Astaanta qaranka ee Austria - Cathedral St. Stephen ee. Cathedral St. Stephen ee, naqshadaha, Mala'igtu iyo indhaha

Astaanta Qaranka Austria iyo decoration ee magaalada Vienna ayaa noqday macbudka a grand ee St. Stephen, Catholic Cathedral ah, la Mala'igtu iyo shuqullada yaabka badan tahay buuxiyey. Dureeri u jirin catacombs ka yar caan ah, halkaas oo been ka hadhaagii oo dhan boqorada Austria tan iyo macbudka this heer sare ah, Rudolf VI ee, sii laba iyo toddobaatan Habsburg, Evgeniy Savoysky, iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah cathedral dhisay amiirka. Iyada oo ka mid ah labada munaaradaha of view weyn ee magaalada taariikhiga ah oo qurux badan.

calaamad of Vienna

Dhismaha cathedral la bilaabay qarnigii laba iyo tobnaad, oo maanta waa dhismaha ugu weyn Gothic ee Austria ee guud ahaan 107 mitir sare iyo munaarado ka badan si 30. Visitors sarraysiin inta badan fuulaya munaaraddii jalaska, adkaadeen saddex boqol iyo konton digrii. Way u qalantaa: view ka dawan-ringer qolka waa si fudud u weyn. Oo kuwa 23 dawanno tirada kala duwan in ay yihiin mid ka mid ah jiidashada ugu weyn ee kaniisadda St. Stephen, Cathedral waa lagu qurxiyey si gaar ah, mid ka mid ah oo kaliya "Pummerin" waa dawan ugu weyn ee Western Europe. Si cad u arki karo xagga sare saqafka, meesha dusiyeen dhalaalaya dhigay baxay laba madax gorgor iyo jubbad hubka ee Austria.

Inside decoration macbudka inta badan ka bedelay, sidaas qarniyo badan naqshadaha ayaa helay dhammaan calaamadaha isbedelka iyo hadda ilaa baroque ah. martida kasta oo magaalada u aragto Korkannagana ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale mas'uul ka horeysay in ay soo booqdaan jawharad this of naqshadaha. Iyo maalin maalmaha ka mid si cad u ma ku filan si loo baaro. Waayo, kiniisadda St. Stephen ee - cathedral waa weyn oo macno on mitir kasta oo laba jibbaaran oo ay dusha ka kooban hal dhibic si gaar ah oo xiiso leh.

Mala'igtu

khasnadihii cathedral badan cajiib ah: tiro aad u badan oo ah altarpieces qiimo leh, chapels kooxda, Mala'igtu, jeweled iyo reliquaries dahab, buugaag, qoraallo Afika, dhar. Cajiib iyo sarcophagi. tombstones Cover Friedrich III culeyskiisu yahay, tus, sideed tons. Daabacashooyinka Evgeny nastay in cibaadaysiga gaar ah, aad u qurxiyey whimsical. Haddii aan ka fiirsan in aaska ugu horeysay ee halkaan u yimid bilowgii qarnigii laba iyo tobnaad, waxaa suurto gal by dabiiciga ah ee aaso ah si loo raad raaco formation of caadooyinka sida qorshaha naqshadaha iyo xal gudaha ah.

Currently, St. Stephen ee kaniisadda - Cathedral Cathedral, waxaa fadhiya ka Archbishop of Vienna. Kaniisadda asalka ah waxaa la dhisay ee ku taala bartamaha magaalada ee 1147, qarnigii shan iyo tobnaad waxay heleen soohdimaha hadda, iyo eegno casriga ah - oo kaliya in qarnigii lix. dhismayaasha qadiimka ah intooda badan - ee style Romanesque, waxa loo arki karaa derbiga ah ee cathedral ee, meesha ku portal iyo laba munaarado, taasi oo markii dambe weli dhisay ee style Gothic - dab 1258 ka dib.

