"Fircoon masaska": madadaalinta chemistry. Sida loo sameeyo a "Fircoon masaska" guriga?

Waayo, fasalo badan chemistry waa mid karaahiyo ah oo dhab ah. Laakiin haddii aad wax og in wax this, waxaad ku Bixisaan kartaa waayo-aragnimo xiiso leh iyo waxa ay ku raaxaystaan. Iyo macalimiinta waxba ma yeeli karaan in ay xiiso ardayda uu. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, dhammaataan ku habboon waxa loogu yeero Fircoon masaska.

Asalka magaca

Si weyn u soo jeedo magaca "Fircoon masaska," ninna waxba kama oga, laakiin Times dhacdooyinka uu Kitaabka Qudduuska ah. Si aad u Fircoon, Nebi Muuse u soo jiito, on talo Rabbiga ayuu ku tuuray ushiisii dhulka ku, oo waxay noqotay abeeso. Marka in gacmaha la doortay, xamaarato noqday shaqaalaha ah mar kale. Inkasta oo sida xaqiiqada ah u dhexeeya sida waxaa laga heli by tijaabo, iyo dhacdooyinka kitaabiga ah waxba ma wadaagno leeyihiin.

Laga soo bilaabo waxa aan ka heli kartaa, "Fircoon abeesooyin"

waxyaabaha ugu badan ee masaska waa thiocyanate mercury. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tijaabo iyaga la la fulin karo oo kaliya in shaybaar kiimikada si wanaagsan u qalabaysan. maalkiisu waa sun ah oo uu leeyahay ur disagreeable u adkaysta. A "abeeso Fircoon" guriga la abuuri karaa kaniiniyada, taas oo waxaa lagu gadaa farmashiye kasta oo aan qoro, ama bacriminta dukaamada qalabka dhismaha. Wixii tijaabo isticmaalaya gluconate calcium, methenamine, soda, sonkorta budada ah, saltpetre iyo walxaha badan in laga iibsan karaa farmashiyaha ama dukaanka.

"Masaska" kaniiniyada ka kooban sulfonamides

Habka ugu fudud ee ku qaataan waayo-aragnimo guriga "Fircoon masaska" ka daawo daawooyinka sulfa group. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye sida "Streptocide", "Biseptol", "Sulfadimezin", "Sulfadimetoksin" iyo kuwa kale. daawooyinka waxay leeyihiin guriga qof kasta. "Fircoon mas" oo sulfonamides helay qaab-dhismeedka cirro dhaldhalaalaan waxay u eg ulaha hadhuudhkii. Haddii aad si taxadar leh soo qaado haysa ama birqabato "madaxa" ee abeesadii, waxaadna kabixi kartaa of hal kaniini waa xamaarato dheer oo ku filan.

Si loo sameeyo tijaabo kiimikada "Fircoon mas" u baahan tahay gubi ama shidaalka qalalan iyo daawooyinka kor ku xusan. kiniiniyada Dhowr bixiyey on a khamri qalalan, kaas oo u gubta. Inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celinta waxaa ka mid ah walxaha sida nitrogen, baaruud dioxide, tayadda hydrogen iyo uumiga biyaha. formula falcelinta waa sida soo socota:

C ₁₁ H ₁₂ N ₄ O ₂ S + 7O ₂ = 28C + 2 saac ₂ S ↑ + 2Sidaas ₂ ↑ + 8N ₂ ↑ + 18h ₂ O

waayo-aragnimo Tani waa in aad si taxadir leh u sameeyey, maxaa yeelay, dioxide baaruud waa heer sare ah sun ah, iyo sidoo kale tayadda hydrogen. Sidaa darteed, haddii ay jiraan waa jid ay hawo u soo gasho qolka inta lagu jiro tijaabo ah, ama in ka mid ah daboosho, waxa fiican in loo sameeyo waddada ama sheybaar si gaar ah u qalabaysan.

