Bixinta unugyada tamarta. Ilaha tamarta

Unugyada ayaa ka kooban dhammaan noolaha nool, marka laga reebo fayrasyada. Waxay bixiyaan dhammaan geedi socodka loo baahan yahay nolosha dhirta ama xayawaanka. Unuggu laftiisa wuxuu noqon karaa aalado gaar ah. Iyo sidee ayuu qaabkani u dhisan yahay awood la'aan? Dabcan maahan. Sidee ayuu unugyada u siinayaa tamar? Waxay ku saleysan tahay hababka, oo aan tixgelin hooseeyno.

Bixinta unugyada tamarta: sidee ayay u dhacdaa?

Unugyo yar ayaa hela tamar ka baxsan, waxay soo saaraan naftooda. unugyada Eukaryotic leeyihiin nooc ka mid ah "saldhigyada". Iyo ilka tamarta ee unugyada waa mitochondria, organoid oo soo saarta. Waa habka of Neefta cell. Taas awgeed, unugyada waxaa la siiyaa tamar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku jiraan kaliya dhirta, xayawaanka iyo fangaska. Unugyada bakteeriyada mitochondria ayaa maqan. Sidaa darteed, bixinta unugyada tamarta leh waxay inta badan ku xiran tahay hannaanka halsano, halkii ay ka neefsan lahaayeen.

Qaabdhismeedka mitochondria

Waxaa organelle dvumembranny, kaas oo u muuqday in gacanta eukaryotic ee geedi socodka of horumar iyadoo ay sabab u nuugista ee ay qaadhaan unugyada prokaryotic. Tani waxay sharxi kartaa xaqiiqda ah in mitokondria ay ku jiraan DNA-ga DNA iyo RNA, iyo sidoo kale ribosomes mitokondrial kaas oo soo saaro borootiinka loo baahan yahay organoids.

Xuubka gudaha waxaa ku jira dib udhac, kaas oo loo yaqaan "cristae", ama rooga. Nidaamka nuuc-kiciyaha wuxuu ku dhacaa dulinka.

Maxaa ku dhex jira labada xargo oo loo yaqaan 'Matrix'. Waxaa ku jira borotiinka, enzymes lagama maarmaan u ah xoojinta dareenka kiimikada, iyo waliba molecules RNA, DNA iyo ribosomes.

Neefsashada unugyada waa saldhigga nolosha

Waxay ku dhacdaa saddex marxaladood. Aan eegno mid kasta oo ka mid ah faahfaahin dheeraad ah.

Heerka koowaad waa diyaar garow

Inta lagu jiro marxaladan, xeryahooda adag ee dabiiciga ahi waxay u kala baxaan kuwa fudud. Sidaa darteed, borotiinadu waxay u jajabaan astaamaha amino, dufanka leh asiidhka karboksilik iyo glycerin, asiidhka nucleicda nucleotide, iyo carbohydrateska glucose.

Glycolysis

Tani waa marxaladda anoxikada ah. Waxay ka kooban tahay xaqiiqda ah in walxaha la helo inta lagu jiro marxaladda koowaad ay sii kala qaybsan yihiin. Ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee tamarta ee unugyada isticmaala marxaladani waa maadooyinka sonkorta leh. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah geeddi-socodka glycolysis wuxuu u jajabiyaa laba molecules of pyruvate. Tani waxay dhacdaa inta lagu guda jiro 10 fal oo kiimiko ah oo isku xigta. Sababtoo ah shanta sanno ee ugu horreeya, glucose waa fosforylated, ka dibna waxay u kala qaybisaa laba fosfotrioses. Shanta xabbadood ee soo socota waxay sameeyaan laba meco oo ah ATP (adenosine triphosphate) iyo laba meco oo ah PVK (pyruvic acid). Awoodda unugyada ayaa lagu kaydiyaa qaabka ATP.

Nidaamka dhan ee glycolysis waa la fududeyn karaa sida soo socota:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2 saac ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → 2 saac ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

Sidaa darteed, adigoo isticmaalaya hal miro-dhiddhiska, labo molecules ADP iyo laba asal fosfoor ah, unuggu wuxuu helayaa laba meco oo ATP ah (tamar) iyo labo meco oo ah pyruvic acid, taas oo u adeegsan doonta marxaladda soo socota.