naqshadaha

In 1340, kaniisad Romanesque lagu rakibay bari choruses Albert ee saddex birahooda (magacaabay in sharaf of labo ka mid ah King Albert - First iyo Second), ay la sii raagayaan ilaa maantadan la joogo in Qaabkiisu. North macbudka naga go'an tahay in Maryan oo bikrad ah, in dhexda - St. Stephen iyo inta kale ee quduusiinta, iyo macbudka koonfurta waxaa ka go'an in Rasuulladu tobankii. In 1359 Rudolf IV dhigay kiniisadda cusub - Gothic, in ay meel hadda - munaaraddii ugu sarreeya koonfurta, Oo aasaaskoodii yaab xoog leh, inkastoo ay tahay mid aad u yar yar - mitir oo keliya hal iyo badh. Marka u kaca ee munaaraddii koonfureed waxaad ka arki kartaa taalada qadiimiga ah ee St. Stephen ee Cathedral ee Vienna, kuwaas oo mar soo noqday decoration ee Aamino. Sidaa awgeed, iyadoo this kursiga keydka, oo ku yaalla ee soo socota si ay u taallo ee Saint Stephen, Tiri Shtarhemberg ilaalinta ee Turkigu intii lagu jiray go'doominta.

munaaraddii woqooyi ayaa la dhisay ka badan boqol sano, laakiin 1578 waxaa lagu qalabaysan qubbad ah oo qurux badan ku style Renaissance. Viennese aasaas weli u muuqataa sida a munaarad biyo, inkasta oo loo yaqaan Eagle, iyo horseedka uga portal macbudka Haweenka waxbay ushafeeci idanka magac la mid ah. Ka dib markii St. Stephen ee Cathedral noqday katedraalka, sculptor xardhanaa Rollinger soo saaray qaabka gaar ah heesid, iyo in 1513 waxaa la aasaasay jirka ah. All ee gudaha jeer loo dhigay, dabcan, in style Baroque ah. In 1647 wuxuu bilaabay dib u dhiska: meesha allabariga u muuqday shaqo gaar ah ee reer Yacquub iyo Pokka ee 1700-m - meesha allabariga labada dhinac ah, quruxda waa ineysan maamulaha, qoraal laba walxood of Mary Virgin ah, ee mar noqday caan ah. macbudka ayaa salaan Archbishop 40 sano ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen Turkigu - in 1722.

dagaal

Marka qaraxii ee Cathedral ee St. Stephen aan la dhaawacay, iyo weerar oo ka mid ah ciidamada Soviet sidoo kale ma uu yeelin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Taliyaha ee Vienna General Sepp Dietrich amray in madaafiic Hitler in ay ku burburiyaan xarunta magaalada oo dhan. Inta badan si ay noo farxad, si arrinkaa aan lagu fuliyay. Laakiin oo musiiba ah oo ka soo baxay ma sugayaan: dadka deegaanka - boobaya dhaceen oo dhan dukaamada dhow oo iyaga dab lagu shiday, iyo faafidda dabka si adag macbudka ah.

cawaaqib waxay ahaayeen cabsi badan: saqafka burburay meelo badan, oo munaarad ka dawan weyn burburay ee North iyo burburtay, qaar badan oo gudaha St. Stephen ee Vienna, xataa kooxood rollingerovskie, ayaa ku dhowaad si buuxda u wada baabbi'iyey. minbarka dhowro iyo - in sarcophagi leben mahad - ka Mala'igtu ugu qiimaha badan.

Cathedral soo celiyay by mutadawiciin ah, oo waxaa loo sameeyey keliya ee 1960. Bishii December 1948, kor macbudka ugu weyn waxaa jiray saqafka, iyo bishii April 1952, waxa ay awood u bilaabaan adeega. wajiga labaad ee dib u soo celinta bilaabay in 1980, waxa ay sii wadaan in ay maanta. Soo celiyo derbiyada shamiindo iyo Sidaana, kuwaas oo ay jiraan dad badan, oo markii ugu naxariis darro ah xataa qalabka adag.

protomartyr

St. Stephens Cathedral jira ma aha oo kaliya in Vienna. Ninkan, shahiid ugu horeysay, sharaf oo dhan madaahibta Christian. Waxa uu ka bulshada Yuhuudda yimid oo degay Yeruusaalem. Intii lagu guda jiray khudbadiisa ku wacdiyeen oo ku saabsan 33-36 sano., Taasi waa, isla markiiba sarakicidda iyo dabbaaldegaan Masiixa ka dib, waxaa la keenay maxkamad iyo sinedrialnomu dhagxiyeen. In buugga "Falimaha Rasuullada," qoraal faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan hawshiisu Masiix iyo shahiidnimada aqbalay. Orthodox sharfo xusuusta on January 9, iyo Catholics - 26 December.

