The farshaxankiisa fiican by Durer. "Melancholia" by Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), rinjiile Jarmal, artist graphic, theorist caan ah tahay, waxa uu ku dhashay qoys weyn oo Hungarian Albrehta Dyurera Sr. iyo Barbara Holper Jarmalka. qoyska ku noolaa magaalada Nuremberg waxaa ku yaalla qaybta koonfur-bari ee Germany. Aabaha, dahabtume, wiilka isku dayeen in ay abuurto xiisaha ay xirfad dahabluhu ee, laakiin Albrecht dhallinyarada doonayay in ay noqon artist ah. Oo markuu yaraa Dürer ahayd 15 sano jir, uu u soo diray inuu aqoon-isweydaarsiga ee caanka ah rinjiile Nuremberg Michael Wohlgemuth.

Tallaabooyinka koowaad ee artist dhallinyarada

Albrecht cadaato arday doonayaan ama awoodaan, wuxuu waqti gaaban addoonsada ku Buzadag aasaasiga ah ee rinjiyeynta iyo ku qoray dhawr farshaxankiisa yar. farshaxankiisa Dürer ay ansixiyeen macalinka. Wohlgemuth, marka lagu daro abuuraya farshaxankiisa, bartay muuqaallo kale. daabacayaa uu, u sameeyey oo ku saleysan woodcuts (xardho on qori), loo isticmaalo in uu buugga "Nuremberg Chronicle" Hartmann Schedel, cartographer a Jarmal. Jaantusyada sameeyey Wohlgemuth iyo ardayda uu dhisay qaybta ugu weyn ee buugga, taas oo hoos u baxay sidii shaqo ah fanka taariikhda. Qoraaga of mid ka mid ah daabacayaa ee buugga "Dance of Death" ahaa Albrecht Dürer.

safar hal abuur leh

Qarnigii 15aad ee Germany waxaa jiray dhaqan ah safarada arday, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo arday ah oo aqoon u leh shaqada fannaaniinta ka gobollada kale ee dalka. Oo wuxuu kaloo sameeyey safarka noocan oo kale ah iyo rinjiile yar oo Dürer. Uu safar qaatay muddo afar sano ah, laga bilaabo 1490 ilaa 1494-th. Intaa waxaa dheer in magaalooyinka Jarmal ee artist ee Dürer, kuwaas oo farshaxankiisa hore si fiican loo yaqaan, sidoo kale booqday magaalada ee Switzerland iyo Holland, si ay u helaan waayo-aragnimo qiimo badan ka sayid weyn oo rinjiyeynta Vlaamse iyo khubaro reer Switzerland ee xardho. Laga bilaabo sodcaalkiisii buu, Dürer rabay in uu la kulmo artist ee Martin Schongauer, kii isagu waa ka fiirsaday sida caadiga ah ee heer sare ah ee farshaxanka muuqaalka ah. Iyadoo Schongauer ee Colmar noolaa oo xaradhka shaqeeyeen copper. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kulanka labada fannaaniinta ma dhacaan, sida Martin wax yar ka hor ku geeriyooday ay ka imanayaan Albrecht.

