Fungi: sifooyinka guud iyo muhiimadda ay leedahay

Waxay jeelyihiin in macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan noolaha oo xiiso leh noo siiyaan Casharrada on "Biology" maadada (Darajada 6). sifooyinka guud ee fangaska, si kastaba ha ahaatee, - theme ee buugaagta oo dhan iyo waraaqaha sayniska. Tani ma aha la yaab leh - si ay u bartaan aad u xiiso badan.

Likaha, sharaxaad guud ee kaas oo la soo bandhigi in this article, indices deegaanka iyo trophic - eukaryotes heterotrophic kaliya nooca osmotrofnym oo cunto ah. Taas macnaheedu waxaa iyaga si cad u kala ka noolaha kale in ay meesha bannaan ee degan biota ah. sifooyinka guud ee fangaska soo jeedisay in ay jidka osmotrofnym awoodda ay sabab u tahay sifooyinka morphological, jir iyo lagmamaarmaanna u ah.

jirka daaqsinka ah ee fangaska

Jirku wuxuu daaqsinka ah ee fangaska badan waa filaments heer sare ah jahaysteen (hyphae) la koritaanka xad lahayn, taas oo si wadajir ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa mycelium ama mycelium. Sida caadiga ah, mycelium waxaa gebi ahaanba la Hawiyaha ah ee substrate ah (ciidda, unugyada dhirta, xayawaanka digo, harta dalagga, iyo wixii la mid ah.), Oo muuqaalada sida ay dhismeedka ogolaanayaan soosaaray ugu badnaan ka dhan nafaqooyinka jidhka isticmaalaya ekzoosmosa.

walxaha Organic in muhashada, kuwaas oo u badan yihiin qaab miisaanka sare polymers kelli (borotiinada, polysaccharides, acids nucleic) aan dhex daboolida gacanta ka gudubtaan. Sidaa darteed fangaska, sifooyinka guud ee taas oo aanu ku mashquulsan yihiin substrate ku bixiyaan ensaymes ku hadhaan oligo- iyo polymers of monomers in loo qaadi karaa unugyada depolymerase. Haddii ensaymes dheefshiidka xoolaha ayaa ku qarisay galay xiidmaha, ka dibna likaha ay u istaagaan soo baxay, ka dibna hyphae fangas ah waxaa loo ekaysiin karaa in mindhicirka ah everted.

taranka ee fangaska

immersion Full galay mycelium substrate ee xaddidaya ay firdhinta in meel bannaan oo. Sidaa darteed, xubnaha taranka waxaa horey dushiisa of substrate ah, ama kor, waxa uu ku faafay hawada, ama (haddii substrate waa in biyaha) ee dhexdhexaad ah aqueous. fangaska badan (macromycetes) meydadka spore-sita waa kuwo waaweyn, si cad u arki karo in ay isha qaawan (goor wanaagsan kor likaha ciidda shlyapochnye in koraan on ama geed shootali). fangaska kale (mikromitcety) jira jidhadhka yar oo sporulation, ay qaab-dhismeedka loo arki karaa microscope ah oo kaliya ka yar, laakiin waxay sameeyaan horumar mass ah ee midabka ah ee foomka of weerarada fangaska on muhashada kala duwan.

Laba ka mid ah boqortooyada fangaska

reconstructions Phylogenetic muujinaya in ecomorphs "likaha" ma aha group monophyletic dhqaalaha, oo wuxuu u qaybsan yahay laba phyla (boqortooyada). Qaybta ugu fiican, loo yaqaan "fangaska run" (eumitsety) monophyly oo run ahaantii waa fangaska boqortooyada (Fungi). qayb yar, loo yaqaan "noolaha gribopodobnymi" (psevdomitsety) timaado oo ay weheliyaan qaar ka mid ah inta hirku boqortooyada Stramenopila, oo waxa ay u qaybsamaan laba kooxihii - Oomycota (oomycetes) iyo Labyrinthulomycota (wasakhahaasi ADI net). Ku saleysan qeybinta this kor u dhistaa sifooyinka guud ee fangaska. Amanita, sida aad ka arki kartaa - taasi waa qayb keliya oo dhan ee ay kala duwanaanta.

