Juqraafiga: boorarka - waa ... Aldan Shield. gaashaan Yukreeniyaan

The Earth ee qolof ah waa Nuurre Aw iyo ka kooban yahay xubno ka dhismaha kala duwan. Study of qaab-dhismeedka lithosphere ah (adag Earth) ka mid ah ujeedooyinka eryadeen by sayniska ee juqraafiga. Solid - waa mid ka mid ah xubno sida. Waa iyaga oo ku saabsan waxaa ka wada xaajoon doona in warqad this caddaan.

qolof dhulka iyo qaab-dhismeedkeeda

Xubnihii ugu weyn ee dhismaha of qolof ah waa taarikada lithospheric in ay noqon kartaa Continental ama Oceanic. Labadan nooc kala duwan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka (cross-section): lakabka dhagax adag ah waxa ay joogtaa taargooyinka qaaradda.

Loo yaqaan dhufto ee ugu xasilloon (tectonically) qayb ka mid ah taarikada lithospheric Earth. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxay yihiin nuclei ah (ku salaysan) ee qaaradood ah. iyaga ka sokow gudahood taargooyinka lithospheric sidoo kale loo qoondeeyey orogenic (duubnaadaan) suunka - iyo epigeosynclinal epiplatform.

Platform - dhismeedka ugu xasiloon oo qolof ah ayaa la sameeyay halkaas oo boqolaal milyan oo sano ka hor, waxaa jiray nidaamka buurta xoog badan. Waqti ka, waxay ku burburtay, oo dusha u barbareeyay off at meeshan. Sayidka waxaa la aasaasay dhismo xoog leh oo deggan - aasaaska. Later waxaa ku bilaabaan inay ku ururto faar si tartiib tartiib ah abuurista lakabka qaro (cover).

All madal ka jira dunida kala qaybsan yihiin qadiimiga ah (suugaanta English ay inta badan loo yaqaan cratons) iyo dhallinyarada. map soo socda waxay muujinaysaa (jirka) madal ugu weyn ee dhulkeenna. Waxay waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay la-galyadeena guduudan.

Qaab dhismeedka qolof Earth ee maaddada sayniska ee juqraafiga (Darajada 7). Next aynu eegno qaabka madal si faahfaahsan.

xubno Dhismayaasha of madal (juqraafiga, Grade 7)

madal wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba lakab: saldhig baraf aad (hoos ka dhacdaa) iyo cover aasan (aasaas daboolaya).

In sayniska dhulka qoondeeyo dhismaha afar amar uu ka samaysan yahay madal kasta. gaashaankii, saxan, anticline iyo syncline - kuwani waa kuwa ugu muhiimsan. Next, waxaan u ay ka fiirsan doonaan. Ogaha dhismayaasha waa arrin ku filan horumarka buuxa ee koorsada dugsiga "Juqraafiga".

Shields - waxaa baxo oogada Dhulka ee dhulka hoostiisa crystalline of madal ka. Inta ay la soo saarka sida kor u gaari karaan in ay 1,000 kiilomitir ama wax ka badan oo dherer ah. Sida caadiga ah, darfaha ayaa gaar ku ah dhismayaasha madal qadiimiga ah.

Suxuunta - this meelaha badan ee madal, kaas oo si buuxda u daboolay dabool ku aasan. Inta badan dhufto ee da 'yar daboolay dabool this gebi ahaanba. Sidaa darteed waxay sidoo kale ugu baaqay tumeen.

Anticline iyo syncline - waa qaab-dhismeedka si 2aad. ANTECLISE yeedhay ururinta tur of saxanka. Syneclise - berkedda gacmeed kariyaha ama, ka yar si caadi ah, oo gaashaan yarba crystalline gudahood.

In this article waxaan eegi doonaa gaashaammadii ku dhufto ee qadiimiga ah ee Eurasia - ee Siberian iyo Bariga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aragti dhaw waxay ka hor inta on arrinta of "waxa gaashaan u yahay."

Juqraafiga: boorarka - waa ...

Ereyga "gaashaan" waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa sayniska dhulka. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay xilli ciyaareedkan waxaa la isticmaalayo ee Germany Eduard Suess (1903).

Shield - outcrop hoostiisa crystalline ah madal qadiimiga ah gudahood. Sayidka, dusha sare ee dhulka yaalaan dhagaxyada Precambrian, da'da gaadho 3,5-4 bilyan oo sano. Waxa ay inta badan wakiil granites, quartzites, gneisses, taas oo loo bandhigi goobaha weyn.

Features of qaab-dhismeedka loox

Guddiyada waa dhismeedka aasaasiga ah iyo ugu xasiloon qaaradood ah. Sida caadiga ah, ay ku hareereysan suumanka dhagaxyada duubnaadaan da'da Cambrian. darfaha gargaarka ayaa inta badan waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa yar bannaanka convex iyo buuro yar.