Ma cadda, Stephen dhintay on xukun dil ah ama si fudud lynched by badnaa, oo aan sugin maxkamadda. Waxa uu sheegay in wax walba oo weli ma galay miyir dadka, xataa saffarro hore ee Rabbiga, oo waxaa laga yaabaa in kuwa maqlay masaalladiisii, oo arkay calaamooyinkii uu ku sameeyey. Stephen hadlay oo ku saabsan waxa uu arkay inuu indhaha u gaar ah, oo fadhiya Aabbaha gacanta midig. Waxa ay u muuqatay wax muqadasaadka. Waxay ku tilmaamay goobta dilka waxaa lapidatsiyu ma jecla (kamenovanie), halkii, waa dadkii badnaa ka mid ah, kuwaas oo ku qalbi iyo Cross ah ee Rabbiga. Intaa waxaa dheer, isla markiiba ka dib fulinta barxad baa ku tiil aan macquul aheyn - awood ugu horeysay Roman ahaa wanaag, laakiin waxa ay qaadataa wakhti badan. In la dilaa Stephen u baryay killers uu. At aaska isaga ka dhawaajisay "baroor weyn" (Falimaha 8: 2).

Hungary

Basilica (Cathedral) of sharaf Saint Stephen Budapest sida macbudka ugu weyn ee dalka, wacaya kiisii ee Hungarian - Istvan. Tani waa weli kale, ma Protomartyr, laakiin boqorka iyo aasaasaha ee dalka. Waa sababta oo ah waxa ka mid ah kaniisadda ugu weyn ee Europe waa, la height munaaraddii dawan ah iyo lix iyo sagaashan mitir ah. Dhisay style neo-classical, taas oo ahayd mid aad loo jecel qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. cathedral Tani - tusaale cad ee Classics adag oo kooban. Injineerka ayaa marka hore - Hild - xisaabiyaa oo dhan ma aha xaq, oo maalin maalmaha ka mid, oo sannado badan oo uu dhintay ka dib ka dib, qubbad ay burburtay. Miklós ybl - saxdo qaladdaadka ka uu yimaado. Waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in ay siin muuqaal haybad macbudka qaar ka mid ah fudaydkii iyo airiness, sida munaarad dawan iyo Xamar nuugo yar dhowba.

waa waxaan idinku leeyahay in uu kula taliyay dhismaha Eifel ah, si design ka cadeeyay inuu yahay lagu kalsoonaan karo, tan iyo markaas waxba dheeraad ah ayaa ku guuldareystay. Cathedral Vienna St. Stephen ayaa waxay noqon kartaa mid ku faano sida xaafada hodan ah. Inside Basilica waa raaxo: gilding, xardho, quruxda ka mid ah farshaxankiisa, Sidaana nimco iyo meesha allabariga haybad badan. Wareegga ah ee Xamar waxaa lagu qurxiyey goobta ka mid ah Abuuridda. On mid ka mid ah munaaradaha dawan waa lagu sharraxaa dhawrid ah dalxiisayaasha cajiib ah kuwaas oo fuuli karaan jaranjarada muquuninta iyo qalabeeyo caajis laba wiishashka. In labaad munaaraddii dawan of this site ma aha - waxaa jira dawan oo miisaankeedu yahay sagaal metrik.

Czech Republic

Laakiin Czech St. Stephen ee Cathedral (Litomerice, ee gobolka Ústí ah) ka go'an Protomartyr. Tani Kapitulna, cathedral iyo kaniisadda kaniisad la dhisay qaab naqshadda ee Baroque ah. Waxa uu u taagan sare buurta wadini ah, oo la yidhaahdo - Mount St. Stephen. Basilica Romanesque halkan u muuqday ka dib 1157, markaas in qarnigii lix waxaa loo dhisay qaab ah Gothic.

In 1664 kiniisadda oo gabi ahaanba burburtay, ka dibna Domenico ku Orsi Talyaani ee afar sano ayaa ka taagay mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha ugu quruxda badan baroque ee Europe iyo munaarad dawan free-taagan, ku xiran weyn ee dhismaha biriijka ah cusubi. Hay'adda ee cathedral ka kooban yahay afar kun tuubooyinka, wuxuu ku sameeyey style Rococo ah.

