RSA-sirta. Description iyo hirgelinta geynta RSA ah

RSA-sirta ah waa mid ka mid ah cryptosystems ugu horeysay ee wax ku ool ah ee dadweynaha-muhiim ah in si weyn loo isticmaalo gudbinta xogta ammaan. Its farqiga ugu weyn ka mid ah adeegyada waa in ay fure sirta ah waa u furan oo ka duwan oo muhiim ah decryption ah, kaas oo la qarsoodi. technology RSA The , kaqabto this ku salaysan yahay dhibaatada wax ku ool ah ka saaritaanka loo maqli karo laba lambar oo weyn (dhibaatada factoring).

History of abuurka

RSA magac wuxuu ka kooban yahay xarfaha hore ee qoyska ka Rivest, iyo Shamiir, iyo Adleman - ka yahannada ugu horeysay si cad u tilmaamay kuwaas algorithms encryption 1977. Klifford Koks, xisaabyahan ah Ingiriisi, oo u shaqeeyn jiray Sirdoonka Ingiriiska, marka hore si loo horumariyo nidaamka u dhiganta 1973, laakiin lama dhigooda ah ilaa 1997

user RSA abuuraa ka dibna daabacdaa fure guud oo ku salaysan laba lambar oo waaweyn si wadajir ah ula qiimaha kaabayaal ah. lambarada Ra'iisul waa in lagu hayaa si qarsoodi ah. Qof kasta isticmaali kartaa furaha dadweynaha si sir fariin, laakiin haddii ay tahay weyn oo ku filan, ka dibna qof kaliya la aqoon tirada Ra'iisul aqrisan kara fariinta. RSA sheegidda sirta waxaa loo yaqaan dhibaatada ugu weyn ee maanta dood furan oo ku saabsan sida hab lagu kalsoonaan karo.

RSA isku geynta waa mid gaabis ah, taas oo sabab u ma aha sida loo si toos ah sir user ah. Xaaladaha intooda badan, habkan loo isticmaalo gudbinta in furaha Windows XP la wadaago waayo, furaha sirta symmetric, taas oo iyana oofin karin hawlaha encryption bulk iyo decryption xawaare ka badan.

Marka waxaa jiray cryptosystem ah ay hadda u habeysan?

Fikradda ah ee muhiimka ah cryptographic sinnayn loo aaneeyey inay u Diffie iyo Hellman, kuwaas oo la daabacay fikradda 1976, soo bandhigid saxiixyada digital, oo isku dayaya in ay ka dalban aragtida ah tirooyinka. Waxay dejinta isticmaalaa muhiim ah oo la wadaago qarsoon ee ka soo baxa tiro ka mid ah qaar ka mid ah exponentiation modulo tiro Ra'iisul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay furo arrinta xaqiijinta shaqada this ka tagay, tan iyo mabaadi'da factoring si fiican uma fahmin waqtiga.

Rivest, Adi iyo Shamiir, iyo Adleman at MIT ay sameeyay dhowr isku day oo sanadihii la soo dhaafay si ay u abuuraan shaqo hal hab in ay adag tahay in uu kelmadaha. Rivest iyo Shamiir (sida saynisyahano computer) ayaa soo jeediyay waxyaabo badan oo hawlaha iman kara, halka Adleman (sida xisaabta) si aad u raadiso for "dhibcood daciif ah" geynta ah. Waxayna ahaayeen kuwo wax badan oo ka mid ah habab iyo ugu danbeyn la dhiso nidaam kama dambays ah, oo hadda loo yaqaan RSA ee April 1977.