Shields ku hareereysan meelo badan oo waliba dhiifoon iyo mobile, geedi socodka dhismaha buurta in la soo sheegay xad dhawaan (marka la eego dhulka - 100-200 milyan oo sano ka hor).

Tusaalayaasha ugu caansan ee darfahoodii on dhulkeenna, Canada, Ukraine, Aldan, Baltic. Goobahaas waxaa la xidhiidha kayd badan oo macdanta ore (iron ore, copper, manganese, dahab, nickel, iyo P. sidaas on.). Sayidka, gudahood Aldan Shield ka helay kayd badan oo copper ore iyo apatite. In Ukraine Shield ka helay kaydka ee dunida ugu weyn ee quartzite ferruginous (Krivoi Rog weysada).

Taariikhda oo ka mid ah dhismaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka Platform Siberian ah

madal Siberian - aag aad u ballaaran dhulka, kaas oo degan aag aad u ballaaran in qayb ka mid ah waqooyi-bari ee Eurasia ah. Tani waa mid ka mid ah dhufto ee dunida ugu da'da weyn, waxaa saldhig u ah taas oo ku soo laabtay Archean sameeyay. Ka dib markii in, isagu ma uu mar ku qariyeen biyaha badaha by, sidaas darteed waxaa la aasaasay cover a awood dhagaxyada ku aasan.

madal Siberian uu leeyahay xuduud cad on dusha sare ee dhulka, xagga woqooyi - waa dalcadaha koonfurta Byrranga buuraha galbeed - dooxada River Yenisei ah, soohdintii koonfureed waddaa weheliyaan lafta dhabarka, iyo bari - on qeybaha hoose ee River Lena ah.

qaybta hoose madal Siberian dhagaxyada adag oo Archean iyo Proterozoic, taas oo si xoogan u crumpled galay laalaabka. Waxaa gneisses, amphibolites, schist, marmar ah iyo kuwa kale. Da'dooda waa arrin adag, ka 2.3 si 3.7 bilyan oo sano. cover aasan Platform ka kooban yahay dhagaxyada da'doodu kala duwan tahay. Si tip waqooyi-bari ee madal ah waxa lagu gartaa dhagaxyada daakhilaad in ay u sameeyaan tubooyinka diamond ah.

madal Siberian waa caadi ahayn hodan ku ah khayraadka macdanta kala duwan. Waxaa jira kayd badan oo iron ore, Miikaa, apatite, graphite. Si daboolka aasan egtahay kaydka la taaban karo ee saliidda iyo gaaska, iyo sidoo kale dhuxusha, diamond, copper, nickel, iyo dahab senti.

Qaab-dhismeedka dhulka ee Aldan Shield

gaashaan Aldansky - saldhig crystal qiyaas gudahood Platform Siberian ah. Waxay ku taalaa in ay ka qayb koonfur-bari ee gargaarka la mid ah iyo in la Oogada Aldan iyo lafdhabarta. In koonfurta iyo galbeedka gaashaanka xuduud la aagga dhismaha buurta marayo nidaam Dambigooda qoto dheer. In waqooyi-bari waxa la daboolay go'iisii qarada waaweyn oo lacag dhigaal ah ku aasan da'da Cambrian.

Raagtaa (dabaq), qaybta hoose ee jirka ka mid ah Aldan Shield, aad raaci karaan horumar ah ee qolof dhulka ee guud ahaan. Sidaas darteed, heerka hoose bedded gneiss, schist, marmar iyo granulite quartzite. dabaqa The soo socda waxaa ka buuxsamay dhagaxyada aasan-Kobenhagen, metamorphosed zonally. dabaqa sare waxaa wakiil kayd qarada waaweyn oo dhagaxyada clastic iyo Kobenhagen, iyo sidoo kale loo calaanjin waaweyn.

xilliyo dhulka ee habka kala duwan tectonic in Aldan ee gaashaan kale oo badan oo firfircoon mar kale. Tani waxa ay ku dhacday ee Paleozoic, Mesozoic iyo celceliska Cenozoic. Tani waa mid ka mid ah sifooyinka lagu garan gaashaanka crystalline la joogo.

On dhulka gaashaan Aldan la xidhiidha kayd ah macdanaha badan. Sidaas, halkan waxa la helay iyo sahamiyey kaydka weyn oo bir iyo naxaas senti, Miikaa, apatite, kimberlites, dhuxusha, dahab, iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah oo kala duwan semi-.

Taariikhda oo ka mid ah dhismaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka of East ah Platform Yurub

madal East-European - mid ka mid ah madal ugu weyn oo ugu nabdoon ee qolof dhulka casriga ah ee. Waxa ay gaareysaa ka Peninsula Scandinavian si Mountains Ural ah, degan inta badan waqooyiga iyo bariga Europe.

