Formation, Sayniska
Aragtida of asalka ah ee caalamka. Sidee badan oo aragtiyo ka soo jeedo Caalamka? The Big Bang Aragtida: Rise of caalamka. aragti diimeed ee asalka ah ee caalamka
Waynaanta iyo kala duwanaanta ah ee dunida waa ay awoodaan in ay ku dhuftay male kasta. Dhammaan alaabta iyo waxyaabaha ku xeeran nin, dadka kale, noocyo kala duwan oo dhirta iyo xayawaanka noocyada, Qurub in loo arki karaa oo keliya iyadoo microscope ah, iyo sidoo kale ay kooxahaasi xiddiga aan la fahmi karin, waxay dhan midoobeen fikirka ah "Caalamka".
Aragtida ka soo jeedo ee caalamka oo ay soo saareen nin muddo dheer ka hor. Inkastoo la'aanta ah ee xitaa fikradaha hoose diinta iyo sayniska, maskaxda xiiso leh of dadkii hore waxay lahaayeen su'aalo ku saabsan mabaadi'da si dunida oo ku saabsan waxa jagada qofka in meel bannaan oo ah in ay ku wareegsan. Sidee badan oo aragtiyo ka soo jeedo ee caalamka maanta, waa ay adag tahay in la tiriyo iyo qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxaa lagu bartay saynisyahano sare oo dunida ku baahsan, ku kale - saraaxad fantastic.
Cosmology iyo maado
cosmology Modern - saynis ah oo ka mid ah dhismaha iyo horumarinta ee caalamka - ayaa ka fikiraya inuu asal ahaan ay mid ka mid ah waxyaalaha qarsoon ugu xiisaha badan oo weli si waafi bartay. dabiiciga ah ee geedi socodka in ay gacan ka ah ee xiddigaha, falagyada, nidaamka qoraxda iyo meerayaasha, horumarkooda, il ee caalamka, sidoo kale ay size iyo soohdimaheeda, waxaas oo dhan waa uun liiska kooban ee arrimaha la bartay by culimada casriga ah.
search for jawaabo halxidhkii aasaasiga ah ee waxbarashada aduunka ee keentay in xaqiiqda ah in maanta waxaa jira aragtiyaha kala duwan ee jiritaanka, caalamka oo dhan. xirfadlayaasha Yididiilo doonaya jawaabaha in la dhiso iyo mala imtixaanka, xaq, maxaa yeelay, aragtida lagu kalsoonaan karo dhalashada ee koonkan-aadmiga oo dhan u muujin doonaa jaaniska jiritaanka nolosha ee nidaamyada kale iyo meerayaasha.
Aragtida of asalka ah ee caalamka ku sugan tahay nooca fikradaha sayniska, mala gaar ah, diinta, falsafadda iyo sheekooyin. Waxay yihiin oo dhan conventionally qaybiyay laba qaybood oo waaweyn:
- Aragtida, sida laga soo xigtay oo duniyooyinka lagu abuuray by abuura. In si kale loo dhigo, ay ku jiraan geedi socodka in uunka oo caalamka oo dhan ayaa la miyir qabo oo dhiirigalin leh saamayn, muujin ka timid doonista sirdoonka sare.
- Aragtida of asalka ah ee caalamka, dhisay ku salaysan arrimo sayniska. postulates ay aslanba diidi jiritaanka abuuraha, iyo suurtagalnimada of abuurka ula kac ah. fikradaha noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan ku saleysan waxa loo yaqaan mabda'a oosa. Waxay soo jeedin suurtagalnimada of joogaan nolosha, ma aha oo kaliya on dhulkeenna, laakiin sidoo kale in dadka kale.
Creationism - aragti of abuurka ah ee wax abuura ee dunida
Sida magacaba ka muuqata, creationism (Abuuridda) - waa aragti diimeed ee asalka ah ee caalamka. aragti ku salaysan yahay fikradda ah Abuuridda of caalamka, meeraha iyo Ilaaha aadanaha ama abuura.
