Anaerobes Facultative - waxa uu yahay waxan? Tusaale ahaan iyo dirka

Wakiilada boqortooyada Monera, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah gooryaan dulinka iyo algae iyo fangaska waxaa lagu gartaa foom u gaar ah ee lagu qayilo xeryahooda organic ka dhaca ay ka maqan yihiin oxygen kelli ama uruuray hooseeyo. Noolaha ku nool deegaanka oxygen-free ah - waxaa anaerobes. Facultative iyo waajibiyo noocyada, iyo sidoo kale tusaale u ah noloshooda iyo dirka waxaa loo tixgelin doonaa noo by in this article.

Maxaad u baahan tahay in neefta

Waxaan sheeg in aan kala hadli doonaa oo ku saabsan waxa loogu yeero gudaha, ama gacanta, Neefta. Hawshoodu ugu weyn waa in uu soo saaro tamarta ka walxaha, gaar ahaan sonkorta galaya gacanta. Haddii geeddi lagu qayilo ka qaadan qayb oxygen - noolaha ah waxa loo yaqaan laylinta. Haddii shaqsi uu helo qayb ka mid ah tamarta by phosphorylation substrate aan loogasoo ee O ₂ molecules - waa organisms, anaerobes.

Ereygan waxaa asal lui Pasterom ee 1861, markii hore codsatay kaliya in ay qaarkood prokaryotes fulinta halsano butyric acid. In ayidhi casriga ah magaca this dhan noolaha isku daro, iyadoo la isticmaalayo aqbalana a final ma aha oxygen, iyo Nitrate, hydrogen ama xeryahooda organic. silsilad laylinta Respiratory, facultative iyo waajibiyo anaerobes, taas oo aan hoos ka fiirso, hababka fuliyay Dheef tamarta, kaas oo lagu qayilo ee glucose, dufanka iyo acids amino CO _2, H ₂ O iyo NH sidoo kale _3. Fiiro-shiid in anaerobic ka yar ku ool ah ka badan oxygen. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in koboca ay ka maqan yihiin oxygen u baahan substrate more, tusaale ahaan glucose. Energy iyadoo ay sabab u qaybsama ee tarabuunka oxygen-free waa sidoo kale yar yar. Tusaale ahaan, marka glycolysis - 2 jiirarka kasta oo ATP ka Britain glucose, halka cholesterol ogsijiin of dhexsameeysmo 36 taagoo of triphosphate adenosine.

Kala duwan ee anaerobes

In soocidda casriga ah waxaa ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha, gaar ahaan bakteeriyada. Tusaale ahaan, anaerobes facultative - a noocyada hal ama multi-unuglaha of prokaryotes, dhirta ama fangaska, oo catabolism uma baahna O _2. Laakiin joogidda ee cytosol ee cell ama deegaanka dibadda ma aha shaqsiyaadka dilaa. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah bakteeriyada wareer ah aadanaha: anginal streptococcus hemolytic stafylokok. Waxay yihiin anaerobes facultative, iyo noocyo ka mid ah bakteeriyada, kuwaas oo hab-nololeedyada waxtar leh si aadanuhu. Sayidka, Streptococcus ku thermophilic jiidhi lactose in C ₃ H ₆ O _3, waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee wax soo saarka si cajiib leh caanaha: cream, caano dhanaan, jiiska jilicsan. In daawada, waa lagama maarmaan in wax soo saarka ee fogaado loo isticmaalo ka hortagga shubanka iyo enterocolitis of etiology kala duwan. Sii sooco ee anaerobes, ogow makroaerofilov ku nool deegaan ay fiirsashada of O ₂ kama badna 0.5-1%.

iyaga ka mid ah, noocyada badan pathogenic aadanaha, sida streptococci, pharyngitis keenaya, iyo cudur ku faraxnay. Noocyada kale ee aerobes facultative ku nool mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka aadanaha, taasoo keenta noocyada kala duwan ee gastritis iyo caloosha boogaha. Wakiilka sababaya oo ka mid ah cudurada kor ku xusan waxaa si fiican u yaqaan Helicobacter. Tiro badan oo makroaerofilov la xiriira anaerobes facultative, waxay u baahan yihiin si ay u-shiid content sare ee carbon dioxide. Kuwani waxa loo yaqaan prokaryotes capnophile.

silsilad Respiratory anaerobes facultative

Waxaan sii wadi inaad wax ka barato sifooyinka of this group-shiid bakteeriyada. Under xaaladaha shaybaarka, waxaannu aragnay in ay la go'aamin karaa in xal of walxaha organic ku jirto kala duwan saamiga miisaanka of ogsijiin. anaerobes Kuwani uruursado doonaa meel u dhow hoose ee tuubada, kuna waari dhexdeeda fiirsashada of O ₂ waa yar yahay. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in anaerobes facultative - bakteeriya taas oo kuuro yar oo oxygen ma leeyihiin saamayn halis ah waxyeello. Horaantii aynu u sheegnay in kooxaha qaar ka mid ah bakteeriyada, tusaale ahaan, denitrifying, aqbalana finalka waa amooniyam - xeryahooda nitrogen, qayilo ee la soo dhaafay.

silsilad neefsashada The anaerobes facultative in dareen diidmo oo horseed lug reductase amooniyam enzyme, kaas oo bixiya gaadiidka electron of ra'iyi ah NO ₃ ^-. bakteeriyada Kuwanu waa prokaryotes of genera ku Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Waxay ku nool yihiin balliyada iyo ciidda qoyan. Bakteeriyada waxay isticmaalaan amooniyam cusbada oxygen acid sida aqbalana electron ah, siday lagu magacaabo "Neefta amooniyam".