metabolites hoose iyo sare

All metabolites conventionally qaybsan hoose iyo kuwa sare. metabolites Primary lagama maarmaan u ah koritaanka jidhka, iyo la bedeli karin. Tani nucleic acids, borotiinada, carbohydrates, coenzymes, subaga, iwm Kuwaas organelles gacanta dhisay - Bu'da, mitochondria, ribosomes,. Derbiga cell iyo xuub-dhismeedka kuwaas oo likaha. sifooyinka guud ee metabolite koowaad waa in unugyada baruurta ay waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida il of cuntada iyo tamarta. metabolites Secondary waa lagama maarmaan u ah qabsashada in ay xaaladaha nolosha. Waxay dhici kartaa in noocyada qaar ka mid ah oo ku maqan ee dadka kale. Si ka duwan ee aasaasiga ah, metabolites sare - sida caadiga ah waa Hoosaynta miisaanka kelli xeryahooda.

borotiinada

borotiinada Dhismayaasha waa qayb ka mid ah derbiga cell, xubno cytoskeletal dhismeedka xuub, koromosoomyada waxaa dhisay - microtubules iyo microfilaments. borotiinada Insaymkaas siiyaan dhammaan geedi socodka intracellular iyo in la dhexgalo deegaanka.

carbohydrates

carbohydrates Dhismayaasha polymeric - saleysan derbiga unug, kuwaas oo fangaska. sifooyinka guud ee carbohydrates eego Halabuurka kiimikada ka dhigayaa suurto gal ah in u qaybi saddex kooxood: glucose iyo monosaccharides kale iyo carbohydrates covalently lala peptides (glycoproteins).

polymers Glucose - waa glucans, chitin iyo cellulose. Glucans waa toosan ama jahaysteen silsiladood oo ah u taagoo glucose. Waxay ka koobnaan lakabka sare ee derbiga unug ka mid ah fangaska ugu. In ka taagoo ku harta glucose chitin waxaa biiray kooxaha amino (aminated) kaas oo, markeeda, waxaa ku lifaaqan harta acid acetic (acetylated). Taagoo "tolayaa" taagoo wada jahaysteen polysaccharides kale ka koobnaan lafaha adag derbiga unug. Cellulose waxaa laga helaa oo dhan Oomycetes baaro taas oo waxa ay ku saabsan 10% of mass derbiga unug. Long rumeysan yahay in aanay fangaska run, laakiin hadda waxay muujinaysaa joogitaankeeda derbigii Ascomycetes qaar ka mid ah (panulirus Ophiostoma).

Polymers monosaccharides kale (mannose, galactose, iyo kuwa kale.), Ku magacaabay in dhirta sare hemicellulose, ma jiraan dhammaan kooxaha fangaska. Gaar ahaan wax badan oo polymers of mannose - mannans - in derbiyada gacanta khamiirka. Sida cad, qaab-dhismeedka noocan oo kale ah waxay bixisaa derbiyada gaysashada ka khayr badan Glucan.

Ugu dambeyntii, dabeecadda guud ee fangaska dhammaystiri karaan xaqiiqada ah in derbiyada gacanta, iyo sidoo kale in dhirta ku jira polysaccharides badan lala taagoo protein -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny iwm Waxay sameeyaan lakabka ah xudunta u ah derbiga unug multilayer iyo ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah ee ilaalinta cell daacadnimadiisa dhismaha, iyo in ay is-dhaafsiga la hababka deegaanka.

carbohydrates firaaqada

warqad waxa uu soo bandhigayaa ah sifooyinka guud ee si cadaalad ah oo faahfaahsan ee fangaska. 6 dugsiga fasalka - waqti marka aan marka hore si fiican loo ogyahay, kuwaas oo noolaha fasalka bayoolaji. Waxaan soo jeedinaynaa in si qotodheer aqoontooda iyo si ay u sahamiyaan in faahfaahin dheeraad ah. Hadda waxaan ku tilmaami bedelka ee carbohydrate.