Fikradda ah muddo dheer ahaa xukuma ilaa dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah, marka xawaaraha ee geedi socodka of raasamaal aqoonta beeraha kala duwan ee sayniska (biology, xiddigaha, physics), iyo sidoo kale aragti baahsan ee horumar. Creationism uu noqday falcelin khaas ah Masiixiyiinta ah kuwaas oo qaban views muxaafidka on daahfurtay in ay ka samaysan yihiin. Xukuma waqtiga horumarinta evolutionary of fikradda kaliya xoogaystay is burinaya ka jira ee u dhexeeya diinta iyo kale aragtiyaha.
Aragtiyada sayniska iyo Diinta oo kala duwan
Faraqa ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya aragtiyaha kala duwan yihiin horrayn marka la eego oo ay isticmaalaan kuwa raacsan ay. Sidaas daraaddeed, in fikradaha sayniska halkii ay wax abuura ee - nooca, iyo in soo laabashada abuurka - asal ahaan. Oo ay la socoto this, waxaa jira arrimo kuwaas oo la mid ah daboolay by aragtiyaha kala duwan ama xataa labalaabka.
Aragtida ka soo jeedo ee caalamka la xiriira qaybaha ka soo horjeeda, kala duwan oo taariikhdiisu tahay muuqaalkiisa aad. Tusaale ahaan, sida in la xiqiijiyay in ugu baahsan (aragti bang weyn) duniyooyinka lagu sameeyay oo ku saabsan 13 bilyan oo sano ka hor.
Taas bedelkeeda, aragti diimeed ee asalka ah ee caalamka keenaysaa tirooyinka arrin oo kala duwan:
- Sida laga soo xigtay ilo Christian, da'da koonkan abuuray by Ilaah waqtiga dhalashada Ciise Masiix ahaa 3483-6984 sano.
- Hinduism soo jeedisay in our dunida ku dhowaad 155 trillion sano.
KANT iyo model cosmological
Ilaa qarnigii XX ah, culimada ugu ahaayeen aragtida xad la'aan ah caalamka oo dhan. tayada Tani, waxay calaamad u ah waqti iyo meel. Intaa waxaa dheer, in ay view, koonkan lahaa ma guurto ah oo dhqaalaha.
Fikradda ah ee caalamka aan la koobi karayn in meel bannaan oo soo jeediyay Isaak Nyuton. horumarinta fikradaha ku lug IMMANUEL KANT, kaas oo horumariyey aragtida ah ee maqnaanshaha waqtiga sidoo kale xaddidaya. Horumarinta dheeraad ah in fikradaha akhriska, KANT ayaa loo qaybiyey xad ah ee caalamka on tirada alaabta bayooloji ee dhici kara. postulate Taas macnaheedu waa in hoos xaaladaha dunida qadiimiga ah iyo baaxad weyn oo aan lahayn bilowga ah ama dhammaadka noqon kartaa tiro aan la koobi karayn fursadaha, taas oo keentay in dhacdo dhabta ah ee noocyada kasta.
Ku saleysan aragtida this of suurtagalnimada of foomamka nolosha dambe lagu sameeyey by aragtida Darwin ee. Kormeerka samada samada iyo natiijooyinka ka mid ah xisaabaha cirbixiyeyaasha xaqiijiyay KANT model cosmological.
fikirrada Einstein ee
In qarnigii hore XX, Albertom Eynshteynom daabacay ay model gaarka ah ee caalamka. Sida laga soo xigtay in uu aragti of relativity, in caalamka oo dhan, laba hannaan horjeeda isku mar dhacaan: ugu fidinta iyo Cidhiidh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu isku raacay in la opinion ee inta badan culimada ka mid ah stationarity caalamka oo dhan, si ay u soo bandhigay fikradda ah ciidamada repulsion runtan. Its saameyn waxaa loogu tala galay in ay miisaamaan jiido ee xiddigaha iyo in ay joojiso habka dhaqaaqo meydadkoodii oo dhan wuxuu jannada loo ilaalin caalamka ah ma guurto ah.
Model Caalamka - Einstein - leedahay size gaar ah, laakiin waqti isku mid ah waxaa jira xuduudaha lahayn. isku darka Kaasi waa macquul kaliya meel dhaf ah si ay dhacdo in duurka ku.
meel Performance of model this yihiin:
- Saddex-dimensionality.
- Circuit laftiisa.
- Midayso (no xarunta iyo ku laayeen), kuwaas oo loo diyaarin Galaxy isku.