Saxiixa Electronic iyo furaha dadweynaha

Saxiixa Digital ama saxiixa elektaroonik ah, waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah noocyada document electronic. Waxaa la aasaasay at a isbedel xogta cryptographic qaarkood. Iyada oo sifo this suurto gal ah si loo hubiyo daacadnimada dukumintiga, ay sir, sidoo kale si loo ogaado yaa leh. Dhab ahaantii, ka duwan saxiixa caadiga caadiga ah.

cryptosystem Tani (RSA-Windows XP) waxay bixisaa furaha dadweynaha, ka duwan symmetric. Its mabda 'hawlgalka waa in labada furayaasha kala duwan waxaa loo isticmaalaa - xiran (Windows XP) iyo dibadda. marka hore waxaa loo isticmaalaa in dhalin saxiixa digital, ka dibna ay awoodaan in ay decrypt qoraalka. Second - waayo sirta dhabta ah iyo saxiixa electronic.

Isticmaalka saxiixyada si fiican u fahmo sirta RSA ah, tusaale ka mid ah oo waxaa lagu yarayn karaa sida qarsoon caadi ah "xiray ka indhaha prying," dokumentiga.

Waa maxay isku geynta ah?

RSA geynta ka kooban yahay afar tallaabo jiilka muhiimka ah, qaybinta, encryption iyo decryption. Sida hore u soo sheegnay, RSA-sirta ka mid ah furaha dadweynaha iyo fure gaar ah. Bannaanka waa la ogaan karaa oo dhan iyo waxa loo isticmaalaa si sir fariimaha. Its nuxurka been in xaqiiqda ah in farriimo sir la furaha dadweynaha oo kaliya la decrypted kartaa in muddo la siiyo waqti badhanka qarsoodi ah.

Sababo nabadgelyo, abyoonayaasha in lagu doortay at random iyo ahaan isku mid ah in size, laakiin ku kala duwan yihiin oo dherer by a tiro yar ay ka saaritaanka dheeraad ah oo adag. tirada isku mid ah loo ool ah laga heli karaa by tijaabo iyagoo xog la ', sidaas sirta macluumaadka waa in ay daruuri tahay in la adag.

Furaha dadweynaha ka kooban oo ka mid ah modulus iyo jibbaarada dadweynaha. unit gudaha iyo waxay ka kooban tahay tirada gaar ah, kaas oo waa in lagu hayaa si qarsoodi ah.

RSA encryption of files iyo meelaha

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah jabsiga habab fudud RSA. Marka adeegsan imayl la qiimaha hooseeyo iyo mid yar oo tiro code si fudud loo furi karo, haddii ciphertext xidid qaado u sarreeyey abyoonayaasha ah.

Tan iyo markii ay RSA-sirta ah waa geynta deterministic (ie, ma laha qayb random), weerar guulaystaan furitaanka kartaa qoraalka weerarka soo xulay furan dhanka ah cryptosystem ee uu datada plaintexts tahay hoos furaha dadweynaha iyo jeegaga in ay yihiin ciphertext siman. Semantically cryptosystem ammaan ah waxaa loo yaqaan ay dhacdo in weerar aan kala saari karaa laba program oo ka soo midba midka kale, xitaa haddii uu ogyahay Qoraallada ku habboon ee foomka la ballaariyey. Sida kor lagu sharaxay, RSA adeegyada kale ee aan kursiga ma aha semantically ammaan ah.

algorithms dheeraad ah oo sirta ah iyo ilaalinta

Si looga fogaado dhibaatooyinka kor ku xusan, in hirgelinta dhabta ah ee RSA waxaa sida caadiga ah la geliyo nooc ka mid ah habaysan, buuxinta kala sooca lahayn hor encryption. Tani waxay xaqiijineysaa in content uusan dhici gudahood kala duwan ee plaintexts cabsan, iyo in fariin this aan lagu xallin karo by xulashada random.

Security RSA cryptosystem iyo sirta ku salaysan laba dhibaatooyinka xisaabeed: dhibaatada saaritaanka tiro badan iyo dhibaatada dhabta ah RSA. siidaynta Full ah ciphertext iyo saxiixa ee RSA waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la'ogolaan karin on male ah in labada dhibaato aan la xallin karin si wadajir ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo awood u leh inuu ka soo kabsado arrimo ra'iisul, weerar xisaabi kartaa jibbaarada qarsoon oo fure guud oo markaas decrypt text la isticmaalayo nidaamka caadiga ah. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in maanta jirin habka hadda jira ee saaritaanka abyoonayaasha badan oo ku saabsan computer ah classical aan la heli karin, waxa aan la xaqiijiyay in uusan ka jirin.

qalabaynta

Qalab, loo yaqaan Yafu, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay tayadoodii geedi socodka. Qalabaynta in YAFU waa feature sare in isku daraa algorithms factorization in hab aqooneed iyo la qabsiga in yaraynaysaa waqtiga si aad u ogaato arrimaha lambarada talooyin loo aabo yeelin. fulintii Most multithreaded geynta jidaynayey Yafu isticmaalka full of kala duwan ama badan Processor multi-muhiimka ah (oo ay ku jiraan SNFS, SIQS iyo ECM). First of dhan, waxaa ay gacanta ku qalab amarka-line. Wakhtiga lagu qaatay Boogaadin factor Yafu encryption la isticmaalayo computer ah caadiga ah, waxaa laga yaabaa in la yareeyo si ay seconds 103,1746. Qalab maaraysa ee binary awoodda of 320 gelinno ama in ka badan. Tani waa software ah mid aad u adag oo u baahan xaddi gaar ah oo xirfado farsamo si loo soo dajiyo iyo reserved. Sayidka, RSA-sirta laga yaabaa nugul C.

Jabsiga isku day ee muddooyinkii dhowaa

In 2009, Bendzhamin Mudi isticmaalaya RSA-512 muhiimka ah waxoogaa la shaqeeyo on deciphering kriptoteksta for 73 maalmood, iyadoo la isticmaalayo software kaliya ee si fiican u yaqaan (GGNFS) iyo desktop caadiga ah (dual-core Athlon64 ee 1900 MHz). Sida by waayo-aragnimo ku cad, loo baahan yahay in yar ka yar 5 GB of disk iyo ku saabsan 2.5 gigabytes Xasuus habka of "Muwaadiniintu."

Sida of 2010, tirada ugu badan waxaa isireeyo RSA 768 gaballo dheer (232 lambar jajab tobanle, ama RSA-768). Uu shaac ka socday laba sano on dhowr boqol kombiyuutarada mar.

In dhaqanka, furayaasha RSA dheer - sida caadiga ah ka 1024 si ay u 4096 gelinno. khubarada qaar ayaa rumaysan in furayaasha 1024-bit noqon karaan kalsoonaan karin mustaqbalka dhow ama xataa dambe la dillaac karo weerarka aad u wanaagsan maal-galiso. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax yar ku doodi lahaa in furayaasha 4096-bit sidoo kale loo sheegi karaa in mustaqbalka dhow.

rajada

Sidaa darteed, sida caadiga ah, waxaa lagu qaadayaa in RSA waa amaan haddii tirada waa weyn oo ku filan. Haddii tirada salka of 300 gelinno ama gaaban, iyo saxiixa ciphertext digital la giirte karaa dhawr saacadood gudahood on computer shakhsi isticmaalaya software la heli karo mar hore in domain dadweynaha. A muhiim ah oo dhererkiisu 512 gelinno, sida ku cad, in la sida ugu horreysa ee 1999 furi karaa, iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhawr boqol oo kombiyuutarada. Maalmahan waxaa suurtagal ah in dhowr toddobaad isticmaalaya hardware dadweynaha laga heli karaa. Hadaba, waxa suurto gal ah in si fudud buduschembudet shaaca RSA-sir ah oo ku saabsan faraha, iyo nidaamka uu noqon doonaa mid rajo dhacsan.

Sida rasmiga ah ee 2003, waxaa loo bixiyey su'aal ammaanka furayaasha 1024-bit. Currently, waxaa lagu talinayaa in ay leeyihiin dherer ah ugu yaraan 2048 gelinno.