Heerka sadexaad waa oxidation

Marxaladani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto oksijiin. Dareemaha kiimikada marxaladani waxay ku dhacdaa mitokondria. Tani waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee nuugista unugyada, inta lagu jiro tamarta inta badan la sii daayo. At this stage, pyruvic acid, sameynayso la oxygen, waa dhegay inay biyo iyo carbon dioxide. Intaa waxaa dheer, 36 loo yaqaano ATP molecules ayaa la sameeyay. Sidaas awgeed, waxaan ku soo gabagabeyn karnaa in ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee tamarta jirka ku jira ay yihiin glucose iyo pyruvic acid.

Soo koobida dhammaan falceliska kiimikada iyo ka faahfaahinta faahfaahinta, mid ayaa ku muujin kartaa dhammaan geeddi-socodka xakameynta gacanta ee hal siman oo siman:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6Sidaa aawadeed ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Sidaa darteed, inta lagu guda jiro naqshad hal mitir oo sonkor ah, lix meco oo ah oxygen, soddon sideed astaamo ah ADP iyo isla qiyaasta fosforic acid, unuggu wuxuu helayaa 38 ATP molecules, taas oo ah tamar loo kaydiyo.

Noocyada kala duwan ee mitochrrrrrrrrrr

Tamarta nashaadyada nolosha ayaa laga helaa nuugista nukliyeerka - Oxidation of glucose, ka dibna pyruvic acid. Dhammaan fal-celinta kiimikaadkani ma dhaafi karaan iyaga oo aan lahayn enzymes - xayawaanka noolaha. Aynu eegno kuwa iyaga ka mid ah ee ku jira mitokondria - waa xubin ka masuul ah nacasta gacanta. Dhammaantood waxaa loogu yeeraa oxidoreductases, sababtoo ah waxay u baahan yihiin si loo hubiyo socodka dareen-celinta yaraanta oxidation.

Dhammaan oxidoreductases waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba kooxood:

• Oxidase;
• Dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenases, lafteeda, waxay u qaybsan yihiin aerobic iyo anaerobic. Aerobic waxay ku jirtaa qayb ka mid ah coenzyme riboflavin, kaas oo jidhku ka helo fiitamiin B2. Diyoolojiyeyaasha aerobic ee ku jira aerobic waxaa ku jira NAD iyo NADPH molecules sida co-enzymes.

Oxidases waa kala duwanaansho. Marka hore, waxay u qaybsan yihiin laba kooxood:

• Kuwa ku jira maadada;
• Kuwa ku jira birta.

Halka ugu horreeya waxaa ka mid ah oxidase polyphenol, oxidase ascorbate, ilaa labaad - katalaz, peroxidase, cytochrome. Ugu dambeyntii, waxaa loo qaybiyaa afar kooxood:

• Cytochromes a;
• Cytochromes b;
• Cytochromes c;
• Cytochromes d.

Cytochromes waxaa ku jira maaddada birmoroforphine, cytochromes b - protoporphyrin birta ah, c - modified iron mesoporphyrin, d - iron dihydroporphyrin.

Ma jiraan siyaabo kale oo loo helo tamar?

Inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in unugyada intooda badani ay helaan sababtoo ah nuugista unugyada, waxaa sidoo kale jira bakteeriyada anaerobic, waayo jiritaanka aan loo baahnayn oksijiin. Waxay soo saaraan tamarta loo baahan yahay by halsano. Tani waa geedi socodka carbohydrateska la jajabiyo by enzymes iyada oo aan ka qayb qaadashada ogsijiin, taas oo ka dhalatey taas oo cell ah helo tamar. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo halsano ah, taas oo ku xidhan badeecada kama dambaysta ah ee ficil-celinta kiimikada. Waxay noqon kartaa lactic acid, khamriga, acid butyric, acetone-butane, qaarna.

Tusaale ahaan, tixgeli halsano khamriga. Waxaa lagu sheegi karaa isla'egtan:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂

Taasi waa, hal molecule ee glucose, bakteeriyadu waxay u kala baxdaa hal molecule of ethyl alkol iyo labo molecules of carbon monoxide (IV).