A. A. Fridman: caalamka ayaa waxaa loo kordhiyay
Abuuraha reer model ka kacaan caalamka ballaariyo, A. A. Fridman (USSR) oo ku saleysan isla'egyada ku tilmaamay aragtida guud ee relativity dhisay uu aragtida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xigmadda caadiga ah ee dunida sayniska ee wakhtigaas ahaa nooca guurto ah oo ka mid ah dunida, si uu shaqada waxaa lagu bixin fiiro u sabab ah.
A dhowr sano ka dib daahfurka astronomer ee Edwin Hubble ee waxaa loo sameeyey in siiyey xaqiijinta fikrado Friedman ee. ka saarida falagyada laga helay sugnaa meel u dhow Jidka calooshiisa ka. Isla mar ahaantaana waxa ay noqotay xaqiiqda ah murmi karin ee lagu badbaadinayo saamiyeed si ay xawaaraha ay dhaqdhaqaaq in meel fog iyaga iyo Galaxy dhexeeya.
daahfurka waxa uu sharaxayaa "u dhicii" si joogto ah xiddigaha iyo falagyada ee la xiriirta in kasta oo kale, taas oo horseedaysa in ay soo gunaanaday in ballaarinta caalamka.
Ugu dambayntii, gunaanad Friedman ayaa loo arkaa by Einstein oo markii dambe uu ku xusan oo ku saabsan mudnaanta cilmiga Soofiyeeti sida aasaasihii la xiqiijiyay in ballaarinta ee caalamka.
Waxaan ma dhihi karo in ay is burinayaan dhexeeya aragtida iyo aragtida guud ee relativity, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ballaarinta caalamka loo moodayay in ay rabitaan degdeg ah asalka ah, xiddigaha u dhicii xanaajiyeen. By eegtahay la qaraxa, fikradda la odhan jiray "Big Bang".
Stiven Hoking iyo mabda'a anthropic
Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay ka mid ah xisaabinta iyo daahfurtay ee Stephen Hawking noqday aragti anthropocentric ee asalka ah ee caalamka. Its abuure ayaa sheegay in jiritaanka caalamka, si fiican loo diyaariyey nolosha aadanaha, ma noqon karaan shil.
Aragtida ka soo jeedo ee caalamka Stephen Hawking weliba loogu talagalay uumi tartiib ah godadka madow, khasaaraha tamarta iyo hawada ee shucaaca Hawking.
Sidaas darteed, raadinta caddaymo la go'doomiyay iyo baaraa in ka badan 40 sooca ah, taas oo in la raaco ee horumarka ah ee ilbaxnimada. astrophysicist American Hyu Rossom ayaa la qiimeeyey jaaniska ah sida kadis ah oo ula kac ahayn. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay ahayd tirada 10 -53.
Our caalamka ka mid ah trillion falagyada, 100 bilyan oo xiddigood kasta. Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano soo saaray xisaabaha, tirada guud ee meerayaasha waa in ay ahaataa 10 20. tiradaasi waa 33 amarada baaxaddeeda ka yar intii hore loo xisaabiyaa. Sidaa darteed, mid ka mid ahaa meerayaasha ee falagyada oo dhan ma isku dari kartaa xaaladda in uu noqon doono haboon asal ahaan lama filaan ah nolosha.
The Big Bang Aragtida: ah ee caalamka ka qayb infinitesimal
Seynisyahanno taageera aragtida ah ee Bang Big ah, la wadaagi la xiqiijiyay in sida laga soo xigtay oo caalamka oo dhan waa natiijo ah oo qarax grand. rogo oo ugu weyn ee aragtida uu noqdo qoraal ah in ka hor dhacdadan xubno ku sugan caalamka oo dhan laga dhigay walxaha, kaas oo lahaa size a cqaadir. Laga soo bilaabo gudaha, waxyaabaha lagu gartaa gobolka keli meesha arrimood sida heerkulka, cufnaanta iyo cadaadiska aan la qiyaasi karin. Waxay yihiin dhammaadka lahayn. On the arrinta iyo tamarta ee gobolka this ma saamayn sharciyada physics.
Sababta oo ah qaraxa, kaas oo ka dhacay 15 billion sano ka hor, la yiraahdo kacay gudahood xasilooni walxaha. Duuliyay gooni ah xubno ka yar in lagu calaamadeeyay iyo dunida bilowgeedii sida aannu iyada u aqoonsanno maanta.
