Bayoolajiga Ruush caan ah oo nabad iyo iyaga furitaanka

Promotion of science - dad badan oo tayo leh oo heegan ah oo aan ka cabsadaan waqtiga waxaa la Yimaadeen uu la xiqiijiyay in ku saabsan mashruuc Been qalab cusub. aadanaha kaamileen of Millennium kasta arkay badan oo daahfurtay gaar ah, oo xiiso leh iyo muhiim ah oo duurka ku ah bayoolaji. Yaa waa kuwa ku Russia ammaanay? Kuwanu waa ayo bayoolajiga caan ah?

Laga soo bilaabo Qarniyadii hore in qarnigii XIX ah

bayoolajiga caan ah oo daahfurtay in ay bilaabeen in ay u muuqdaan muddo dheer. Xitaa wakhtiyadii hore, marka xitaa ka mid ah su'aasha sayniska noocan oo kale ah, waxaa jiray dad doonayay in ay fahmaan waxa qarsoon ee dunida. Waa sida qof caan ah, sida Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.

Biology sida sayniska waxay bilaabeen inay soo baxaan oo u dhaw in qarnigii 17aad. systematics muuqday ee noolaha ku dhashay edbiyo sida ayidhi, jirka. Continued si ay u horumariyaan anatomy, waxaa jiray furitaanka wareegga labaad, marka hore la darsay unugyada dhiigga cas iyo shahwada xoolaha. bayoolajiga caanka ah ee wakhtiga - waa Uilyam Ahmed Idaawaqaca, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.

XIX iyo XX qarnigii - waa meesha ugu sarreysa ee ikhtiraac cusub waa in dunidu ku bedelay. The bayoolajiga ugu caansan kuwaas oo ku noolaa waqti, ay awoodaan in ay si wayn u beddeli koorsada sayniska. Muhiimadda ee qarniyadii 19-20th, aan la ukas karaa, sababtoo ah fikradaha aasaasiga ah iyo tabo cusub oo keliya u muuqday waqtigan, ma aha oo kaliya in bayoolaji, laakiin sidoo kale in beeraha kale ee sayniska. Malaha daraasaadka ugu muhiimsan ayaa la sameeyay oo kaliya iyada oo loo marayo shaqsiyaadka sida Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov iyo bayoolajiga badan oo kale oo si fiican u yaqaan Ruush.

Zhan Batist Lamark

Wuxuu ku dhashay 1744 in Picardy. Waxaan horey la xiqiijiyay ee horumar ah nolosha dhulka, waayo waxa loo yaqaan maamaan ah Darwin. Sidoo kale Lamarck soo bandhigay dheer "biology" iyo nidaamo bilaabay sida cilmi barasho xayawaan iyo paleontology xawayaanka.

Antoni Van Levenguk (1632-1723)

dhimasho aabbihiis ka dib markii Leeuwenhoek bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo polisher ee galaas caadiga ah. A dhowr sano ka dib wuxuu noqday macallinka in uu shaqada, kaas oo isaga ku caawiyey inuu qorsheeyo gaar microscope 200 jeer weyneeyey. Iyada oo ay taasi microscope, Leeuwenhoek helay noolaha free-nool - bakteeriyada iyo protists.

Sidoo kale horeysay saynisyahan caddeeyeen in dhiiggu waa dareere leh tiro badan oo ah unugyada. Unugyada dhiigga, unugyada dhiigga cas ayaa sidoo kale furay Leeuwenhoek.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

I. P. Pavlov ku dhashay Ryazan 1849. Ka dib ka qalin seminary in magaalada uu ku dhashay, wuxuu go'aansaday inuu naftooda la xiriirinayaan sayniska. saynisyahan Future ka Academy ee Medico-Qalliinka ka qalin, wareegay macalimiinta xad sare oo ah neerif. Waa maxay guusha gaari bayoolajiga ugu caansan qarnigii 19aad?

dhaqdhaqaaqa Research of Pavlova ahayd mid ku salaysan hawlaha habdhiska. Wuxuu bartay qaabka maskaxda ah, geeddi-socodka ah ee la isugu gudbiyo ee falalkooda dareemayaasha. Sida cilmiga ku hawlan cilmi baarista ee nidaamka dheefshiidka, taas oo uu ku helay Nobel Prize ee 1904. Ilaa uu dhintay, I. P. Pavlov shaqeeyay sidii Raktarka oo ka mid ah Institute of Physiology ah Academy of Sciences.

Sida oo dhan bayoolajiga si fiican u yaqaan Pavlov qaatay inta badan naftiisa in sayniska. About 35 sano uu ku lug lahaa cilmiga la xiriira habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha la muuqaalada dhaqanka nafsi ah. saynisyahan noqday aasaasihii jihada cusub ee sayniska - jirka ah ee hawlaha habdhiska sare. waxbarashada ayaa la sameeyay in shaybaarka, isbitaalada dhimirka iyo kennels xayawaankaaga. Guud ahaan, dhammaan shuruudaha shaqada ee caadiga ah ayaa la siiyey dowladda dhexe ee USSR ah, t. Si aad. Natiijada cilmi-baarista ah ayaa ka caawiyay inay sameeyaan talaabo weyn u kacaanka cilmiyaysan oo duurka ku ah dhaqdhaqaaqa neural.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

bayoolajiga Ruush Ku dhowaad dhammaan si fiican u yaqaan ahaayeen farmashiye u fiican, kuwa physicists iyo xisaabyahannada. Tusaale ahaan A duwanyihiin - V. I. Vernadsky, fekeraya weyn, saynisyahan, cilmibaadhe.