Germany

cathedral Bavarian ee St. Stephen (Passau) sidoo kale waa mid aad u cajiib ah, oo dhererkiisu wuxuu macbudka - 102 mitir, width - 33, height - 30 dhisay qaab dabayaaqadii Gothic waxyaabaha Baroque. Bavarians isaga ka mid ah jiidashada ugu weyn, oo ay la socdaan qalcado caanka ah. Naf Gothic iyo baroque sida dhaleecayn odhan, waxa ay joogtaa gudaha ah, waa aan ka yarayn haybad ereyada. saddexaad ee ugu weyn adduunka iyo xubinta ugu weyn, sidoo kale, halkan in Europe waa. Isaga oo qudha ayaa 5 buugagan, 229 diiwaanka iyo ku dhawaad 18 kun oo tuubooyinka. Body-shaqaale, waxaa halkan dhawaaqyada maalin kasta.

In 720 sano waxa ay ku yaaliin St. Stephen ee Episcopal Church, dhisay on site kaniisadda hore Christian of St. Severin. Dabcan, tan iyo Cathedral la dhiso, marar badan - dagaallo, dabka, iyo xitaa waqtiga laftiisa waa lagama yaabo in ay awoodaan in ay gaadhsiin noo ah dhismayaasha qadiimka ah sanayd. In 1221, waxay bilaabeen ku dhawaad dhismaha qarnigii jir on goobta of Cathedral ah, iyo in 1407th ku dhawaad laba boqol oo Manhajkooda sano - in style ka soo daahay Gothic. Sidaas awgeed, waxaan dhisay qayb ka dhan bari ee macbadka - transept ah, heesta, korodhay hore macbudka Gothic. Waxaan soo shaqeeyay on shaqo this farshaxanka injineero aad u badan, oo ku dhameysatay kaalinta Hans Glapsberger qarnigii hore lix. Oo waxaynu aragnaa hadda waa Cathedral St. Bavarian ah Stephen ee.

Austria

Ina keen aan noqonnee inuu macbudka ugu weyn oo ugu caansan ee magaca si ay u keenaan khariidada qaar ka mid ah faahfaahinta. Tusaale ahaan, keliya dhererka saqafka macbudka waa loo siman yahay si 110 mitir. Cajiib ah, miyaanay ahayn? height of xigtaa ah meesha biyomareenka - 38 mitir (la rabitaan ah ee saqafka in meelaha qaar si siman ay u 80 degrees) siday jir saqafka ahaa ka hor inta qoryaha dabka (2000 mitir), waxaa haatan lagu sameeyey bir (ku dhowaad 600 metrik). Oo daahan laftiisa - 230,000 dusiyeen Alifana in lagu daboolay glaze dhaldhalaalaan. Waa sababta oo ah waxay u gelisaa jubbadda hubka oo gacmaha Austria Vienna.

Saddex Basilica macbudka soo jeedinaynaa in ay jirto in saddex portal aqbasho, laakiin ma aha. Cathedral ee laga galo St Stephen ee, mid ka mid ah oo keliya - waa portal dhexe, loo yaqaan Giant, ama haddii kale kooxda Gate. Helay inta lagu guda jiro dhismaha lafaha weyn (waxaa la go'aansaday in ay tahay masduulaagii of mammoths waqtiga wax fikrad ah kama) soo jeediyay magacyada sida. Labada dhinac ee iridda this degeen jaahilka munaaraddii heerka saddex. Jaahilka, mana aha in qarniyadii dhexe halkan kulmay ecumenism. marmar Just iyo dhagax kale ka macbudka dumay Roman amaahatay. Kor munaaradaha soo baxdo suuqa kala dalooliso on Aamino dhexe iyo portal oo dhan waxaa loogu tala galay ku salaysan Qiyaame Dambe. In tympanum ah - Masiix iyo Malaa'igta, bidix iyo midig - rasuulladii iyo wacdiyayaal Luke iyo Mark markhaati Qiyaame Dambe. Oo iyaga hoos ku, taas oo ah, in ka badan ee caasimadaha oo ka mid ah tiirar, kuwaas oo bidixda - jinniyada faasas iyo siddo Xadhig iyo chimeras leh. On xaq - u mada-aadmiga. Sami string tijaabadooda ku saabsan canab - calaamad u ah wadaagis.

