Baabuur boostada: description. Gaadiidka of mail. Ruush Post - processing iyo gudbinta mail

Mail - sifo ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta, midaynta dadka wadamada oo dhan iyo dadkii oo. Rasuullo idin Gaadhsiiyey Fariintii muhiim wakhtigii Fircoon ka. Tan iyo markaas, hababka dhalmada ah waraaqihii lagu joogto ah hagaagtay. Diraya warqado Mail basaska iyo Baakadaha dhab fulin tan iyo bilowgii dhismaha oo ka mid ah waddooyinka tareenka ugu horeysay.

macluumaadka taariikhiga ah

farriin ka dirayno wargeeyayaal faras ku dhaqma tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore. Qarnigii XV la popularization ee mugga waraaqaha boostada ee aad u kordhay, sida natiijo ah waxaa jiray baabuur ugu horeysay ee boostada. qarnigii A ka dib, a gaadhi shaybaarka iyo golfida ayaa bedelay farsmada heerka sare ah tababarayaasha indoor qalabaysan absorbers lama filaan ah, nalalka iyo sifooyinka kale ee horumarka farsamada.

analoogga ugu dhow ee baabuur ee boostada waa "taraamka" - gaadhifardood faras-barbaro ordaya on biraha. Markaasay waxay bilaabeen inay in la isticmaalo ee bilowgii qarnigii XIX oo ahaayeen kuwo aad u caadi ah, gaar ahaan UK iyo dalalka kale ee Yurub.

From faras si uumi jar

In 1825, injineer Ingiriisi iyo hindisa Dzhordzh Stefenson dhisay tareenka ugu horeysay ee tijaabo ah oo u dhexeeya magaalooyinka Darlington oo Stockton-on-Tees on taas oo dardartay "qaadee uumi" uu design gaar ah. A line tareenka labaad u dhexeeya Manchester iyo Liverpool rido hawlgalka ee 1830. line Tani waxay bilaabeen in ay ka cararaan tareenka a gaadiidka rakaabka iyo Alaabtoodii baabuur kaas oo, iyo waxyaabo kale, samatabbixin fariimaha.

British The ogaaday in hab this gaadiidka caawin doonaa si loo dedejiyo gaarsiinta mail. Markii hore, alaabtayadii boostada ka buuxeen gal boosteejo ah oo gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka loading / dejinta loo baahan yahay waqti badan. 06.01.1838, on the line London-Birmingham eryay mail baabuur ugu horreysay ee abid ka go'an. Laga soo bilaabo September sannadkan, ayaa warqado iyo Baakadaha bilaabeen inay kala soocaan jidka, waxaa suurtagal ah in si weyn loo yareeyo waqtiga u dhexeeya fariin iyo rasiidka diraya.

waayo-aragnimo dunida

Marka la eego in gaadiidka tareenka waa kaliya wax yar ku tiirsan u cuntanta cimilada, si degdeg ah oo ku filan kuna dhaqmayso jadwalka adag, uu si tartiib tartiib ah u noqday habka ugu weyn ee gudbinta farriinta. Ka dib markii England ee mail gaariga bilaabay inuu la isticmaalaa dalal badan oo horumarsan,

• Belgium (1841);
• Germany (1848);
• France (1848);
• Russia (1861);
• USA (1864).

boqortooyadiisa Ruush

1837 wuxuu noqday sannaddii dhalashada gaadiidka tareenka dadweynaha ee Russia. On stretch 27-ka kilomitir ah "St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo - Pavlovsk" tareen dardartay kordhay awoodda kor si ay u fuliyaan 300 oo rakaab ah. Marka la eego waayo-aragnimo ah British, waaxda boostada ayaa qandaraas kula Tsarskoselskaya w / waraaqaha gaadiidka d. Baakadaha waxaa ku raran gelin Alaabtoodii baabuur, Baakadaha iyo waraaqaha waxa loo dhiibaa dhiibay warqaadayaal.