Vernadsky waxa uu ku dhashay 1863 in St. Petersburg. Isaga oo kaalinta Kuliyadda Xisaabta iyo Physics Peterburg University, wuxuu bilaabay in uu barto sifooyinka canaasiirta radioactive, oo sideeda oo ka mid ah dhulka udubyadiisa, qaab-dhismeedka macdanta. Waxa uu cilmi baaris ayaa wadadii in abuuritaanka anshaxa cusub - biogeochemistry.

Vernadsky sidoo kale horey uu la xiqiijiyay in ku saabsan horumarinta biosphere maalinta oo dhan organisms arrinta ku nool yihiin. Ku lug leh qalabka shucaaca ee wareegga qoraxda, uu la midoobin ka xejisto iyo walax in nidaam noolaha.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

bayoolajiga caanka ah ee qarnigii 19aad arinta daahfurtay in sameeyey badan oo duurka ku ah jirka iyo immunology qof.

Mechnikov waxa uu ku dhashay 1845 tuulada gobolka Ivanovka Kharkov, ayuu ka qalin ee 1862 iyo dhigta Dugsiga Physics iyo Xisaabta Kuliyada University Kharkov. Kadib markii uu dhamaystay waxbarashada uu saynisyahan jaamacadda bilaabay inuu cilmi berrinkii embryology ee xawayaanka.

In 1882 Mechnikov la kulmay lui Pasterom, bal yaa isaga u bixiyaa shaqo wanaagsan at University Pasteur ah. Ilya Ilyich waxaa soo shaqeeyay dhowr sano. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan uu ma aha oo kaliya ka dhigay wax yar ka helay muhiim ah oo duurka ku ah embryology, laakiin sidoo kale waxay bilaabeen inay bartaan ifafaale ah sida phagocytosis. Dhab ahaantii, Mechnikov oo ahaa ugu horeeyay ee u soo ban on leukocytes tusaale ahaan.

In 1908 cilmiga ku helay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize xagga horumarinta immunology iyo daawo. Iyada oo uu cilmi-baarista, edbiyo, kuwaas oo ay awoodaan in ay fuulaan heerka ku xiga.

Seefqaad ilaa iyo dhamaadka ee uu noloshiisa uu ka shaqeeyay Jaamacadda Paris , oo ay dhinteen dabadeed weerarro dhowr ah wadnaha.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

bayoolajiga Ruush caan ku faani karo muhiimadda natiijada uu. Waxaan jirin marka laga reebo iyo NI Vavilov - biolojiste, botanist, physiologist dhirta, astronomer iyo geographer.

Vavilov waxa uu ku dhashay 1887 in Moscow. Laga soo bilaabo carruurnimada hore, wuxuu ahaa xiiso ururinta dhirta, barbaro herbarium, waxbarasho ee guryaha kiimikada walxaha. Ma aha la yaab leh, oo wuxuu meeshiisii mustaqbalka ee waxbarasho noqon doono Moscow Beeraha machadka, halkaas oo uu ka ahaa awoodaan si ay u muujiyaan tayadooda.

The daahfurka ugu muhiimsan ee Vavilov - waa sharciga ku saabsan taxanaha homologous sharraxaya dhigga ee dhaxalka ah sifooyin iyo qarniyo dhawr ka mid ah noolaha. Cilmi-helay in ka mid ah noocyada la xiriira si dhow waxaa laga helaa alleles isku mid ah hiddo isku. Tani waxay ifafaale loo isticmaalaa in afgembi in la saadaaliyo hantida ay suurto gal ah dhirta.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

bayoolajiga caan ah ma soo shaqeeyay oo kaliya in berrinkii cilmi barasho dhir, anatomy, jirka, laakiin sidoo kale u dallacsiiyey anshaxa cusub. Tusaale ahaan, DI Ivanovsky ayaa ka qayb qaatay horumarinta virology.

Ivanovski ka qalin St. Petersburg University ee 1888 at the Department of cilmi barasho dhir. Under hanuunka macalimiinta tayo leh, wuxuu bartay jirka dhirta iyo ayidhi, taasoo u ogolaatay isaga si aad u hesho ilaha uu u daahfurtay mustaqbalka.

Dmitry I. uu cilmi baaris ku tubaakada. Waxa uu arkay in wakiilka sababaya of mahrajaan tubaakada aan la arki karo in microscope ugu awoodda badan oo aanu koraan on warbaahinta nafaqo caadiga ah. Later, wuxuu ku soo gunaanaday yimid in ay jiraan noolaha asal noncellular keeni cuduradan. Ivanovo iyaga ugu yeedho fayrusyada, iyo tan iyo weligiis ayaa bilowgii qeybtan ee biology sida virology, taas oo ku guuldareystay inuu bayoolajiga kale caanka ah ee dunida.

gunaanad

Tani ma aha liis dhameystiran oo ah yahannada ay awoodaan si ay ugu dabaal waxbarashada uu Ruush. bayoolajiga caan ah oo daahfurtay in ay siiyey wadadii horumarka sayniska tayo leh. Sidaa darteed, waxaan ku habboonayn in wici kartaa qarnigii 19-20-th ugu sarreysa ee waxqabad cilmi ah, wakhti helay weyn.