Basle

Albrecht Dürer, farshaxanka iyo xaradhka, kuwaasi oo ay horey u yaqaan in goobo ka mid ah khubarada, kula kulmay walaalkiis goor dambe Martin Schongauer, Ludwig, oo sidoo kale ku xardhay copper. Ludwig iyo Albrecht siiyey wixii uu soo maray. xirfadaha qalabka copper dahabka xardho loo baahan yahay, oo ay ku jirtay Durer, tan iyo markii isagoo da 'yar, uu dhowr sano ku qaatay caawinta ee dahabka aabbihiis dukaanka. Albrecht dhaqaaqay Basel, xarunta daabacaadda. In Basel, uu ku noolaa kale oo Schongauer walaalkiis, Georg. Wadashaqaynta iyaga la, Durer guuleysto oo dhan subtleties ee ahaa abuuridda buug of xaradhka, oo muddo ka dib bilaabay in ay u muuqdaan in shaxanka, buugaagta ee Basel ee cusub, hore aan la garanayn, style. Hal-abuurka Durer kaamil ah, uu si guul leh loo isticmaalo qaab cusub. In buugga "Ship of Nacasyadu" by satirist Jarmalka Sebastian Brant, waxaa jiray 75 ka mid ah uu sawirada graphic. Sidoo kale Basel Dürer abuuray taxane ah oo xaradhka Kitaab ah majaajilooyin Bobliyos Terence, majaajilada ee Roman. Basel Albrecht u tageen inay Strasbourg, halkaas oo uu ku qoray uu caanka ahaa "Is-sawirka la yamaaruggii", taas oo loo soo diray in ay aroosadda.

Ku noqo Nuremberg

In Nuremberg Albreht Dyurer, farshaxankiisa, kuwaasi oo ay hore ruuxa dhadhan Jarmal ku qoran, soo laabtay 1494 iyadoo tiro aad u badan oo ah aqoon helay inta lagu jiro afarta sano ee warwareeggayga, iyada oo Europe. Si dhakhso ah ayuu guursaday Agnes Frey, gabar mudan, gabadhii Hansa Freya, marti isweydaarsi sax ah alaabtii qiyaaseed. Guurka siiyey Albrecht fursad ay ku bilaabaan ganacsi ay leeyihiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu aasaasay uu workshop gaarka ah ee Nuremberg, wuxuu keliya ee 1495, sababtoo ah laba bilood ka dib markii uu guurka u baxay inuu Italy, halkaasoo uu ku noqday mid xeel dheer shaqada ee Giovanni Bellini, rinjiile ka mid ah dugsiga uguurtay, iyo Mantegna, dusin style af badan oo adag of rinjiyaynta Padua. farshaxankiisa Qaar ka mid ah by Dürer ayaa ka dib ku qoran si la mid ah. sawir A ee dabeecadda dhulka, Dürer ka dhigay inta lagu guda jiro safarka ay Italy, ka dib noqdaan xaradhkii.

xaradhka

On uu ka Italy Albrecht Dürer soo laabtay furay aqoon isweydaarsi iyo qaatay 10-sano ee soo socota wax soo saarka ee woodcuts iyo copper. Iskaashi la asxaabteena Nuremberg-sayid - Hans von Kulmbach iyo Hans Shoyfelinom, bixisey xaradhka Dürer muujinaysa koob ee Pindar, iyo Goltselya Koberger. shuqullada Albrecht ahaayeen qof mowduuc qoto dheer, tayada ahaa heer sare farshaxanka. Dürer waxaa loo tixgeliyaa Master buure ee sawirrada buugga. In 1498 publisher Koberger daabacay buugga "apocalypse", kaas oo ka mid ah 15 woodcuts artist graphic, oo ay ku jiraan "The Afar fardooley" iyo "The Battle of Arhangela Mihaila la masduulaagii." The rinjiyaynta "apocalypse" Dürer waxaa loo arkaa sida ugu fiican ee uu shaqada. theme in mideeya 15 sheekooyinka oo dhan isku taxan, waxaa xaliyay ka muuqataa artist ah. xardho kasta sida ay tahay in la sii wado hore iyo horreeyaa soo socda. Wax badan ka dib, ee 1514, waxay ahaayeen xardho copper dahsoon cinwaan looga dhigay "Melancholia" waxaa la abuuray. Dürer rinji on waxay malaa'igtii caajiso, taas oo, sida muuqata, waxaa kale oo lagu gartaa-aragnimada dareen.