In ay qaab-dhismeedka jira laba awood saldhig crystal saarka - Yukreeniyaan iyo gaashaan Baltic. Halkan dushiisa meelo badan iska eafiya iskana dhagaxyada qadiimiga ah - inta badan dhagax adag oo quartzite. Badanaa waxay u sameeyaan outcrops dhagax weyn sare iyo canyons aad u muuqaal dabiici ah. In bannaan oo u dhaxeeya ah gaashaammada yaryar iyo tuuray Belarus anteklizy Voronezh.

madal Foundation igneous adag iyo dhagaxyada metamorphic da'da Precambrian, kaas oo dadku ku dissected by unu tectonic qoto dheer. East-European madal la aasaasay oo aasaaskiisana dabayaaqadii Proterozoic ah. cover Platform ka kooban yahay ku aasan yar doorinaynaa iyo dhagaxyada Kobenhagen da dhulka ee kala duwan.

khayraadka Macdanta ah madal Bariga Yurub

In madal Bariga Yurub sahamiyey ah kayd ugu taajirsan ee macdanta kala duwan. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxay ku xiran yihiin saldhig u ah qaab dhismeedka dhulka, kan kale - ay cover ku aasan.

Si aad uga baxdo goobaha on dusha madal aasaaska ku egtahay kayd weyn ee iron ore (Krivbass, Kurskaia cillad-magnetic Kremenchugsky pool, iwm), copper, titanium, senti nickel iyo apatites. Iyada oo madal cover ku aasan la xiriira keydadka gaaska dabiiciga ah (gobolka saliidda Volgouralskaya, murugada Dneprovsko-Donetskaya, iwm), dhuxusha iyo lignite (Donbass, gobolka Moscow), phosphate rock, bauxite iyo qalabka kala duwan ee dhismaha (nuuradda, marmar, dolomite iyo sida D. ah.) .

Qaab-dhismeedka dhulka ee Gaashaan Ukraine

gaashaan crystalline Yukreeniyaan - protrusion ah aasaaskii madal East-European on duleedka ay koonfur-galbeed. Waxa uu u fidiyey kun km (gudahood Ukraine iyo Belarus ee ka qayb) Iyo tan iyo Webiga Gorin ee waqooyiga ilaa xeebaha badda Azov ee koonfurta. map ayaa waxaa hoos la calaamadeeyey ee jaalaha ah.

width ugu badan ee gaashaan Ukraine waa 250 kilomitir. Bedka guud ee dusha sare - oo ku saabsan 135 oo kun oo kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.

gaashaan Yukreeniyaan ka kooban yahay inta badan dhagaxyada igneous iyo metamorphic da'da Archean (gneisses waxaa, granites, amphibolites, migmatites iyo kuwo kale). Meelo badan, kuwaas oo dhagaxyada crystalline la kulmaan, la xirrira ah dhagaxyada qurux badan, Rapids iyo Cascades on webiyaasha bannaanka.

Macdanta Gaashaan Ukraine

By Saadaasha aasaaskii dhufto ee qadiimiga ah waxaa lagu yaqaan in macdanta ore ku egtahay. Oo halkan gaashaanka Yukreeniyaan - ma laga reebo.

Qaab dhismeedka this dhulka gudahood sahamiyey kaydka weyn ee iron ore (Krivoi Rog weysada), ore uranium (Zheltovodsky iyo Ternovskii field), senti zirconium (deposit Vol'nogorskoe), iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah iyo semiprecious, qalabka dhismaha (gaar ahaan, in Zhitomir iyo meelaha kale ee ka mid ah dhagax adag Ukraine miino ugu tayada sareeya). By dhammaan xisaabaadka iman kara khayraadka macdanta ee gaashaan Yukreeniyaan waa ku dhowaad oo aan loo siman yahay ee Europe iyo dunida oo dhan.

Helay on board iyo macdan ah nooca ku aasan ee this. kayd ay ku egtahay awoodda yar (wax ka badan 50 mitir) qaybaha daboolo. First of dhan, waa lignite weysada Dnieper iyo Nikopol weysada ore manganese.

gunaanad

Daraasadda ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka crustal waa qayb ka mid ah kala duwan ee hawlaha dhigay by sayniska ee juqraafiga. Shields - Waxyaabo dhismaha ee boosteejo dhulka qadiimiga ah. Waxaa badanaa ku egtahay kayd awood badan oo ah macdanta ore iyo dhagax semiprecious.

Aldan Shield, iyo Yukreeniyaan - waa saldhigyadii protrusions crystalline ugu weyn qaaradda ee Eurasia. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah waxa uu ku yaalaa ee Russia, madal Siberian gudahood, oo kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - in Ukraine, on the madal Bariga Yurub.