In fangaska ma laga heli polysaccharide ku reserve weyn ee soo jireenka ah ee dhirta sare iyo algae badan - noqde. Glucose waxa lagu kaydiyaa eumitsetov Glucan dhow glycogen istaarijka xayawaanka. Waxa intaa dheer in glucans ka boqoshaada leeyihiin carbohydrates kale firaaqada, iyo qaar ka mid ah kuwo gaar ah inuu boqortooyada fangaska. Tani waxay ugu horrayn waa trehalose disaccharide. Muddo dheer trehalose heli karaa oo keliya fangaska, sababta ay heshay magac labaad - mycosis. Haddaba waxaa la helay in qaar ka mid ah dhirta sare sida xarunta yar. Trehalose door muhiim ah in la qabsashada ee unugyada fangas in ay ku adkaysato iyo sharciyeynta geedi socodka osmotic. Unugyada fangas waxaa sidoo kale ku jira alcohols sonkorta - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol iyo kuwa kale.

subaga

Subaga (esters glycerol ee acids monocarboxylic isagoo ah silsilad aliphatic unbranched) waa waxyaabaha firaaqada muhiim ah, waxay shubo in gacanta ee foomka of dhibco baruurta. Wixii fangaska lagu gartaa content sare ah dufannada (isagoo bonds yar double Silsilad aliphatic ah) acids dufanka leh sida linolenic - saddex, iyo arachidonic - afar bonds double. Foomka phospholipid (lala bond Ester la acid phosphoric a), subaga yihiin qaybaha ugu waaweyn ee xuubka unug. door weyn ee abuuritaanka qaab-dhismeedka of subaga xuub iyo sterols ku cayaaraa, siinta xoog xuub. Si ka duwan xayawaanka kolestaroolka isagoo 27 atamka carbon ee Britain ayaa ka (C-27) iyo phytosterols (C-29) dhirta, sterol koowaad fangas - ergosterol (C-28).

metabolites Sare: pigments

Likaha waxaa diiday pigments photosynthetic, laakiin soo saaro tiro badan oo ah xeryahooda, mycelium midabaynta xubnaha propagative ama substrate. Sida laga soo xigtay nooca kiimikada ee pigments ugu xiriiraa terpenoid (carotenoids) ama in xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum. Waxay qabtaan hawlaha kala duwan ee. Sayidka, taagayo carotene orange u abaari socodka geedi socodka galmada ee Mucorales; pigments cagaaran iyo madow madow phenolic Aspergillus shubo oo kaliya qalab Sporiferous oo, ka duwan mycelium substrate ah, waxaa la aasaasay hawada, iyo in khilaafaadka ee ka ilaalinta iftiinka ultraviolet, melanin mugdiga kalarka lagu shubo derbiyada unug, sii kordhaya xooggooda.

Sunta iyo antibiotics

fangaska badan oo soo saaro walxaha sunta ah in noolaha kale in marar badan la arkay markii ay diyaarisey sifooyinka guud ee fangaska (buugaagta fasalka 6aad ama buuga dugsiga sare). Walxaha in ay yihiin sunta ah in sheyga, loo yaqaan antibiotics in ay yihiin sunta ah in dhirta - phytotoxins sun xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka - qaadida. metabolites Qaar ka mid ah fangaska, isagoo sun ah kooxaha kala duwan ee noolaha (dhirta iyo sheyga, dhirta iyo xayawaanka), waxay leeyihiin ficil ah oo adag. Antibiyootikada yihiin dhexsameeysmo by fangaska badan degganaa ciidda, taas oo waa in tartamaan nafaqooyinka muhashada la sheyga kale. Ay dabiicadda kiimikada iyo hab garoomada ka yihiin kala duwan. Sayidka, antibiotics-benisiliinta iyo cephalosporins joogsada Avv cell derbiga in bakteeriyada, trichothecenes - Avv borotiinka ee noolaha eukaryotic, griseofulvin - maytosis.

Phytotoxins iyo mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins fangaska ee unugyada dhirta qaba cudurka loo qoondeeyey, waxay keeni dhimashada unugyada dhirta, taas oo markaas la ugaadhsado fududahay in noole ah. Sunta joogsada geedi socodka enzymatic ee unugyada dhirta cudurka (tus, fungus Alternaria tentoksin hakiyo phosphorylation photosynthetic) hantidaan saamayn xuub xoog iyo saamaynta on gaadiidka ee walxaha dhex xuub, kala iibsiga ra'iyi transmembrane ah (fusaric acid, fusicoccin et al.).

