Rinjiile Ruush, sayidkiisa frescoes iyo astaamo Gury Nikitin: Biography, hal-abuurka iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Russia ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa caan ku tahay dhaqanka hodanka ah oo isugu soo diyaariyeen ballaaran oo talanti. Gury Nikitin - mid ka mid ah tirooyinka ugu caansan oo muhiim ah in rinjiyeynta Ruush iyo iconography. Life iyo Shaqada uu ka dhacay qarnigii XVII iyo bidix raad dhalaalaysa taariikhda dhaqanka ee Russia. In kasta oo caddeyn ah artist ah, kuwaas oo u yimid inuu maalintii la joogo, aad gaarto, shuqulkiisa, style shaqsi mar walba sii joogi doonaa ruuxa sare oo markii ugu danbeysay ee taxadiri ah.

Biography

Taariikhda saxda ah ee dhalashada la aqoon Gury Nikitin. Qiyaastii waxay ahayd bilowgii sanadka 1620/1625. Magaalada guriga ee artist mustaqbalka ahaa Kostroma. Nikitin - waa magac maldahan ee artist ah, ama halkii, magaca dhexe (Nikitich - Nikitin). Magaciisa dhabta ah - Kineshemtsev. Ka hor inta uu uuga farshaxanka, ayuu qabtay dukaamo dhowr tafaariiqda Saf milix iyo kalluun.

qoyska

Aabbaha Gury Nikitin (Nikita Kineshemtsev) ku dhintay 1653 inta lagu jiro belaayo, si madaxa hooyada ahaa qoyska Solomonic. In Guria walaalkiis Luke, ama sida guriga loo yeedhay, Auchka. Waxa uu ku hawlan shoemaking.

Waxa intaa dheer in uu hooyadii iyo walaalkii, in Guria ay ahaayeen habro Michael iyo Fedor. Waxay yihiin kuwa ay ahaayeen iyo sidoo kale-off dadka. ay dhimasho ka dib Gury Nikitin dhaxlay dukaamada magaalada ka mid ah Fur, dhogor idaad iyo saf ah kalluunka.

About uu iconographer nolosha shakhsi caan ku ah inuu hubiyo in marnaba guursan oo carruurna ma ay lahayn. Tani waa caddaynta ku soo galo kitaabkii Landratskoy sameeyey dheer uu dhintay ka dib. Waxaa ku qeexan yihiin sanadka dhabta ah ee dhimashada of rinjiile icon (1691) iyo la'aanta ah ee la dhaxlay.

abuuridda

Gury Nikitin laga bilaabo sanadaha hore in ay tayo hal abuur leh. Halkaas oo uu ku bartay, lama yaqaan. baaraha maamulaha ee uu shaqada VG Bruce ayaa soo jeedinaya in macalinka Nikitin noqon kartaa Vasily Ilyin - Kostroma artist yaqaan iyo rinjiile waqtiga.

Laakiin in siyaabo badan oo uu ka qayb qaatay kor u qaadida hooyadiis hal abuur leh ee iconographer mustaqbalka. Hawiyaha ay dunida, dhallinyarada Guri lahaa guri fiican, cunto, iyo qoyska saaxiibtinimo. Oo wakhtigaasna ku adag tahay in la abuuro haweenka Ruush la mid ah ka tagay iyada oo aan taageero, waana ay adkeyd. Later, image haweenka iyo hooyooyinka heli doontaa meel gaarka ah ee shaqada ee Nikitin.

Jidkiisa in ay tahay ma fududeyn. Ka dib markii Guri ka soo jeedaa qoys-xoogsatada fudud u yimid, ka fog iconography ah. waayo-aragnimo badan ee artist ka helay markii qayb ka mid ah beerta ahaa rinji kaniisadaha Kostroma Moscow (Trinity Church, Mikaa'iil Cathedral ee Kremlin Moscow ee). Waxa intaa dheer in fanaaniinta ka Kostroma, waxaa shaqeeyay Ranjiilayaasha tayo of Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Moscow.