Markii hore caalamka nebula waxaa la aasaasay by qayb yar (ka yar la eb). Markaas, marka la isku daro, waxay sameeyaan atamka in la sameeyey ayaa sal u ah falagyada hugaaminaya. Jawaabta su'aasha ah in ka hor qaraxa uu ahaa, iyo in ay ahayd sababta, waa hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee aragtida ah ee asalka ah ee caalamka.
Shaxda schematically gaysteen tallaabooyinka la xirrira caalamka ka dib markii qarax weyn.
| state of caalamka | Timeline | Heerkulka lagu qiyaasay |
| Expansion (sicir barar) | Laga soo bilaabo 10 -45 10 -37 ilbiriqsi | In ka badan 10 26 K |
| Muuqan iyo electrons quark | 10 -6 sec | In ka badan 10 13 K |
| Ma la aasaasay by protons iyo neutrons | Iyadoo 10 -5 | October 12 K |
| Waxaa jira nuclei helium, deuterium iyo lithium | Laga soo bilaabo 10 -4 s 3 min | Laga soo bilaabo 10 11 10 9 K |
| sameeyey by atamka ka | 400 kun. Years | 4000 K |
| daruur Gas sii balaarineysa | 15 milyan oo sano | 300 K |
| Nucleate xiddigaha ugu horeysay oo falagyada | 1 billion sano | 20 K |
| The qarax oo hugaaminaya ka cadhaysiinina formation of nuclei culus | 3 bilyan oo sano | 10 K |
| Istaago geedi socodka ka mid ah xiddiga dhalashada | 10-15 bilyan oo sano | 3 K |
| tamarta The xiddigaha oo dhan waxaa gabaabsi | October 14 sano | 10 -2 K |
| godad Black waxaa la dhammaaday iyo Qurub hoose ku dhasha | 10 40 sano | -20 K |
| Gabagabeysey uumi of godadka madow | 10.100 sano | Laga soo bilaabo 10 -60 10 -40 K |
Sida soo socota ka xogta kor ku xusan, caalamka ay sii ballaariyo oo qabow.
Kororka joogto ah masaafada u dhexeysa falagyada - postulate aasaasiga ah, in farqiga u dhexeeya aragtida ah ee bang weyn. koonkan dhacdo sidan loo ansixiyey kartaa helay caddaymo. Waxaa kaloo jira sababo ay diidmada.
Dhibaatooyinka aragtida
Marka la eego in aragtida ah bang weyn aan la xaqiijiyay in dhaqanka, ma aha la yaab leh in ay jiraan su'aalo dhowr ah oo ay awoodin in ay siin jawaab:
- Singularity. Ereygan tusinaysaa gobolka ee caalamka, Tifaftirayaasha galay hal dhibic. Dhibaatadu waxa ay ka mid ah aragtida ah bang weyn, waxa uu noqonayaa mid aan macquul aheyn in lagu qeexo geedi socodka ka dhacda arrinta iyo meel ee gobolka this. Sharcigu wuxuu guud ee relativity ma aha dabaqi karo halkan, sidaas darteed description xisaabta iyo isleegyo for carra aan macquul aheyn.
adagtahay The asaasiga ah ee loo helo jawaabta su'aashan ee gobolka bilowga ah ee caalamka discredits aragtida ah tan iyo bilowgii. Her bandhig sayniska caan door bidaan in ay iska aamusan oo ku saabsan ama ku sheeg kaliya in marayay kakanaanta in. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saynisyahano ayaa ka shaqeynaya in la keeno saldhig u xisaabeed waayo aragtida ah ee Bang Big ah, waxaa la aqoonsaday dhib ah caqabad weyn oo. - Xiddigaha. In deegaanka this, aragtida ah bang weyn la soo gudboonaado xaqiiqda ah in uusan ku tilmaami karta geedi socodka ka soo jeedo ee falagyada. Iyada oo ku saleysan version casriga ah ee aragtida ah, waxaa suurtagal ah in la saadaaliyo sida uu jiro daruur uniform of gaaska. Marka ay cufnaanta in waqtiga hadda waa in ay ahaataa oo ku saabsan mid ka mid ah la eb halkii mitir cubic. Waayo, wax dheeraad ah ma aan samayn karo iyada oo aan la qabsado gobolka bilowga ah ee caalamka. War la'aan iyo waayo-aragnimo goobta uu noqdo caqabad weyn ku tahay Tusaale dheeraad ah.