zip si gaar ah loogu Tareennada baabuur ugu horreeya ee loo ogol yahay in ay tagaan in ay la tacaalaan waraaqo, shaqada uu ku bilaabay 1861. Ka hor inta in, hababka dhalmada ahaayeen "bitty": alaabtii oo xamuul in xidhmooyin iyo baabuurta rakaabka la gediyay yar, alaabtayadii gaadiid dhufto ee xamuulka, askartii ordi jirtay, iwm

In 1869 waxaa la aasaasay cinwaanka maamulka gaadiidka tareenka. Waqtigaa, fariimaha iyo Baakadaha qaadaa 35 w / khadadka d, oo ay ku jiraan dibadda. By dhamaadka 1903 ee Russia ku shaqeeya ku dhawaad 600 oo basaska boostada.

USSR

Land ee Soofiyeedku dedejinta bilowga dhismaha khadadka cusub ee tareenka. Waxaa jiray matoorada-xawaaraha sare ee jiilka cusub: naaftada iyo tareen korontada. At khadadka patrilineal of pochtampy prizheleznodorozhnye weyn ayaa waxaa la aasaasay. baabuur Boostada noqday saldhigga, gaadhiga ugu kalsoonida badan ee bixinta waraaqaha.

Tan iyo 1962 wuxuu bilaabay inuu ordo tareenada post-boorsooyinka, oo ay ku jiraan ilaa 12 e-mail, iyo ilaa 8 baabuur Alaabtoodii. Mid kasta oo ka kooban qaybaha kala ah si fudud loo undock karo iyo lifaaq sidiisa kale. Ka dibna, si ay jidadka tareenka ee dalka dhaqaaqay 23 ee tareenada iyo tirada gaadhi boostada dhowaaday 900 unug. On warqadihiisa in la daweeyo ee koorsada of celceliyay, inuu noqdo stamp gaar ah - "PV".

Russia

In XXI qarnigii weli fuliyay gaarsiinta "Mail of Russia" waraaqo by tareenka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mugga shixnadaha si weyn hoos u dhacay. Haddii sannadkii la soo dhaafay ee Midowga Soofiyeeti u dhaqmeen ee 1319 gaadhi boostada by 2007 unugyada ee 1079 ku hadhay oo safafka. Maanta, waxaa jira laba jeer yihiin sida ka yar.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid ka mid hadli karin ku saabsan hoos u dhaca mail tareenka. Meelo badan, w gaadiidka d / - (inta badan kaliya) habka ugu kalsoonida badan ee isgaarsiinta. In 2005, ee warshad St. Petersburg "Vagonmash" dhisay mail cusub 61-531 bedelayaan gaariga. In ay siiso jawi raaxo shaqaalaha, TV a, microwave, qaboojiyaha, telefoonka. nidaamka xakamaynta dabku wax ku ool ah badbaadin doonaa xamuul qiimo leh.

nidaamka kala soocidda iswada Modern xamili karaan bixitaanka dhan laba shaqaalaha, halkii lix. Sidaas darteed of boos kaydinta kordhay, awood loading ee gaariga kor u kacay 22 metrik. mode ugu weyn ee gaadiidka uu noqon doonaa weel isticmaali karo, ku raran yihiin weelal.

Tan iyo 2009, gaarsiinta "Mail of Russia" qaadeen, oo ay ku jiraan baabuurta cusub warshad Torzhok. Model 61-906 waxaa loogu talagalay bixinta mail weelal. caddaymaha:

• xawaaraha la ogol yahay: 160 km / h.
• Capacity: 22 tons.
• Number of shaqaalaha: 4.
• Number of albaabbadii loading 4.

Gaariga ku qalabeysan yahay qaboojiyaha, kuleyliyaha, hawo.

horumar

The lagu daydo ugu horeysay ee tababare mail ahaayeen xasilooneyn. Short iyo cidhiidhi, waxay la siiyo meel wax yar shaqaalaha iyo waraaqaha. Tartiib tartiib hagaagtay design. In England, Abuurtay qalab kuu ogolaanaya inaad si dhaqso ah, on Daqsi inay ku shuban oo jawaan oo Baakadaha iyo warqado. Muddo ayaa la qalabeeyay goobta, halkaas oo shaqaaluhu qaban karno oo ku kala soocaan fariimaha, qol ka hartay iyo cuntada. Qaar ka mid ah lagu daydo ahaayeen qol raaxo leh hogaanka ugu sareeya.

