Waa maxay laf computer ka design qaybsan

Inta badan oo kombuyuutar oo maanta waxaa lagu dhisay qaab gaar ah, loo yaqaan naqshadaha computer - hardware (jirka) iyo software (xisaabeed ah oo macquul ah) qalab in laguu ogolaado in aad ilaa barnaamaj iyo fuliyaan hawlaha loo baahan yahay ee user. naqshadaha Computer waa dibadeed, ka tarjumaysa ka kooban iyo is dhexgalka oo dhan nidaamka durugsan, iyo gudaha, taas oo been nidaamka shaqaynaya oo ka mid ah xubno dastuurka of computer laftiisa.

design wuxuu ku salaysan yahay iyo computer ka jira lagu daro mabda'a ugu weyn-qaybsan. nooca wax ku ool ah oo mabda this been in xaqiiqda ah in ay u sameeyaan Architecture-of computer ka, cusboonaynta waxaa laga yaabaa in user isaga qudhiisa, iyada oo interoperability iyo midka mid ah qaybaha in aad computer. Modularity kaabaya laf, ama sida waxa loo yaqaan - mabda'a baska sarrifka xogta u dhexeeya modules iyo qanjidhada kombiyuutarka. Labadaa mabda 'sameeyaan arrin kale oo ka mid ah abuurka ah ee kombiyuutarada casri ah - mabda'a naqshadaha furan. The jirka mabda 'ee naqshadaha u furan waa ogaaday by gelinayn on nidaamka (system) guddiga qalabka kala duwan: processor, video iyo kaararka dhawaaqa, xasuusta (RAM iyo ROM). . Sidoo kale, design baska-qaybsan PC ah, aasaaska afka baarkiisa ah oo la diyaariyey dhexe ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, John von Neumann soo jeedisay in mabaadi'da soo socota ee xiriirka ka dhexeeya qaybaha software of computer ah:

• maamulka barnaamijka, kaas oo ku lug leedahay dilka automatic ah tilmaamaha processor, iyo in isku xigxiga oo qaarkood;
• xusuusta homogeneity kooban kaydinta iyo amarradiisa iyo xogta goob isku mid ah;
• addressability, sida laga soo xigtay oo xasuusta of computer la abuuray sida set oo ah unugyada tiriyey heli by processor ah.

Viewed design bas-qaybsan ogolaanaya computer ah in la abuuro xuduudaheedu shiidaa gaarka ah ee qaabeynta qalabka (of course, xuduudaha farsamo qaybo ay ka kooban oo ay waafaqsan gudahood), iyo si ay u bixiyaan habka ugu weyn ee gudbinta xogta u dhexeeya qaybaha kuwan. sarrifka Tani waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saddex taayir raznorazryadnyh (khadadka multiconductor). Marka width baska taasi ku xiran tahay si qoto dheer yara ee processor ah. baska xogta waxaa loogu talagalay si loo hubiyo in isu gudbinta macluumaadka ee labada dhinacba ka processor si kale qalab computer iyo qalab si ay processor ah.

baska cinwaanka siisaa inay helaan unit processor iyo unugyada xusuusta oo keliya shaqeeya hab ah unidirectional - ka processor si qalabka.

baska gacanta ku gudbiya signalka iyo amarradiisa in la xakameeyo koorsada ee is-dhaafsiga macluumaadka iyo wakhtiyada is-weydaarsiga u dhexeeya qanjidhada computer kala duwan. Jidh ahaan loo arkaa computer design bas-qaybsan hirgeliyey iyada oo loo marayo nidaamka baska, kuwaas oo ay naadi ay heli (Xidhiidhiyayaasha) wada isku xirta qalab computer ah. heerarka nidaamka baska sida technology bedelay. Currently, nooca ugu badan ee baska nidaamka bas PCI ah. baska Nidaamka qalabka ku xiran in ay, iyo foomka ay lafta, kaas oo ku sheegay in ay horyaalka design ugu weyn-qaybsan ee kombiyuutarka.

modules computer Qofka waxaa lagu jidh ahaan ku xiran laf isticmaalaya ilaaliyaal iyo adapters, ay ku shaqaynayaan sidii barnaamij by rakibidda darawallada in la abuuro shuruudaha nidaamka qalliinka si ay u helaan nidaam hardware of computer iyo dhabarka.

Xirmada caadiga ah ee computer-ka casriga ah waxaa ka mid ah:

• adabtarada video ah (xidhiidha bandhigay);
• dekedaha serial COM1 iyo COM2 (mouse iyo modem);
• dekedda ah isku midka ah, (waayo xira printer a);
• xakamaysada keyboard.

Sida uu mabda'a module ugu weyn-computer dhismaha soo jeediyay, ee xorroyad iyo aaladaha kale ee la xiran karo in computer by rakibidda adapters dheeraad ah.