Dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow. History of taariikhaha dhismaha

Waxaa qarsoon ma in muddo dheer in Russia magaalada dhibcood tixraaca waa dhismaha kaniisadda Orthodox ah. Waxay ahayd ku salaysan deegaanka kasta. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaa la go'aamiyay in dhismaha la qotomiyey meeshii ugu Mala'igtu ee weli ka. Sidoo kale waxay calaamad "wadnaha ee magaalada." Ayuu Oo waxay magicii weli ku noqday "magaca qarsoon" tuulada.

Iyo, dabcan, in arrintan la xiriira, oo xiiso gaar ah waa su'aasha ku saabsan mowduuca ah, iyo nooca shayga "diinta" waxay ahayd muhiim marka asalkiisu ka soo jeedo Moscow. Ruush kasta oo lahaa in la ogaado in Cathedral this of male ah, ee ku taalla soohdinta reer Square Cathedral ee caasimada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu leeyahay magac kale - Cathedral ee saadaasha ah ee Our Lady. Lama oga on the Mala'igtu ee weli la dhisay dhagax cad. Laakiin xaqiiqada ah in dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow, waxa aan ahaa dhacdo lama filaan ah, oo aan la waydiin karaa. Iyo sida ay u dhan bilaabeen?

History of abuurka

Xusid mudan, sidoo kale, wuxuu lahaa taariikhda dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow. Markii hore, qarnigii 12aad, in ay meel jiray kiniisadda caadiga ah alwaax.

Ka dib markii qarni ah, Prince Daniil Aleksandrovich marka hore la qorsheeyey dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow. Oo isna wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay ogaadaan in uu fikrad dhaqan. Laakiin ka dib markii rubuc ka mid ah qarnigii ah uu go'aansaday in la dhiso kaniisad cusub. Oo ayaa kula taliyay ee Metropolitan ee Kiev iyo Dhamaan Russia Peter. Waxaan go'aansaday in shayga waa duqoobay iyo in ay meel waa iman mid cusub. Oo waxay noqon lahaa Jaahil weyn ma yaqaan jawaabta su'aasha ah: "Dhismaha Cathedral ee waseeqeeyay ee Moscow, kaas oo la fuliyaa ka yar Prince 'oo uu waqti isku mid ah waa shaqsi weyn oo taariikhi ah. Taas wuxuu u kordhin doonaa xuduudaha gobolka Ruush iyo siiyey rideen kama dambays ah "Golden Horde." Kuwa cilmiga leh macluumaadkan, waa ay fududahay in u maleynayaa in waxa taliyaha la bilaabay dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow. Marka Prince Ivan 3 dabiici ah. Taliye Ruush qaatay mashruucan lacag aad u badan. Laakiin ka dib markii ay fulinta Belokamennaya ka ah naqshadda of view, si weyn u guurtay meel u dhaw magaalo sida Kiev iyo Vladimir.

beddelaad Sample

Sida xaqiiqada ah cid kale oo aan ka jawaabi kartaa su'aasha ah: "Dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow: kii la bilaabay," ma leeyahay fikrad ugu yar ee nooca shayga of naqshadaha loo qaaday ee ay ku saleysay dhismaha macbudka ugu weyn ee magaalada.

Oo Dhanka kale waxaa Itoob la odhan karaa tahay weynaanta dhismaha. Waxaa magaalada ka mid ah Yuriev-Polsky St. George ee Cathedral ku saabsan yahay. Arintaan waxaa la dhisay by Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich ee 1234. Horaantii meeshan Ymer St. George Church ee, kaas oo ahaa hal dhibic laga bilaabo aasaaskii magaalada Yuriev-Polish ah.

Wejiga kowaad

Start ee dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow ay joogeen 1472. macbudka jir ah ayaa la burburiyey, iyo injineero ka bilaabay dhismaha xarunta cusub. Laakiin 1474 dhulgariir ka dhacay dhagax cad. cathedral The, oo ku yaalla wajiga dhismaha, ayaa helay dhaawac halis ah. Ivan 3 amray in ay guuriso in u suurtagashay in ay la dhiso iyo dib u soo bilaabin. shaqada waa in ay dhammaystiray injineero ka Pskov - Myshkin iyo Krivtsov.

Waayo, waa maxay sababaha ku diiday injineero our?