Qaadida kala qaybsan yihiin laba kooxood - the sun ah fangaska cqaadir (mikromitcetov) iyo sunta macromycetes fangas isagoo meydadka fruiting waaweyn. Midkii kowaad wuxuu si gaar ah fangaska khatar ah in qaadsiin waxyaabaha geedka loo isticmaalo cuntada. Tusaale ahaan, in sclerotia wada jir ergot ururto (heterocycles ka kooban nitrogen), taas oo sunta neuro-curyaanka. Iyagu ma jebin ha hoos inta lagu jiro dubista, sidaas kibista ka bur dubin dumisaan ah sclerotia burburiyo, waa mid aad u halis ah. Its isticmaalka keeni karaan sumayn daran, inta badan dhibaato daran. cereals kale noole - pathogene Fusarium madaxa-engeeg. Waa likaha ah ee Fusarium, taas oo u qoondaysaa sunta terpenoid hadhuudh sidoo kale keeni sumowga daran (kibis ka bur wasakheeyay Fusarium, dadku u yaqaan "kibis ah cabbay," dubay, sida waxa sababa wareer, matag iyo calaamado kale oo u eg sumoobo daran khamriga).

cuntada boqoshaada

Currently, macluumaad badan oo ku saabsan cuntada helay sayniska iyo biology. sifooyinka guud ee fangaska, laga bilaabo halkan of view waa sida soo socota. Power fangaska badan waxaa sabab u ah geedka, si ay u leeyihiin ensaymes firfircoon in jebiso polysaccharides dhismaha iyo firaaqada ee dhirta ku nool iyo haraaga dhirta. pectinases noocan oo kale ah oo burburiyey acid polygalacturonic (klorofyll) on the Hoosaynta miisaanka kelli oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase iyo cellulose cellulose bahdil iyo hemicellulose - qayb ka carbohydrate weyn ee derbiyada gacanta dhirta, amylase decomposes noqde, iwm Second, ka dib markii cellulose ka miisaan qaybood ee unugyada dhirta -. Lignin, oo wakiil ka ah siddo leedahay beduliyum polymer saddex dhinac-cabbir ah. Gaar ahaan wax badan oo ka mid ah unugyada Woody ah. Lignin - polymer ugu adkaysi daaqsinka iyo kaliya likaha (badanaa drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) waxay leeyihiin lignazy xaalufinta waxaa ensaymes. Likaha dulin cudurka daboolida xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka (maqaarka, timaha, oo baadad), qarsan falgalka dumin keratin protein, kaas oo ay la dhisay.

Inta badan oo ka mid ah ensaymes badbaado tamarta yihiin dhexsameeysmo by unugyada aan si joogto ah, laakiin kaliya ay joogaan oo ah walaxda in deegaanka (tus, haddii klorofyll ee deegaanka, pectinase uusan ku dhexsameeysmo jirka). Iyagu ma ay dastuuriga, sida ku xiran induction substrate. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, ay ma la aasaasay haddii dhexdhexaad ah waa isku dar ah ee xeryahooda nafaqo-shiid tamarta wanaagsan ka badan (catabolites). Tusaale ahaan, wax soo saarka dhamaadka of burburinta polysaccharides ugu - Glucose, si kastaba ha ahaatee deegaanka ah oo lagu daro ku jira klorofyll ama cellulose, glucose, cellulase iyo pectinase aan la soo saaray. Lagama yaabo in uu noqdo mid waxtar leh in ay soo saaraan si kimikal adag si loo soo saaro glucose, hadduu durba waxa ay joogtaa dhexdhexaad ah koritaanka. Xeerarkii noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa cadaadis catabolite.