Doorka enzyme ee catabolism bakteeriyada

-shiid ee sheyga shaqo muhiim ah oo habka horseed waa la fuliyay, la siiyaa cytochromes, catalase, falgalka flavin, perodoxida. Sayidka, flavoproteins ciyaari xubin ka door isku Xidhka substrate iyo taagoo oxygen ah, taas oo ka dibna waa la dhimay si hydrogenperoxid ah. Marka la eego xaqiiqada ah in anaerobes facultative - waa shiid sheyga oo labada dhacdaa in joogitaanka O _2, iyo jawi oxygen-free ah, kuwaas oo laba nooc oo prokaryotes lagu kala sooci karaa. Aynu u fiirsan si faahfaahsan.

Noocyada bakteeriyada facultative

Aerobes, anaerobes, anaerobes facultative, microaerophiles - liiska cadaalad ah dhamaystiran oo prokaryotes, silsilad neefsashada oo qayb ahaan ama gebi tiirsan joogitaanka xal nafaqo taagoo oxygen yahay. Tusaale ahaan, allerotolerantnye oksidheeyeyaal bakteeriyada lactose, horumarinta ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen O ₂ laakiin aan aad ugu isticmaalin ee silsiladda neefsashada. Waxay synthesize tamarta by reactions halsano. anaerobes kale optional, tus, unugyada khamiir, taas oo ku xidhan Halabuurka kiimikada ah ee substrate ee waa awoodaa inuu habka halsano neefsashada oxygen ka gudubtaan.

Cytochromes iyo muhiimadda ay leedahay in dheef

borotiinada Complex - proteid daraysa heme (iron-ka kooban koox bedalay) - waa cytochromes. By ka qeyb Neefta gacanta in bakteeriyada iyo khamiirka, iyagu waa deeq iyo acceptors electron labadaba. eb Iron group bedalay reversibly beddelo gobolka qayilo ka +2 si +3. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa inuu qaado electrons ka dehydrogenase cytochrome in acetaldehyde ama pyruvic acid. aerobes Facultative, anaerobes iyo microaerophiles acceptors electron loo soo bandhigi karaa by taagoo of carbon dioxide, udhigo hydrogen, acids amino.

Taasoo la micno ah prokaryotes, anaerobes in wareegga ah ee arrinta ee dabiiciga ah

Waa wareegyada malaysan organogenic xubno ka ugu weyn, tus, nitrogen ka dhaca dhulka biosphere ah, oo aan ka qayb of sheyga. Tan iyo anaerobes facultative - ugu horayn waxa denitrifying bakteeriyada, waxay awood u yaraynta milma ee cusbada acid nitric in carrada ama N ₂ O in nitrogen oo lacag la'aan ah. Denitrification qaadataa meel inta badan si firfircoon in carradu ay ku jiraan qadar xad-dhaaf ah oo biyo ah iyo bacrimin nitrogenous. Sidaas darteed of falgalka kiimikada ah u taagoo nitrogen free mar kale ku soo laabtay jawiga by dhow wareegga of transformations ay dabiicadda.

Fogaado iyo saamaynta ay aadanaha

Oo ka mid ah in ka badan 500 nooc oo bakteeriyada degganu mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka aadanaha, meel muhiim ah ayaa waxaa kujira anaerobes facultative. Waa wakiilada ugu horrayn waxa weeyi of genera ku lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Candida. tirada ugu badan oo iyaga ka mid waxa uu ku yaalaa ee xiidmaha waaweyn. Waxaa bakteeriyada nidaaminaya motility (dhaqdhaqaaqa tacsida cuntada) iyo synthesize vitamins B iyo C. Waxa kale oo ay ku lug leeyihiin horumarinta borotiinada ilaaliya - immunoglobulin, iyo kuwa markeeda, waxay bixiyaan waxyaabaha xiidmaha bactericidal. waxbarashada Medical ayaa muujiyay in content bakteeriyada mindhicirka aadanaha hoos u soo maratay kadib markii cudurada faafa ay sabab u tahay geedi socodka bararka iyo ka dib therapy antibiotic.

Si loo soo celiyo microflora ee mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka isticmaalka daroogada - fogaado. Waxay ka kooban anaerobes waxtar leh facultative - bifidobacteria iyo lactobacilli. Marka xiidanka aadanaha, oo ay u hubiyaan in ay hawlgal caadi ah iyo in la yareeyo saamaynta xun ee kor ku xusan. Inta badan la isticmaalo fogaado xaqiijiyay in gastroenterology - a "Hilak Forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".