"Masaska" ee gluconate calcium

Waxaa ugu fiican in loo sameeyo tijaabo ah kuwa walxaha kuwaas oo ammaan ah, xataa haddii ay waxaa loo isticmaalaa ka baxsan shaybaarka si gaar ah u qalabaysan. "Mas Fircoon" ee gluconate calcium waa la helay si fudud.

Si arrintan loo sameeyo, waxay qaadan 2-3 loox oo daroogada iyo sedjibeke shidaalka qalalan. Under saameynta ay falcelin ololkii bilaabo, iyo looxa gurguurta cirro "mas". tijaabo noocan oo kale ah la gluconate calcium waa mid aad u ammaan ah, laakiin weli xusid mudan in taxaddar in ay anshaxa. formula reaction Chemical waa sida soo socota:

C ₁₂ H _{22 14} Cao + O2 = 10C + 2CO ₂ ↑ + Cao + 11H ₂ O

Sida aan ka arki kartaa, falcelinta kaaga horumar oo biyo ah, carbon dioxide, carbon iyo xabagta calcium. Waxay keentaa horumar gaaska iyo koritaanka. "Fircoon masaska" waxaa helay ilaa 15 sentimitir, laakiin ay yar bay sii jiraan. Marka aad isku daydo in aad u qaadato in gacanta, ay burburto.

"Fircoon mas" - sida loo sameeyo bacriminta?

Haddii aad qabtid beerta khudradda on goob ama buul, hubi jiraan Bacriminta kala duwan. Kuwa ugu badan, oo laga heli karo ee bakhaar iyo wax kasta oo beeralay degan xagaaga - amooniyam ama amooniyam. In ay la kulmaan ciid baahan yahay xaadhin webiga, nus qaado shaah ah oo amooniyam, qeybtii shaaha oo sonkor ah budada ah, iyo malqacad ah ethanol.

Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in buuraha leh oo reer ciid si ay u sameeyaan fasax ah. The ka weyn dhexroorka, dhumuc weyn wuxuu noqon doonaa "mas". Well suuxaan isku dar ah oo amooniyam iyo sonkor ku shubtay galay fasax iyo waxaa ka buuxa khamri ethyl. khamriga Markaas gubta, si tartiib ah u sameeyay "mas".

falcelinta ay dhacdo in ay tani ku dhacdo sida soo socota:

2NH ₄ NO ₃ + C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O ₁₁ = 11c + 2N ₂ + CO ₂ + ₂ 15H O.

Emission walxaha in tijaabo ah sun hirgelinaayo farsamo ammaanka.

"Mas Fircoon" oo cunto ah

"Fircoon masaska" waxaa laga heli ma aha oo kaliya ka daawada ama Bacriminta. Waayo, tijaabo ah, waxaad isticmaali kartaa waxyaabaha sida sonkorta iyo soda. qaybaha noocan oo kale ah ka jirin on jikada kasta. From ciid webiga buuraha waxaa la aasaasay la fasaxa ah iyo waxaa lagu cufay la khamriga. Sugar iyo dubista soda ayaa marka la isku daro in cabirku yahay 4: 1, iyo ku shubtay galay fasax ah. Khamriga waxaa u gubta.

Isku dar ah uu bilaabo inuu blacken oo si tartiib ah bararin. Marka khamriga ee ficil ahaan waa uu joogsanayo si ay u gubaan, ciid gurguurta yar "xamaarato" crinkly. falcelinta waa sida soo socota:

2NaHCO ₃ = Na ₂ CO ₃ + H ₂ O + CO _2,

C ₂ H ₅ OH + 3o ₂ = 2CO ₂ + ₂ 3H O

Isku dar ah waxaa lagu giirte galay carbonate sodium, carbon dioxide iyo uumiga biyaha. Waxaa gaasas lagu qasbay in ay barari iyo koraan ash soodhaha, taas oo aydaan wada baabbi'in inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celinta.