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, way diideen codsiga. Waa maxay sababta? Mid ka mid ah taariikhda uu dhigayaa in "farsamo" Jamhuuriyadda madax banaan si fudud u cabsadeen inay fuliyaan dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow (da'da - 13) ay sabab u tahay caqabadaha shaqada laftiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo la tixgelinayo uga yaacday ilaa camal amiirka Ruush, in this adag in la aamino. Waa in sababta kale ee taariikhyahanadu waxay la wadaajin la faasiqnimo, kaas oo laga yaabaa "damiir" in ay iska caabin kaliya Talyaani Aristotle Fioravanti. Xaqiiqada ah in golaha, kaas oo ugu dambeyntii loogu talagalay shisheeyaha ah, ka barta of view of naqshadaha Ruush ah dhaqmayo dhaqan sameeyaa dhowaad dhammaataan.

Waxa kaliya ee uu shaki ku - tani waa Mala'igtu quduuska ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay jiraan kuwo sababaha wanaagsan si ay aaminsan yihiin in ay "ka nasiyey" awoodda iska leh ninkii hogaaminayay ma waxay ka dhigan tahay jidka xaqa ah ee nolosha. Sayidka Sophia Poleolog u guursanayeen oo Ivan 3, keenay iyada ula macaamiloodaa sida wax yarad badan muhiimadda diini ah. Oo haddii aynu ka fikirno in inta lagu guda jiro dib u soo celinta ee cathedral halkaas joogay wax isbedel ah oo Mala'igtu, ka dibna, iyada oo la tixgelinayo mabaadii'da ee horumarinta magaalooyinka qaranka, la beddelo "magaca qarsoon" oo sidaas "qaddar" tuulada. Dhanka kale, taariikhyahanadu la soco in ka yar 3 Ivan doondoono laftiisa ayaa bedelay laxanka horumarka dalka.

shisheeyaha

Mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale, laakiin Sofya Paleolog iyo xaaskiisa aaminsiiyey deegaanka maxalliga ah in ay dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow toogasho dhise "dibadda". Waxaa si gaar ah farriin u diray Italy, si ay sasabay oo keenay cad-dhagax injineerka Madaxdii Gaalowday oo Talyaani Aristotle Fioravanti, kuwaas oo ahaa caan ku tahay in ay awoodaan in ay munaaraddii dawan ka guurto dalkiisa. Si dhakhso ah naqshada dibada ku yimaado cad-dhagax. Xusid mudan waa xaqiiqda ah in dhismaha booqdaha shisheeye ee kaniisadda Orthodox ah gebi ahaanba ahayd wax cusub. Hor inta aanad bilaabin, Fioravanti u safray Vladimir si ay u bartaan dhismaha naqshadaha Ruush. Master go'aansadeen in ay marka hore mashruuc tijaabo ah oo soo sara kiciyey dhow Andronikov keniisad brickyard.

Ka dib markii uu hore u bilaabeen in ay shaqada dhabta ah, bixinta kaas oo ahaa 10 rubles bil ah.

qayb naqshadda

Sidaas darteed, dhismaha Aristotle Fioravanti ee Cathedral male ah in Moscow bilaabay 1475. Geedi socodka ah ee dhismaha shayga socday afar sano

Tusaale ahaan of a masterpiece cusub naqshadda loo qaaday waseeqeeyay Cathedral ee Vladimir. Sayidka taliyihii Ruush rabay si ay u muujiyaan in Moscow noqon doono bedelka of Vladimir marka la eego magaalooyinka glavenstvennosti. Dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow waxaa la filayey inay muran xoog leh ay guushu ku xaqiiqada ah in dhagax cad noqon doonaan caasimadda ah ee Russia. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaa la filayaa in kaniisad cusub kicin doonaa sharafta caalamiga ah ee caasimada cusub sida kii dhaxalka lahaa ee Byzantium iyo Rome.

Cabirka ee Cathedral male ah uu ahaa mid cajiib ah. Fioravanti, hoggaansamaan dhaqanka naqshadda ee Renaissance ee Europe, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si ay u adkeeyaan galay mid ka mid foomamka dhaqanka ee Ruush - kaniisad Byzantine Renaissance iyo kan casriga ah, qaaday in qorshaha meel bannaan. Injineer Talyaani ahaa oo keliya ma ay awoodaan in ay soo saari sida ugu saxsan ee suurtagal ah ee quruxda iyo quruxda of Vladimir Church, laakiin sidoo kale keeno cusub waseeqeeyay Cathedral oo ka mid ah guulihii ugu horumarsan ee-Roman Gothic iyo naqshadaha Ruush-Byzantine.