Wehbe sculptural iyo meelaha allabariga

The Wehbe sculptural tusi Aabbayaashow Kaniisadda: Saint Ambrose sanguine dhallinyarada, choleric jir Saint Jerome, Grigoriy Veliky hagaagaan phlegmatic iyo melancholic dhallinyarada St. Augustine. All cay iyo jaranjarada on dayrarka ee isku sharraxdid madaxtooyada: giraangiraha saddex-hadlay calaamad u ah Trinity Quduuska ah, duuba, iyo afar - dhaadhac, taas oo calaamad u wax kasta oo dunida - xilli ciyaareed, dabeecado, da '. Isu cay ah - isku sharraxdid fantastic: abeeso wax baabbi'iya oo midba midka kale, toads iyo mulacyada. Waxa kale oo jira eey in uusan xumaantan oo dhan on minbarka halkaas oo wadaadku dadka ku wacdiyo aan ha.

Malaha macbudyo yar dhulka, halkaas oo ay jiraan meelo allabari aad u badan, sida uu yahay St. Stephen ee Cathedral (Vienna, Austria). Ay siddeed iyo toban, marka laga reebo kuwa ku jira goobta cibaadaysiga. Caanka ah - sare (dhexe) iyo Wiener Noyshtadsky. Last - yaab leh dhismaha qurux badan - meesha allabariga Gothic la farshaxankiisa iyo sawirro qoryo - waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1447. Its magaca yimaado magaalada kuwaas oo waxaa la abuuray iyo meesha ay ahayd markii ugu horraysay ka. farshaxan Wooden sharraxnaan jirtay u huray in goobaha laga nolosha Mary Virgin ah. qaybood allabariga Open yihiin oo keliya wakhtiga sarakicidda kuwii dhintay. Dhinaca dibada - tiradaasi oo ah 72 quduusiinta. meesha allabariga ugu weyn waxaa la abuuray by Tobias kaashanaynaysaa, gooye naqshadda u muuqataa note baroque. On baalashiisii laga muujinayaa bur St. Stephen. Laga sameeyey oo allabariga marmar madow ee Vienna ugu horeysay. Taallo allabariga u soo dhowaadeenba - St. Florian iyo Leopold, gargaaraha magaalada, iyo Saint Roch ah - gargaare ka dhanka ah cudurka daacuunka, taas oo, sidoo kale, waxay leedahay wax badan u sheegto Cathedral St. Stephen ee.

catacombs

Kaniisadda ugu horeysay ee 1137 waxaa ku yaal soohdinta reer qabuuraha qadiimiga ah, halkaas oo qof ayaa lagu aasay jeer Roman fog. Catacombs, hartay macbudka ka yar, wuxuu sii waday inuu u adeego, waayo aaso, laakiin aaso mass bilaabay kaliya ee 1732, marka, maxaa yeelay, cudurkii Charles VI dadka qabuuraha dhaqanka magaalooyinka aaso mamnuuc. Ilaa 1783, markii amarka Joseph II necropolis dhulka hoostiisa ayaa la xidhay, waxaan lahaa inuu soo aaso kow iyo toban kun oo qof oo ku nool catacombs ah. Catacombs wadiiqooyinka la xabaalaha bilaabay in loogu yeedho oo keliya haddii nasjonalromantiske ee qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. Isla mar ahaantaana, iyo dalxiisayaasha bilaabeen inay booqdaan Cathedral St. Stephen ee. Photo halkan xasuusta qaaday, noqon lahaa reyreyn noolaa laabto.

In catacombs ah - mass ee masterpieces, waa meel caanka ah ee Xajka dalxiiska. Tusaale ahaan, xabaashii Friedrich III, halkaas oo qurxinta waa 240 oo gogo '. On haysa - wuxuush-awaalka, skulls, xoolaha. On darbiyada sarcophagus ka gaysteen oo dhan camal fiican nolosha. At sare ee - ka suufiyadoodii, wadaaddadii, kiniisadda, oo dhan Macaabidda Yuhuud ah oo uu aasaasay, tukanayay badbaadinta nafta Frederick. sarcophagus The sameeyey marmar ah casaan ayaa la Been abuurtay oo amar ku bixiyay in milkiilaha soddon sano ilaa dhimashadiisii.