Sidoo kale waxaa jira farqi marka la eego baaxada xisaabiyaa of our Galaxy iyo kuwa xogta laga heli by baranayay xawaaraha ee ay soo jiidashada u Galaxy Andromeda. Sida muuqata, miisaanka our Galaxy waa toban jeer in ka badan hore u maleeyay.
Cosmology iyo physics galmada
Maanta ma jirto aragtiyaha cosmological, taas oo aadan ku tiirsan Farsamoyaqaan galmada. Ka dib oo dhan, waxaa shaqo ku leh description ee dhaqanka ee Qurub qaaradda iyo subatomic. Si ka duwan physics galmada ka classical (fasiray by Newton) in labaad u ilaalisaa oo qeexaya waxyaabaha wax, ugu horreeyey ku lug leedahay oo kaliya description oo xisaab-galku iyo cabbiraadda. Quantum wax physics qiyamka ma matalaan maadada cilmi, waa qayb ka mid ah goobjooge ku qabata xaaladda bartay.
Iyada oo ku saleysan astaamahaan, makaanikada galmada waxaa dhib leh sharaxaad ka mid ah caalamka oo dhan, maxaa yeelay, observer ah - waa qayb ka mid ah caalamka oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku hadla ee caalamka oo ay dhacaan, ma suurtowdo in goobjoogayaasha ka baxsan. Isku day si ay u horumariyaan model ah oo aan ku lug of jooge ah ka baxsan ayaa loo caleemo saaray la aragtida ah galmada ka soo jeedo ee caalamka G .. Wheeler.
Its nuxurka waa in aad daqiiqad kasta waxaa jira qaybsama ka mid ah caalamka iyo formation of tiro aan la koobi karayn koobi. Sidaas darteed, mid kasta oo ka mid ah caalamka oo barbar socda oo laga dheehan karo iyo observer ay u muuqdaan in ay dhan beddeli galmada. Xaaladdan oo kale, ee Caalamka asalka ah iyo kuwa cusub waa dhab.
Habka sicir-bararka
Ujeedada ugu weyn, taas oo ah si ay u xalliyaan aragti sicir bararka waa raadinta jawaab su'aalaha soo haray shidnayn aragti Big Bang iyo aragtida ah kordhinta. kuwaas oo:
- Sababtan qaar ka mid ah, caalamka oo dhan ayaa waxaa loo kordhiyay?
- Waa maxay bang weyn?
Si taas loo gaaro, aragtida ah sicir-bararka ee asalka ah ee caalamka ku lug extrapolation kordhin eber mar, soo gunaanaday mass oo dhan koonkan at hal dhibic iyo formation of singularity cosmological, kaas oo inta badan loo yaqaan bang weyn.
Waxaa uu noqonayaa irrelevance cad ee aragtida guud ee relativity, taas oo aan lagu saleyn karaa markan. Sidaas darteed, si ay u horumariyaan aragti si guud ahaan (ama "physics cusub") iyo go'aamada ka soo baxay dhibaatooyin singularity cosmological kaliya lagu saleyn karaa habab afka baarkiisa, xisaabinta iyo gunaanad.
Aragtiyo kale New
Inkastoo guusha lagu daydo ee sicir bararka runtan, waxaa jira saynisyahano kuwaas oo ka soo horjeeda, waxaa soo wacaya aan sal lahayn. Wax xuja ugu muhiimsan ee uu noqdo dhaleeceyn ah oo aragti la soo jeediyay ee xal. Dadka ka soo horjeeda ku doodayaan in xalka keentay waxaa looga tegey seegay faahfaahin qaar ka mid ah, in si kale loo dhigo, halkii xalinta dhibaatada qiimaha bilowga ah, aragti keliya daahyada ay baahsan.