Aan ku saabsan qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee keniisad Orthodox ah (apse altyrnye, zakomarnye caymiska, isku darka cross-domed) Fioravanti ku daray in design "qayb wanaagsan" naqshadda ka mid ah aragtida, kaas oo lahaa wax yar ka wadaagaan naqshadda dhismaha dhaqameed Ruush. Tusaale ahaan, wuxuu u fulin go'aanka qoraaga ee doorashada model ah saddex dhinac-cabbir ah katedraalka. Talyaaniga ayaa sidoo kale ku sameeyey laamood iskutallaabta dhexe nebyli weyn oo soo jiidata dareenka.

Wuxuu iyaga ku damacsan labadaba height iyo width. Habkan aan caadi ahayn waxaa la abuuro dareen ah habka iyo midnimada kiniisadda, taas oo, sida mid ka mid ah chroniclers ah, oo waxaa lagu arkay "sida waxaa jira hal dhagax."

Malo Cathedral domed ka kooban blocks cad dhagax bogi farcankiisa ka height falna sanyahay, meel bannaan oo sax Joogaba, joomateri. beegyada uu Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen barta laga bilaabo xaqiijinta in masterpiece sayidkiisa Talyaani Fioravanti waa shay Orthodox ugu weyn ee qadiimiga.

gudaha

Dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow hoos Ivan 3 ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey 1479. Oo saddexdii sano ee soo socda, oo wuxuu lahaa oo aan lahayn xubno madaxtooyada. Markaas oo keliya a sayid yar, taas oo ka mid ah rinjiile ahaayeen Diyonusiyos ki bilaabay inuu shuqullo rinji in socday dheer 33 sano. Nasiib darro, sababo Ujeedada qurxinta dhismaha macbudka qaadatay waqti dheer. a sano ee yar gudahood waxaa qoyay iyo heerkulka isbedel ku burburay frescoes ah, iyo Cathedral of male ah u lahaa in ay mar kale rinjiga. Waxaa intaas dheer in this, masterpiece ah naqshadda Fioravanti ayaa si joogta ah tijaabiyey xoogga waxyaalaha dabiiciga ah. Waxaa lagu gubay dab, sidaas cathedral si joogto ah u baahan yahay dib u soo celinta.

Place boqorrada arooska

markii qaar ka mid ah ka dib, dhaxla Ivan 3 ogaaday in dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow (taariikh, 1475), waxay ahayd tallaabo lagama maarmaan ah oo waqtiyeysan. In 1547 waxaa lagu qabtay xaflad dabaaldega ah Ivana Groznogo. Oo markii kii dhaxalka lahaa carshiga Ruush, waxay ahaayeen ka qaybgalayaasha ugu weyn ee xaflad this waa in derbiyadii Cathedral ee male ah. Oo 1613 waxaa marti ku Zemsky Sobor, at taas waxaa la go'aamiyay in xukunka rus noqdo Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. In 1624 Fioravanti ilmaha mar kale u sakhiray in ay halis ku burburto, waqti kasta, ma ay hor istaagi karay booska ka. Waxaan u lahaa in qaataan dib u dhiska kale, taas oo ka dhigan soo kordha dhismeedka load-sita. Laakiin imtixaanka this of xoog Cathedral male ah ma noqotay cidhibtii.

In 1812 uu halakeeyey ku soo duulay Faransiis. askari Our u suurtagashay in ay badbaadin qayb ka mid ah jeesada "diinta" oo gaadiid si Vologda.

Temple qarnigii XX ah

In 1917 in masterpiece ah naqshadda abuuray Fioravanti, Waxaa la abaabulay Golaha Deegaanka All-Ruush oo ka mid ah Church Orthodox Ruush, kaas oo la dayactiray hay'adda of Patriarchate ee Church Orthodox Ruush. Si dhakhso ah derbiyada xaflad Church waseeqeeyay of enthronement of Wadaad ka Tikhon cusub.