Tani dhaqdhaqaaqa oo waaaweyn hal abuur ah xilligii uu ahaa in tallaabada ugu horeysay ee Nikitin adag ee taariikhda farshaxanka. Waxa uu cadeeyay sida rinjiile a hibada, Guri marti badan oo ka kaniisadaha Orthodox Ruush iyo Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich helay rijiyeeyay iyo qoraalka / celinayo walxood.

style shaqsi

Isagoo ka hadlayay ku saabsan weynaanteedana iyo calaamadda rinjiyeynta icon Russian, dhaleeceeya mar walba farta hanad gaarka ah in uu ahaa Gury Nikitin. farshaxankiisa - waa isku darka gaar ah decorativism iyo monumentality in mid ka mid ah wax soo saarka. Waxaa soo beegay ubax ee uu hal-abuurka beegantay u kaca ee farshaxanka madaxtooyada oo taariikhi ee Russia (qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XVII ah.)

shuqulkii artist iyo icon Ranjiile fiican oo dhan uu leeyahay style u gaar ah, style shaqsi. Waxa uu dhisaa sideeda ah farshaxankiisa on mabda'a ah ee aan buugii dhabanada, codsatay ah farqiga iftiinka iyo hooska. Dhaleeceyn tilmaan u dhaqdhaqaaqa gudaha, dareenka laxanka ee dejinaya images. Intaa waxaa dheer, frescoes ku Gury Nikitin dabooli tiro balaadhan oo ah midabada, kaas oo dhab ahaan wanaajisaa saamaynta madaxtooyada ee darey ah.

shuqullada caan ah

Sheeg of dhex ihi farshaxankii horeysay Nikitin loola jeedaa 1650. Waxaa la xidhiidha rinjiyaynta balbalada oo kaniisad ka mid ah Qiyaame, iyo Quduuska ah Trinity Cathedral ee Kostroma. frescoes ugu caansan Gury Nikitin at Quduuska Cross Cathedral ee Romanov (hadda Tutaev) (baryid. 1650-mada.), In keniisad Danilov ee Pereslavl (1662-68gg.), In Cathedral ee male ah (Rostov Kremlin, 1670) iyo Church of Eliiyaah Nabiga (Yaroslavl, 1680). iyo astaamo fasaxa ayaa rinji for Nikitin ee la soo dhaafay.

1666 waxay ahayd mid adag oo ah, markii jeestay, waayo, kiniisadda Ruush. Nikitin qaaday qayb firfircoon ee dib u dhiska ah farshaxankiisa cathedral ee. Gacmihiisu ka tirsan images of askari oo ku shahiiday iyo dhowr jajabkii ka Halabuurka taariikhi "Qiyaame hore".

iconography

Golaha rinjiile iyo rinjiile icon, ma ahaa ka fog Cathedral ee jannayo ah. Dabcan, xaqiiqda waxaa toos ah ugu lug decoration macbudka of Guria. The ugu duwanyihiin farshaxankiisa, walxood Gury Nikitin for cathedral waa 1667-1672 sano.

Inta lagu guda jiro sano kuwaas oo uu ku qoray geed beroosh ah oo laabma walxood oo u wakiishay by Queen Mary Ilinichny. Halabuurka ayaa lagu soo bandhigay iyaga sidan oo kale in xarunta weyin image of the Virgin ee Kazan, on xaq ah - Nikolaya Chudotvortsa, oo bidix - u markhaati Agrippina iyo Evdokia. Oo weliba waxaa la abuuray Todobo walxood ee Wadaad of Antiyokh Macarius.

Dad badan oo walxood ayaa la rinji by Nikitin for Cathedral male ah. iyaga ka mid ah: "The Qiyaame hore", "la Fidneeyey", "haybta ee u Quduuska ah. Ruuxa "," Kazan ee mucjisooyinka. "

Shuqulkiisa la soo dhaafay waxaa loo arkaa inay icon ah "Old Testament Trinity" Gury Nikitin for Trinity Cathedral-Sypanovskogo in Kostroma, ku qoran 1690.