agamobium

Sii in la furo mawduuc sida "sifooyinka guud ee fangaska", si kooban sharaxaad ka muuqaalada faafinta. dhalmo Asexual of noolaha u noqon karaan kudka mobile iyo Immobile. Zoospores foomamka tiro yar oo ah fangaska, biyaha iyo jidhadhka dhulka, kuwaas oo hidde bayaan loo arkaa sabab u ah biyaha. Qaab dhismeedka flagella iyo zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh la mid ah in lagu tilmaamay for ochrophyta, halka Chytridiomycota waxaa ka wada xaajoon doona sharaxaad ka mid ah kooxdan. noocyada ugu badan ee kudka fangaska celin definta, oo tilmaamaysa in ay aad u waa-waqtiga dheer ay helaan dalka. Kudka la abuuri karaa endogenously in sporangia (sporangiospory) ama exogenously (conidia). kudka qoomiyadda lagu sii daayo kaliya ka dib markii burburinta sporangium ah, oo sida caadiga ah dhacdaa marka qoyan. tiro badan (kun) ee kudka, laakiin noocyada qaar ka mid ah foomka sporangium yar (sporangioli) taas oo keliya ah kudka yar (oo mararka qaar ka mid ah) waxaa badanaa lagu sameeyay sporangia ah. Xaaladan danbe sporangioli qolof iyo kudka Akhristoow kartaa, ka dibna khilaafka hawlaha qoomiyadda sida exogenous. Tani waxay muujinaysaa dhacdo aasaasiga ah ee kudka qoomiyadda, oo waxay ahaayeen barametereka of exogenous.

syngenesis

Nooca ugu badan ee habka galmada, iyadoo ugu fudud - isuga laba gametes aan kala on unugyada daaqsinka, loo yaqaan somatogamiya. Noocan oo kale ahi waa caadiga ah ee gjærsopper askomitsetnyh galmada, Basidiomycetes iyo fangaska kale oo badan. Mararka qaarkood waxay qaadataa xataa aan isuga cell, isuga fudud nuclei unugyada gudahood. nidaamka A ka sii adag waxaa ka hormarey-hawlgalayaasha qaybo go'doomin mycelium galmada (gametangia) taas oo ka dibna ku milmaan. nidaamka noocan oo kale ah galmada, gametangiogamiya, caadiga ah ee zigo- iyo Ascomycetes badan. Ugu dambeyntii, ee fangaska helay oo kale gametogamiya noolaha eukaryotic caadiga ah, ie gametes ku biirto oo khaas ah.

dabeecad i- iyo heterogamy Classic of algae, heli karaa oo keliya ee fangaska hoose - Chytridiomycota. fangaska oogamy Qadiimiga ah aan jirin. Xitaa oomycetes, sidaas darteed loo yaqaan sabab ay oogamy isagoo aan lahayn gametes lab (manida ama spermatsiev) iyo beedka ee uugoniya faqiirsan derbiga unug gaar ah oo la odhan jiray oosferami. In noocyada qaar ka mid ah likaha marsupials ayaa oogonium (laakiin aan ku gametes dumarka ukunta, ie matalaya gametangium), laakiin waxaa jira antheridium lahayn, sidaa darteed unugyada labka iyo dheddiga dhacda gifoy autonomic. Qaar kale askomitsegov iyo fangaska miridhku bazidiomitsetnyh waa gametes lab - spermatsii, laakiin ma gametes dumar ah, oo mararka qaarkood gametangia (spermatogamiya). In noocyada qaar ka mid ah spermatsii waa laba shaqo - ku gametes lab iyo kudka asexual (conidia).

gunaanad

sifooyinka guud ee fangaska: cunista iyo neefsashada, taranka spore - oo dhan oo xiiso weyn u dabiiciga ah kuwii ku caashaqi jiray. Waa noolaha u gaar ah in ay yihiin dhirta toona xoolaha innaba. Furitaanka ee buugga cinwaankiisu yahay "sifooyinka guud ee fangaska" (Darajada 7), waxaad ka heli doontaa in ay ka koobnaan boqortooyo oo kala duwan. boqortooyooyinka kale - waa xayawaanka, dhirta, fayrusyada iyo bakteeriyada. Mawduucan ah "cid sifooyinka guud ee fangaska iyo qiimaha" ku xusan buugaagta iyo in this article - waa kaliya macluumaadka aasaasiga ah iyaga oo ku saabsan. iyaga On lagu qoray buugaagta oo dhan, si ku hawlan waxbarashadooda waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u dheer. Mid ka mid ah mawduucyada ugu xiisaha badan ee naga opinion, waa sifooyinka guud ee fangaska. Caaryada - mid ka mid ah ugu qadiimiga ah ee noocyada dunida ka mid ah noolaha. Waxay u muuqday 200 million. Years ka hor iyo badhaadho ee wakhtigan casriga ah. qaybta Open kasta oo buugga dugsiga "Boqortooyada fangaska. sifooyinka Guud" (Darajada 6), oo waxaad ka heli doontaa macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan.