St. Tikhon - Wadaad of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia

Jaantuska Wadaad Tikhon (Bellavina) siyaabo badan waa durkin ah, furaha in taariikhda Ruush Church Orthodox qarnigii XX ah. Dareenkan, doorka lama quudhsan karin. Xaqiiqada ah in ninku wuxuu ahaa nin Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia, iyo naftiisa wixii la calaamadeeyay, waxaa ka wada xaajoon doona in this article.

Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada

Tikhon, madaxa mustaqbalka ka mid ah Church Orthodox Ruush ayaa loo magacaabay inta lagu jiro nidarradeedii oo ku monastic. Duniduna waxay ahayd magiciisa Basil. Waxa uu ku dhashay January 19, 1865 in tuulo ku taala gobolka Pskov ah. Lahaanshaha sheekh ah, Basil arrin dabiici ah waxaa uu bilaabay shaqada la Church ee soo galaya seminary ah, iyo ka dib oo dhanba, waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay seminary ah. Ugu dambeyntii, ka dib ka qalin Dabcan seminary, Basil u tageen inay St. Petersburg si uu u dhameystiro waxbarashada at darbiyada fiqi Academy.

Ku noqo Pskov

Petersburg Academy of Vasily ka qalin la heerka ah ee Theology in xaaladda xirfad laawe ah. Markaas, sida macallin, isagu waa u imanayaa dib ugu Pskov oo uu noqdo macallin iyo tiro ka mid ah nidaamo fiqi ahaaneed Faransiis. amarada Quduuska ah, ayuu ma aqbali, maxaa yeelay weli celibate. A nolosha shakhsi aan saldhigan sida ay Buzadag of Church ee ka hortagtaa qofka inuu wadaad noqday.

nidarradeedii Monastic iyo isuduwidda

Si dhakhso ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, Basil go'aansado in ay doortaan jidkaa ka duwan - wadaad ah. Tonsure sameeyey 1891, December 14, kiniisadda seminary ee Pskov. Taasi waa marka Vasily ayaa loo magacaabay magaca cusub - Tikhon. Gudbinta xeerkii maalintii labaad ka dib markii wadaad amreen hierodeacon cusub tonsured. Laakiin sida uu lahaa in ay muddo kooban ah. Horeba on wasaaradda Episcopal soo socda, uu ku amray inay wadaadnimada.

xirfadiisa wacdina

Pskov Tikhon lagu wareejiyay ee 1892 ee seminary Kholmsk, halkaas oo dhowr bilood ku simaha kormeeraha. Markaas sida Raktarka, uu u soo diray inuu seminary Kazan ah, waqti isku mid ah heshay darajo ee Archimandrite. In meel this, Tikhon Bellavin joogay shanta sano ee soo socda, ilaa go'aanka Synod Quduuska ah ayaa la ma loo doortay in uu ka soo baxay wasaaradda Episcopal ah.

wasaaradda Episcopal

duwidda Episcopal Aabbaha Tikhon lagu qabtay St. Petersburg, keniisad Aleksandra Nevskogo. Wasaaraddu waxay noqday taliyihii ugu horeysay Kholmsk-Warsaw Sheeko, halkaas oo Tikhon noqday hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddu vicar. The shaqo ku xiga weyn oo ay ahayd oo keliya in 1905, markii Tikhon soo diray inuu ku darajo wayn ee Archbishop of the Sheeko of North America si ay u maareeyaan. Laba sano ka dib, wuxuu ku Russia, halkaas oo amarka la siiyey Department of Yaroslavl soo laabtay. Ka dib markii this, ballanta ku xigta ee Lithuania, iyo ugu dambeyntii in 1917, Tikhon Qolol inay ku darajo wayn ee Metropolitan ee Moscow iyo tababare of Sheeko magacaabay.

Doorashada awowe

Waa in aan xusuusannaa in tan iyo wakhtigii dib u habaynta Petra Velikogo, iyo ilaa 1917 waxa aan ahaa in awowe ee Church Orthodox Ruush. Madaxa rasmi ah oo ka mid ah Church of Machadka wakhtigaas ahaa Boqortooyada ayaa ergo awood wayn ee xeer sare iyo Synod Quduuska ah. In 1917 isla sanadkaas, golaha degaanka, mid ka mid ah xal u ah taas oo ahayd dib u soo celinta patriarchate ah. Sida ay natiijada codbixinta iyo isku aadka adeeggan, uu doortay Metropolitan Tikhon. enthronement ayaa ka dhacay on 4 December 1917. Tan iyo waqti in uu noqdo horyaal rasmiga ah ee this - Tikhon Quduuska ah, Wadaad of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia.

wasaaradda raggu

Waa wax qarsoodi ah patriarchate ku Tikhon helay waqti adag, waayo, kiniisadda iyo waqtiga gobolka. Revolution iyo dagaalka sokeeye ee iman kara kala jabeen dalka qeybtii. Ayaa hore u bilaabeen in habka of cadaadis diinta, iyo Kaniisadda Orthodox iyo sidoo. Sheekh oo jiifay firfircoon oo lagu eedeeyay waxqabad counterrevolutionary oo ahaa cadaadis ugu daran, oo kooban iyo jirdilay. In dumaya, kiniisadda u adeegay sidii fikirka gobol qarniyo, ayaa laga badiyay dhowaad dhammaan ay amar.

Sidaa darteed, St. Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow, qaadeen masuuliyada weyn for qaddar ee aaminka ah oo ah hay'adda wacdina. Waxa uu isku dayay wax kasta si loo hubiyo nabadda, isaga oo ku boorriyay xukuumadda Soviet soo afjaro in ay cadaadis iyo mucaaradka u furan siyaasadda diinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Digniin uu lama tixgelinayo, iyo St. Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia, inta badan kaliya aamusnaan kari cadaawadda in laftiisa muujiyey Russia oo dhan ee la xiriirta aaminka ah, iyo gaar ahaan wadaadada ah. Xiray Macaabidda Yuhuud, kaniisadaha iyo goobaha waxbarashada ee Kaniisadda. wadaaddo tiro badan iyo kiniisadda la dilay, xabsi, diray xeryaha shaqada ama loo musaafuriyay duleedka dalka.

Wadaad Tikhon iyo dowladda Soviet

Markii hore Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow, ayaa waxaa ka soo horjeeda dowladda Bolshevik waa mid aad u xoogan. Sidaas daraaddeed, bilowga ah ee wasaaraddiisu sida awowe, wuxuu u sameeyey dhaleeceyn af dadweynaha ee maamulka Soviet iyo xataa excommunicated ka wakiilo kiniisadda. waxyaabo kale Tihon Belavin, Wadaad of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia ka mid ah, waxa uu sheegay in tababarayaasha Bolshevik samaynayaan "shuqullada Shaydaan," taas oo ay iyo Caruurtooda dhici doonaa inkaartii ah nolosha addunyo iyo nolosha dabadeed - sugaya ah "geensky dabka". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, noocan oo kale ah hadalkiisaa wacdina ka dhigay aragti jirin on xoogga rayidka ah, kuwaas oo badidoodu ay muddo dheer la Isguursadaan jejebiyey oo dhan diinta iyo fikirka isku cibaadalaawe isku dayeen in ay ku soo rogaan dushooda ku taal gobolka abuuray. Ma aha la yaab leh in call ee Wadaad Tikhon guuradii koowaad ee Kacaanka Oktoobar, joojinta rabshadaha iyo in la sii daayo maxaabiista masuuliyiinta ma fal.

St. Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa obnovlencheskoe

Mid ka mid ah dadaallada cusub ee maamulka ka soo horjeeda diinta ka koobnaa in la bilaabo wax-u Renovationist a kala. Tan waa la sameeyey si ay u wiiqaan midnimada kiniisadda iyo aaminka ah in ay jebiyaan kooxaha iska soo horjeeda. Tani waxay ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah in mustaqbalka si loo yareeyo awoodda wadaadada ah oo dadka ku dhex, iyo, sidaas awgeed, si loo yareeyo saameynta ay diinta ah (inta badan siyaasad ahaan taabato la midab anti-Soviet) wacdiyaya.

Renovationists sara kiciyey si ay calanka ka mid ah fikradaha ku toobadda kiniisadda Ruush, ayaa muddo dheer ku jirtay hawada of Ruush Asalraacnimadu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wada jir ah ula habaynta of a Gaarna diimeed, dhaqan iyo Renovationists caqiido si adag u soo dhaweeyay isbedel siyaasadeed. Waxay si cad rastozhdestvlyali ay miyir diinta la fikradda monarchical, ku nuuxnuuxsaday in ay daacad u Itobiya Soviet, iyo xataa aqoonsaday sharci ah hab qaar ka mid ah argagixisada ka dhanka ah dadka kale neobnovlencheskih, laamaha gudaha ee Asalraacnimadu. In obnovlencheskoe dhaqdhaqaaqa biyaa xubno badan oo sheekh iyo tiro ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha kiniisadda oo diiday in ay aqoonsadaan maamulka of Wadaad Tikhon.

Marka la barbardhigo ah kala jajabo kaniisad raggu iyo Renovationists kale ku riyaaqay taageero oo ka mid ah masuuliyiinta rasmiga ah iyo mudnaanta kala duwan. At ay qashin la siiyey in badan oo ka mid ah kuwo macbudyo dhaca iyo hantida kale ee kaniisadda iyo hanti. Intaa waxaa dheer, mishiinka cadaadis of Bolsheviks ee inta badan laga fogaadaa taageerayaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa this, taasina waa sababta uu si deg deg ah u noqday tiro dad ah oo keliya ee sharciga ah marka la eego sharciyada cilmaani ah.

Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow, markeeda, ayaa diiday in ay aqoonsadaan oo ay sharci on qayb ka mid ah Buzadag kaniisadda. khilaafka kaniisad Gudaha gaadhay jiro boosaska Champions marka Renovationists uu cathedral faqiirsan patriarchate Tikhon. Dabcan, ma uu aqbali go'aanka iyo saamaynta ma aysan aqoonsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tan iyo markii uu lahaa si ay ula dagaalamaan oo keliya ma aha dhaqanka ugaadhsiga dowladda diin laawe ah, laakiin sidoo kale la schismatics-diimaha. xaalad dambe si weyn u dhibteen booskiisa sida eedeyn rasmi ah isaga ka gees ah oo aan la xidhiidha diinta, iyo siyaasadda: St. Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow, isaga qudhiisu si lama filaan ah helay calaamad u ah counter-wareeg iyo tsarism.

Xadhiga, xabsi iyo xoraynta

Against asalka ah dhacdooyinkaan waxay, waxaa jiray dhacdo kale oo galvanized dadweynaha, ma aha oo kaliya in Russia laakiin sidoo kale dibadda. Waxaan ka hadleynaa xarigga iyo xabsi gaaray by St. Tikhon ah, Wadaad of Moscow. Sababtu waxa ay ahayd in uu dhaleeceyn fiiqan ee taliskii Soofiyeeti, Renovationism diidmada iyo booska qaaday waxa ay la xiriirta habka of lala wareego hantida kaniisadda. Markii hore Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow, ayaa waxaa looga yeeray maxkamad adoo marag ah. Laakiin markaas uu si dhaqso ah ku cadeeyay in dekedda ah. In dunida ka mid ah dhacdadan sababtay resonance ah.

Wakiilada of Church Catholic ah, oo ahaa madaxdii badan Orthodox kaniisadda maxalliga ah, Arhiepiskop Kenterberiysky iyo kuwo kale oo si adag u dhalleeceeyay taliskii Soviet oo xidhiidh la leh qabashada Wadaad ah. maxkamad show Tani waxa ay ahayd inay ku buriyaan booska uu ka Church Orthodox si Renovators iyo burburin oo dhan Mu'miniinta iska caabin ah ee xukuumadda cusub. Dhaafka Tikhon heli karto, kaliya warqad ah, kaas oo si cad u toobad keenaan oo uu hawlaha anti-Soviet iyo taageero ciidamada counter-kacaan ah, laakiin sidoo kale si ay u muujiyaan in ay daacad u Itobiya Soviet qoraal. Oo haddana wuxuu kaxeeyey tallaabo this.

Sidaas darteed, Bolsheviks ay go'aansatay in ay laba dhibaato - Kipury hanjabaad tallaabo counter-kacaan by Tikhonites iyo hortagi Renovationism horumarinta dheeraad ah, sababtoo ah xitaa si buuxda oo daacad u ah qaab dhismeedka diinta ma ahaa suurad wacan ee gobolka, kaas oo ku salaysan fikirka ah ee mulxidnimo. Dheelli xoogga Tikhon Wadaad iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa Church Sare Maamulka Renovationist, Bolsheviks ku tirinay kuwo laga yaabaa on ciidamada aamin loo isticmaali doonaa in kasta oo kale, halkii ay la masuuliyiinta Soviet, kuwaas oo ay ka faa'iidaystaan xaalada diriri doonaa, waxa ay keeni karto arrin diinta ee dalka in ay ugu yaraan, ilaa ay noqon doontaa burburinta dhamaystiran oo hay'adaha diinta.

Geeri iyo horraysay

sano ee la soo dhaafay ee nolosha Wadaad Tikhon ayaa loogu talagalay si ay u ilaaliyaan xaaladda sharci ah oo ka mid ah Church Orthodox Ruush. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, ayuu baxay oo taxane ah oo tanaasul maamulka degaanka ee go'aan-qaadasho siyaasadeed, iyo xataa habaynta kaniisadda. Caafimaadkiisa waxaa hoos ka dib markii saffarro u yidhaahdaan uu da'doodu u. Sida laga soo xigtay nolosha Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow, wuxuu maalinta Annunciation dhintay, April 7, 1925, at 23.45. Tani waxay daba socday muddo ah cudur muddo dheer. At aaska ee St. Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia, waxaa ka soo qaybgalay in ka badan konton hoggaamiyayaasha kiniisadda iyo in ka badan shan boqol oo wadaaddada. Haore aad buu u badnaa in xitaa si nabad gelyo isaga ku tidhaahdaa, dad badan ay noqotay in in line taagan at sagaal SFIga oo. Sida St. Tikhon, Wadaad of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia, waxaa canonized 1989 at Cathedral ee Patriarchate Moscow ee.