In 1918, ka dib markii adeeg Easter ah, dhaxalka naqshadda ee Ivan 3 ayaa la xidhay Orthodox ah. Inta lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida waseeqeeyay Cathedral mucjisooyin hadhay Yuuna Taabaninba naasiga ah. Waxa ay ahayd oo keliya in bartamihii 50s-macbudka mar kale albaabka u furay, laakiin mar hore in xaaladda museum ee. Laakiin macbudka mar ahaa ee u baahan in shaqada dib u soo celinta, iyo waxay sii waday muddo dhawr sano ah. In hore 90 ee ogolaansho ka mid ah Church Orthodox Ruush iyo hoggaanka Kremlin Moscow ee Matxafka in Cathedral male ah in ay ahayd mar suurto gal ah si ay u fuliyaan hawl haya, iyo kooxda martida ah inay dhegeysato heeso. adeegyada Ilaahnimadu halkan lagu qabtay iyo Easter iyo Christmas, iyo Dormition oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah.

dhaxalka dhaqanka macbudka

Dhismaha Cathedral ee waseeqeeyay ee Moscow (sanadka 1475) uu shuruud ugu weyn ee xaqiiqda ah in dhagax cad noqon doonaa qalbi ee gobolka Ruush. Dabcan, ee kaniisadda cusub ee ahayd inuu noqdo ugu qiimaha badan for Ruush Mala'igtu aadanaha Orthodox. Haddaba waxay ahayd run ahaantii sidaas. In Cathedral male ah ka hor inta icon mucjiso ah Our Lady of Vladimir. Markii hore, waxa uu ahaa hantida Vladimir waseeqeeyay Cathedral. Laakiin in view of ammaanka Prince Vasily waan ku dhaqaaqay Moscow. Haddaba iyadu waa kiniisadda museum ee St. Nicholas in Tolmachev at Tretyakov Gallery ah. Laakiin in Cathedral male ah in aad sidoo kale ka heli kartaa icon ee Vladimir Hooyo Ilaah, laakiin ma aha asalka ah, laakiin nuqul by arday ah Diyonusiyos sameeyey.

wax kale oo qiimo leh dhaxalka dhaqanka macbudka - icon Marmarka "Masiix carshiga." Tani shaqada sayidkooda Byzantine hore lagu hayaa ee kaniisadda ee Hagia Sophia (Veliky Novgorod). waxaa loo qaaday in ay diiddo fikraddaas Cathedral Ivan qudhiisu 3.

Mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale, laakiin ururinta ka mid ah images of muddo quduusiinta of 11-12 qarniyo in masterpiece ah naqshadda Fioravanti waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ugu taajirsan dunida.

xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Xusid mudan waa xaqiiqda ah in qurxinta ah ee sayid, oo ay ka mid rinjiile guri ahaayeen Diyonusiyos ki, kuwaas oo bilaabay saddex sano ka dib dhismaha macbudka ayaa si heer sare ah ku amaanay by Ivan 3 (waxaa la, dhab ahaantii, bilaabay dhismaha Cathedral male ah in Moscow (sanadka 1475)), iyo Metropolitan, in ay ka mid codkiisii buu ku hadlay ee jaceylka: "Waxaan u aragnaa samada."

Waxaa jiray xaqiiqda kale macquul ah oo xiiso leh. shuqullada dib u soo celinta macbudka in muddada u dhaxaysa 1642dii on 1644 ka qayb wakiilkii Gregory Gavrilovic Pushkin, kuwaas oo ahaa awoowe toos ah Abwaan Ruush weyn.

On amarrada Ivana Groznogo wax yar ka hor iconostasis la qoondeeyey aagagga salaadda ah taliyaha ( "carshiga Monomakh ee), taas oo calaamad u ah postulate in Moscow - a". Saddexaad Rome " The albaabada iyo derbiyada baryadayda zone taliyihii 12 qurxiyey Bas-reliefs muujinayay in goobaha ka "The SHEEKADII Princes of Vladimir".

derbiyada Cathedral male ah gudahood lagu qabtay arooska taliyayaasha Ruush. Halkan qarnigii 16-Jarmal Catherine II qaaday iimaanka Orthodox ah.

In Zaman ee Bolshevism Macbadka si joogta dhaceen.

Currently, maaxdey ee Aristotle Fioravanti, oo ku yaalla gudaha xuduudaha Kremlin Moscow ee, ka taagay in xaaladda museum ee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaqiiqda ah taasi macnaheedu ma aha in waseeqeeyay Cathedral adeegga la sameeyay, on lid ku ah, waxay bilowday gelin ciidaha Christian weyn. Laakiin tirada 3 Ivan ma khuseeyaan shayga of Cathedral ee xarunta dhaxalka dhaqanka ee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in liiska taxadiri Ruush Asalraacnimadu Cathedral of male ah waa mid ka mid ah meelaha of sharaf.