeyihiin qadar yar oo ah kooxaha hydrogen iyo hydroxyl ama atamka halogeen ku xiran yihiin in ka atamka C, taas oo lacagta ugu yar ee hydrogen ku yaal.

Marka ereygu Diene ku dhacdaa lifaaqaaya Britain xarunta ethylenic ama in Diene alkyne isagoo silsilado double conjugated.

isdhexgalka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in soo saara noocyada kala duwan ee xeryahooda organic xilliile ah.

wakiilada Polymerization Diene xeryahooda waa muhiim gaar ah. guryaha jirka ah ee alkadienes iyo isticmaalkooda ku xiran yihiin habka this. At ay polymerization sameeyay rubbery xarunta sare-kelli. Tusaale ahaan, ka butadiene-1,3 caag butadiene la diyaarin karaa isagoo codsiga ballaaran warshadaha.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah ee xeryahooda Diene shaqsi

Maxay yihiin guryaha jirka ah ee alkadienes? Si kooban u falanqeeyaan sifooyinka of isoprene iyo butadiene.

Butadiene -1,3 gaaska waa gaas isagoo a ur af badan oo gaar ah. xarunta Taasi waa monomer-upka soo saarka ee latices of masaxado dardaro, bacyaal, iyo hannaanka xeryahooda organic.

2-methylbutadiene-1,3 (isoprene) - waa dareere ah midab, taas oo qayb ka ah dhismaha of caag dabiiciga ah.

2-chlorobutadiene-1,3 (chloroprene) waa dareere sun ah, taas oo aasaas u ah soo saaridda of alxamaad vinylalkohol, wax soo saarka warshadaha ee caag chloroprene dardaro.

Rabadhka iyo caag

Rabadhka iyo masaxado waa elastomers. Waxaa jira oo qeyb ka ah masaxado, dardaro oo dabiici ah.

caag Dabiiciga ah waa tiro aad u laastikada, kaas oo la helay juice ka caanno. Galmada - ganaax ah oo qayb ka wanaagsan oo ah caag biyo, taas oo ka jirta geedo kulaylaha sida brasiliensis Hevea ah, iyo sidoo kale in dhirta qaar ka mid ah.

Tani polymer roodhida leedahay Halabuurka ah (C ₅ H ₈₎ n, kuwaas oo celcelis ahaan kelli miisaanka u dhaxeysa 15,000 500,000.

Daraasado ayaa lagu ogaaday in unit dhismaha uu leeyahay qaab caag dabiiciga ah -CH2-C = CH-CH2-.

astaamaha ugu weyn ee ay u kala la ogaadaa karaa dabacsanaan u fiican, awood u leh inay hor istaagi cadaadis la taaban karo farsamo, si ay u ilaaliyaan qaabka dib markii iskala. caag Dabiiciga ah waa inay awoodaan inay baabbi'isaa Consort gaar ah, la xirrira xal viscous.

Sidoo kale, xarunta Diene, waxaa geli karaa dareen-celin dheeraad ah. Sida kala duwanaansho ah polymer isoprene dhaqmo percha. In xiriir this waxaa kordhay dabacsanaan, sida ay leedahay kala duwan ee qaab dhismeedka of macromolecules.

Products ka caag laga sameeyey, leedahay cillado gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, in ay dhacdo sii kordhaya heerkulka ay u noqdaan dheg dheg, badalka ay badaleen qaab, heerkulka hoos ay leeyihiin dabacsanaan ah xad-dhaaf ah.

In si ay u takhaluso Rajadu waa in waxyaalaha, warshadaha ee billaabeen inay vulcanization caag. nuxurka geedi socodkan waxa weeye in ay isaga u siiyaan iska caabin ah kulaylka, dabacsanaan marka baaruud.

Geedi socodka qaadataa meel heerkulka kala duwan 140-180 ° C ee qalab gaar ah. Sida caag natiijo la aasaasay, taas oo ka kooban baaruud gaaro 5%. Waxay "tolay" macromolecules caag, sameynta qaab dhismeedka network ah. Waxa intaa dheer in baaruud caag ah ayaa buuxiyo dheeraad ah: formaldehyde, plasticizers, antioksidanter.

Sababtoo ah baahida sare in industry ee wax soo saarka caag, lacagta aasaasiga ah synthetically soo saaray.