Waxa xiiso leh, waxaa jiray horumar ah ee baabuurta mail US tago on the "Wild West." Sababo la xiriira weerarada is daba by burcadda, waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u noqday xoog, ilaa ay u beddesheen qalcaddayda a on giraangirihii. Socda baabuur mail ah lagu qaaday ciidamada hubaysan. qolof ayaa waxaa gaashaaman, yaal wareega ah dulduleelo for rasaas on qoryihii magnesium dhul bannaan ciinwaanka aagga dhowr kiilomitir.

mail baabuur Modern - adag oo ah, taas oo waxaa lagu daaweeyaa bixitaankii nooc kasta. Waxay awood u dhaweynta, kaydinta, kala sooca iyo gaadiidka by rail of weelka iyo jawaan oo Baakadaha, warqado, Baakadaha, telegrams iyo noocyada kale ee fariimaha.

noocyada kala duwan ee baabuurta

naqshado kala duwan ee basaska mail ayaa loogu talagalay qarniyo badhkiis,

• warqaadayaal,
• boostada iyo bakhaaraynta,
• Kala soocida boostada;
• baabuurta gacanta mobile;
• dadweynaha,
• jejebiyey.

rajada

In wadamada horumaray, wareegga boostada by d / w gaadiidka waa la dhimay. Xawaaraha uu qirtay duulista iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa - wadada baabuurta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay awoodda load sare iyo awooda in ay la tacaalaan ka tagay on go ah, noocan ah bixinta weli waa hadda.

Mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu horeeya ee meesha gaadhiyaashii boostada mar dambe loo isticmaalo, waxay ahaayeen Maraykanka. Ilaa 40 jirka ah tareenada gaadiid ah oo ku saabsan 300 oo tan oo Baakadaha, warqado, Baakadaha. Waxaa jiray in ka badan 9,000 duulimaad. Markii hore, waxaa la qaado waraaqaha keenay w / e dakhliga ugu weyn ee shirkadda ayaa ku daboolaan khasaaraha ka soo gaadiidka dadka. By 1950, sida ka dhalata isbeddellada tirada siyaasadda Service Maraykanka ee Boostada ee khadadka ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay 794-x. Iyo 1962, 262 oo keliya ku hadhay wadada u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka waaweyn.

In 1967, Adeega Boostada ayaa la joojiyay gaadiidka ee shixnado by tareenka. Baabi'in heshiisyada wanaagsan keentay in dhibaatada dhaqaale ee shirkadaha w / d la xirey, jidadka badan rakaabka. Markii ugu danbeysay tareen mail ee dalka Mareykanka eryay ka New York - sano Washington 30.06.1977.

In UK, tirada ugu badan ee mail qaadeen tareenka. In 90s halkaas joogay a gaar Royal Mail shirkadaha gobolka, nidaamyada gaadiidka beddeleen. Sanadkii 2003, shirkadda go'aansaday in ay joojiso bixinta ee tareenada mail, laakiin qaybta danbe ee wadada la soo celiyay. Sidoo kale, waxaa jira shirkado gaar ah in la xakameeyo suuqa.

On the tareenada mail meel Asian badan waa hab caan ah si ay u bixiyaan mail. Tusaale ahaan, 2016 on wadada Beijing - Moscow ee intaa dheer in gaariga Alaabtoodii waddooyinka caalami ah si degdeg ah rakaabka bilaabay tareen joogto ah, oo ka kooban kaliya ee basaska boostada. Shiinaha dooni in la kordhiyo gaadiidka ee waraaqaha iyo Baakadaha ka "New Silk Road" la kordhin ee waddooyinka magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Europe.