rinjiyeynta

"Apocalypse" Albrecht Dürer keenay warkiisiina wuxuu gaadhay dunida oo dhan, iyo "Melancholia" by Durer galay fund ee dahab ah ee farshaxanka. shaqada kale ee muhiimka ah ee buugga artist ee "Xaraaradda ee St. Brigid", kaas oo ka mid ahaa 30 xaradhkii. Waxa intaa dheer in ka shaqeeya sawirada buugaagta oo casri ah, Dürer sidoo kale abuuray jilaayayaal, waayo, shuqullada qorayaasha qadiimiga ah sida Aristotle iyo Theophrastus, Aristophanes iyo Lucian. Qaadaan sawiro, Albrecht ma tago iyo rinjiyeynta, Durer xilliyo muuqday hortiisa ee dadweynaha guud. Sidoo kale sannadaha 1497-1499 Wehbe way rinji: Albrehta Dyurera Elder, artist ee aabbihiis, Frederick Elector ah III ee Saxony, Oswald Krell, wakiilka ganacsiga. Mid ka mid ah shuqulladii ugu duwanyihiin in rinjiyeynta waxaa loo arkaa Durer rinjiyeynta "Sujuud ee maydku." Next yimaado "Dresden Altarpiece" iyo "toddoba murug" - polyptych ballaaran.

Venice

In 1505 Dürer uu aaday dalka Talyaaniga mar kale. In Venice, ayuu qoray "The Iiddii Rosary ah", laakiin sawirka looma abuurin on shiraac ah dhaqanka, iyo guddiga libneh, gol leeyahay in lagu gelinayo in kiniisadda of San Bartolomeo dhow guriga Jarmal ganacsiga Fondaco dei Tedeschi. sawir ku amray baayacmushtariyaal Jarmal caan ah. Currently, "iidda Rosary ah" ee Gallery Qaranka ee Prague. Xilligii waqtiga by shuqullada ku sayid weyn, Titian, Palma Vecchio, Giorgione calaamadeeyay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Albrecht Durer waxaay awoodda in ay hal-abuurka Dzhovanni Bellini, taas oo loogu talagalay isaga tusaale ahaan midabka awaal ahayd. In dhamaadka, wuxuu u sameeyey saaxiibo la rinjiile Talyaani iyo wixii uu weyddiistay, ku qoray mid ka mid ah farshaxankiisa uguurtay - "Madonna la Chizhik". shaqo kale abuuray intii uu joogay Venice, Dürer, "Masiix ku dhex Dhakhaatiirta ah," waxaa laga yaabaa in sidoo kale lagu heegan u ah oo saaxiib la ah Albrecht.

Bologna

Ayadoon la saaxiibin Giovanni Bellini, Dürer ahaa nin la ixtiraamo iyo qadarin in Venice. Golaha City ayaa ka soo baxay in ay dib u dhigto rinjiile tayo leh, la soo jeedinta ah isaga 200 ducats sida bonus sanadlaha ah. Waxaa loo maleeyey in Albrecht Dürer ka qayb qaadan doonaan mashaariic magaalooyinka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, artist ah inuusan qorsheyneyn inuu nolosha yah, ayuu u hawaystay in aqoonta wax cusub naftooda, iyo ujeeddo this waxay ahayd lagama maarmaan ah in si joogto ah u safri. Muddo ka dib Dürer ahaa ee Rome, halkaas oo uu ku haminayay in uu la kulmo Maximilian Emperor ah. Kulanka ayaa marnaba ka dhacay, iyo Albrecht u tageen inay Bologna si ay u booqdaan jaamacadda iyo la kulmo saynisyahano. Waxa uu xiiseynayay in su'aalaha rajada, waxbarashada oo uu u noqon lahaa ay awoodaan in ay si fiican u dhisi farshaxankiisa ay. Wadatashiyada la xisaabyahan ah Luca Pacioli, ka dibna wada hadal dheer la naqshadeeyaha ugu Donato Bramante biiray dukaanka aqoonta farshaxanka, iyo farshaxankiisa by Dürer noqday more wayn.