Waxa kale oo "xamaarato" ka kaniiniga

Waxaa jira hal jid oo sahlan si aad u hesho "Fircoon oo ah maska" daroogada. Si taas loo sameeyo waxaa loo baahan doonaa in ay iibsadaan daawada farmashiyaha "Urotropin". Halkii sidoo kale kiniiniyada suurto gal ah si ay u isticmaalaan shidaal qalalan, oo ka kooban walax. Weli u baahan xal amooniyam. Daawada "Urotropin" waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u impregnate. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid ka mid ah si deg deg ah lagu saleyn karaa wax-upka xalka oo dhan, sidaas daraaddeed waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la dar a dhibcood yar oo la engejiyey. Sayidka qalajiyo waa inay qaataan meel heerkulka qolka.

Intaas ka dib kiniinka waxaa u gubta. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay ma aha wax badan a "abeeso" sida "masduulaagii". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aad eegto, waa waayo-aragnimo la mid ah, "Fircoon masaska." Laakiin sabab u ah sifooyinka qaybaha waa falcelin dheeraad ah oo xooggan oo keentay in formation of berdaha bulk.

"Snake" ee thiocyanate mercury

Markii ugu horeysay waayo-aragnimo kiimikada ah, "Fircoon mas" ayaa ka arday caafimaad jeestay in 1820. Fridrih Veler xal isku qasan oo amooniyam iyo ammonium mercurous thiocyanate oo ahaa dadajin a crystalline cad. The keentay pellet thiocyanate mercury qalajiyey iyo dab ardayga oo kaliya oo ka mid cajiib dhigay. Laga soo bilaabo bilowgii inuu gurguurto soo baxay wax ka gubanaya ee madow iyo jaalaha mass abeeso.

"Fircoon mas" oo thiocyanate mercury si fudud u helay. maalkiisu waa lagama maarmaan si dab loogu dusha kulaylka u adkaysta dhigay. Raacay by falcelin:

2Hg (NCS) ₂ = 2HgS + C ₃ N ₄ + ₂ CS

CS ₂ + ₂ = 3o CO ₂ + ₂ 2Sidaas

Under saameynta ay kala daatay kaamerada of thiocyanate mercury tayadda mercury (siinayaa "xamaarato" madow), nitride carbon (mas'uul ka masaska coloration huruud) iyo disulfide carbon (disulfide carbon). ifiyeyaasha iyo kala jajabo Last galay gaaska - carbon gaaska xabagta iyo baaruud, kaas oo la balaariyay nitride carbon. Waxa uu, ka bacdi, qabsatay sulphide mercury ah, oo ka dhalanaya madow-jaalle ah "Fircoon masaska."

waayo-aragnimo Tani waa wax aan macquul aheyn by jirin loola jeedaa si ay u fuliyaan guriga! Ka sokow xaqiiqda ah in gaasaska sunta ah, mercury vapor la sii daayay. Mercury waa sun keligeed iyo keeni karaan sumayn kiimikada daran.

Security in tijaabooyinka

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in inta badan ee walxaha taas oo laga yaabaa in, "Fircoon masaska", waxaa loo arkaa ammaan, tijaabo waa in aad si taxadir leh ka qaatay. Sida laga soo qaaciidooyinka kor ku arkay, kala daatay ee ka kooban sunta ku filan u istaagaan soo baxay, taas oo keeni karta in lagu sumoobo daran. Dhammaan tijaabooyinka la fulin karo guriga kaliya ee meel hawo ama ay joogaan fiirsato awood sare. Tijaabo la thiocyanate mercury waxaa la samayn karaa oo kaliya in laboratories si gaar ah u qalabaysan, iyadoo raacaysa dhammaan xeerarka badbaadada.

Gebogebadii, waxaan dhihi karaa in, faqri on aragnimo kiimikada shaqo, "Fircoon masaska," macalinka xiiso yaabaa in ardayda sidii ay ku xiran. cashar ay u badan tahay inay xiiso u, xataa kuwa aan fahamsanahay iyo ma jecla chemistry. Oo kuwa door bidaan in ay ku dhaqmaan halkii xisaabinta teori caajiso, waxay yeelan doonaan niyad dheeraad ah in daraasad ah ee sayniska.