badiilka ah si aad u hesho qaar ka mid ah aragtiyaha qalaad, fikradda ah kaas oo ku salaysan yahay formation of qiimaha bilowga ah ka hor inta bang weyn. aragti cusub ee asalka ah ee caalamka lagu soo koobi karaa sida soo socota:
- Aragti xarig. dhaggan ay soo jeedin, ka sokow caadiga ah afar dhinac oo meel iyo waqti, galaan dhinacyada dheeraad ah. Ay ka cayaari karaan door ku jira marxaladaha hore ee koonkan, iyo haatan ku sugan gobolka compactified. Ka jawaabaya su'aal ku saabsan sababta ay u sii yaraanaya, saynisyahano soo jeedin jawaab sheegaysa in hantida la superstring T-duality. Sidaa darteed, string "boogta" on dhinacyada oo dheeraad ah oo ay size kooban.
- Fikradda ah branes. Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaano M-aragti. Iyadoo la tixraacayo postulates ay, bilowgii formation of caalamka ka jira ma guurto ah shan waji-time meel qabow. Afar iyaga (space) ee ay leeyihiin xadad ama darbiyada - saddex-branes. Our meel ay guushu ku mid ka mid ah derbiyada, iyo kii labaad qarsoonba. The saddexaad saddex-brane waxaa laga heli karaa meel afar-geesood ah, yareysey laba branes xad. Aragtidu waxay tixgelinaysaa kulanka saddexaad-branes iyo sii daayo xaddi badan oo tamar. Waa xaaladahan noqday wanaagsan ah ee bang weyn.
- aragtiyaha meerto diidi aqonsado ee bang weyn, isagoo sheegay in Caalamka maraa ka mid ah gobolka in kale. Dhibaatadu waxay noqotaa aragtiyaha sida entropy kordho sidii sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics. Sidaas awgeed, mudada ka mid ah wareegyada hore ahaa hoose, iyo heerkulka mid ah waxyaabaha la - oo aad uga badan marka qarax weyn. jaaniska ah waa mid aad u yar.
Macna ma laha inta badan waxaa jira aragtiyo ka soo jeedo ee caalamka, kaliya labo ka mid ah ayaa istaagay tijaabada waqtiga oo laga adkaado dhibaatada entropy sii kordhaysa. Waxay la soo saaray by saynisyahano Steinhardt iyo Turok-Baum-Frampton.
Kuwani aragtida cusub ee asalka ah ee caalamka horey ee 80-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Waxay leeyihiin wax badan oo raacsan oo horumariyaan lagu daydo oo ku salaysan waxa on, raadinayso isku halaynta cadaymaha iyo ka shaqaynayaan si loo xaliyo is burinaya.
aragti string
Mid ka mid ah aragtida ugu caansan ee asalka ah ee caalamka - aragti string. Ka hor inta Socota inay sharaxaad ka mid ah fikradaha ay, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la fahmo fikradda ah mid ka mid ah tartanka ugu dhow, model caadiga ah. Waxaa soo jeedisay in dhexgalka ee arrinta oo lagu tilmaami karaa set gaar ah qayb, qaybintii kooxo dhowr ah:
- Quarks.
- Leptons.
- Bosons.
Qurub Kuwani waa, in fact, blocks dhismaha ee caalamka ugu, tan iyo markii ay si yar oo aan loo qaybin karaa qaybaha yihiin.
feature The garan aragti string noqotaa caddaynta in blocks kuwanu ma Qurub iyo xadhig aalladda cqaadir, qabata oscillations. Xaaladdan oo kale, ka bilowda inta jeer oo kala duwan, xadhig waa analogs Qurub kala duwan ku tilmaamay in model caadiga ah.
Waayo, fahamka aragtida ah waa inay ogaadaan in xadhig leh ma yihiin wax dhib ah maleh, waa tamar. Sidaas awgeed, aragtida string waa in dhammaan qaybaha caalamka oo dhan ka kooban yihiin tamar.
Sinaanshaha wanaagsani waa in uu dabka. Marka aad eegto isaga u muuqataa in ay materiality, laakiin waxaa lama taaban karo.
Cosmology ardayda
Aragtida of asalka ah ee caalamka si kooban u baray in dugsiyada casharo xiddigaha ka. Ardayda qeexo aragtida ah ee aasaasiga ah ee sida dunida la aasaasay, waxa isaga ku dhacay hada iyo sida ay u horumarin doontaa mustaqbalka.
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