shuqullada loo aaneeyey

Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah shuqulladii iyo farshaxanka kuwaas oo qoray waxa u sabab ah Gury Nikitin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyagu ma ay heshay dhaca ku filan. Waxaa ka mid ah "Theodore Icon oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah halyeeyga ah" (1680), "Korkoda Kirik iyo Iulita" (1680s), "qaadid ee Cross" iyo fresco ee keniisad Ipatiev ee Kostroma. Sida laga soo xigtay diiwaanka taariikhiga ah, qaar ka mid ah (tusaale ahaan, "Theodore Icon ...") aan si fiican loo shaqeeya ee farshaxanka, iyo shaqada dib u soo celinta yaqaanna waxaa ka horreeyay.

xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Gury Nikitin ku noolaa bikradnimada iyo Celibacy, laakiin qoyskiisa ma lahayn in sheekh hore. Haa, iyo rinjiile ma qaadan nidarradeedii. Go'aankan hadhay wax qarsoon in ay contemporaries artist ee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, rikoorka nooca xusuus Nikitin ka dib taariikhda dhimashada aabbihii qoyska waxaa la siiyey magaca Helena-skhimnitsy. Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa soo jeedinaya in this magaca kaniisadda hooyada Guria (Solomonic), taas oo hore ugu da'da sare u tageen inay guri keniisad ah.

In 1659, markii Moscow dalbaday Ranjiilayaasha tayo leh, waayo, rinjiyeynta of katedraalka, ka Kostroma ayaan u tegey Yemelyan Pushkarev. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo wuxuu lahaa oo cagaha xanuun, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan waxaa dib u soo diray. On uu ka soo laabtay ayuu talinayaa dhowr sayid-dalkiisa, waxaa ku dhex jirtay Gury Nikitin. artist ayaa si guul maray shahaado, iyo in 1660 helay xaaladda article icon rinjiile aan ah.

Gury Nikitin ahaa horjooguhu (ama Foreman) Ranjiilayaasha Artel Kostroma. Inkastoo tiro ka mid ah mudnaanta jagada, artist ah loola dhaqmo si dhab ah in ay shaqo iyo aan awoodi karin gargaarka, ka shaqeeya on par a asxaabta iyo xitaa ka sii badan. Marka la samaynayo keniisad Ipatiev iyo Church of Eliiyaah Nabiga, uu ku dhagreen, contours ee frescoes mustaqbalka iyaga u gaar ah iyo dorisovki xertiisii ka tagay.

Magaca "Guri" macno ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa "shaqaalaha bukaan." Waxa ay ahayd sida iyo Gury Nikitin. Uu Biography waa aan tooska ahayn, laakiin xasuus ah saffarro soo jeedinaya in rinjiile jiray nin taqi ah oo Eebe ka dhawrsada. By qoraal walxood oo had iyo jeer soo dhawaaday masuuliyad iyo kooxda farshaxanka iyo xagga ruuxa. Kiiska ayaa markii uu bilaabay inuu qoro image of Our Lady of Theodore ku deymin, ka dib qirasho iyo wehelnimada. Later, inta lagu guda jiro israac diimeed ee Yaroslavl, image this muujisay mucjisooyin bogsiiyey.

Gury Nikitin inta badan loo baahan yahay si loo soo celiyo calanka jir iyo rijiyeeyay. Waxa uu is ogow of dhaxalkooda dhaqanka iyo taariikhiga ah, sidaas sii kuwan sifooyinka stylistic shaqada ee ka horreeyay, labada tirooyinka waaweyn iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa kursiga. Taasi waa sababta shuqullada qaar ka mid ah rinjiile mid aan la garaneyn.

Dhaleeceyn in liiska weyn falan magaca Gury Nikitin Ranjiilayaasha icon Ruush. Oo ay la socdaan Theophanes Giriigga, Andrei Rublev iyo Simon Ushakov , oo wuxuu lahaa oo saamayn aad u weyn ku iconography Ruush iyo meel sharaf kasbatay kasbadeen ka mid ah sayidkooda ka mid ah farsamada.

maanta

masterpieces badan oo Gury Nikitin ka badbaaday. Waxaa ugu ballaaran oo muhiim ah ayaa guriga artist ee Kostroma. Sidaas, hadda in Trinity Ipatiev iyo cathedrals waxaad ka heli kartaa on safar oo ay bartaan oo ku saabsan taxadiri gaarka ah ee naqshadaha Ruush iyo rinjiyeynta. xuddun The, dabcan, la siiyo dib u eegista ee frescoes ku Gury Nikitin.