Degeneracy ee code hidaha: aasaasiga ah

code The hidde waxaa lagu qeexay sida codons, nidaam habaynteeda macluumaad ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka borotiinada, asalka ah ee noolaha oo dhan ka mid ah caalamka. Decryption qaadan labaatan sano, laakiin xaqiiqada ah in inuu jiro, sayniska ayaa la fahamsan yahay ku dhawaad qarni ah. Miday, koobnaanta, unidirectional, iyo gaar ahaan degeneracy ee code hidaha leeyihiin ahmiyad noolaha.

History of daahfurtay

Dhibaatada of habaynteeda macluumaad hidde ayaa had iyo jeer muhiim ah in bayoolaji. By dhismeedka furta of code hidaha ah, sayniska gudubtay halkii si tartiib ah. Tan iyo helitaanka J. Watson oo Crick ee 1953. Dhismaha galool double ee DNA galay waji ee lagu xaliyo qaab-dhismeedka xeerka laftiisa, taas oo keentay in la aaminsan yahay in haybadda dabiiciga ah. Dhismaha toosan ee borotiinada iyo DNA ee qaab-dhismeedka isla maldahan joogitaanka code hidaha, waraaqo u dhexeeya labada qoraalka, laakiin diiwaangeliyey ee alifbeetada kala duwan. Oo haddii alifbeetada borotiinada ayaa loo yaqaan, marks DNA waxay ahaayeen mawduuca daraasaddan ee biology, physics iyo xisaabta.

Ma jirto baahi in lagu qeexo dhammaan tallaabooyinka ee xalka ah ee gool la'aanta this. Tijaabada Direct, tijaabiyey iyo xaqiijiyay in u dhexeeya codons DNA iyo acids amino of protein waxaa ku cad iyo joogto ah u kala horreeyaan qabtay sanadkii 1964 Charles Janowski iyo S. Brenner. A dheeraad ah - inta lagu guda jiro kelmadaha ee code hidaha giisa (giisa) isticmaalaya farsamooyin of Avv borotiinka ee dhismayaasha cell-free.

Si buuxda u code decrypted E. coli ayaa la baahinayaa faafinta ee 1966, bayoolajiga ah ee cilmiyeed ee Cold Spring Harbor (USA). Markaas waan ka furay shaqo ah (degeneracy) ee xeerka hidaha. Waa maxay taasi ka dhigan tahay, waxa ay sharaxaad ka fudud.

kelmadaha sii

Helitaanka deciphering xogta code dhaxlo waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Maanta, sayniska sii si ay u sahamiyaan si qoto dheer ah hababka nidaamka kelli habaynteeda iyo muuqaalada iyo badin ah oo ka mid ah Calaamooyinkiisa, waxa muujiyay in hantida degeneracy ee code hidaha. Daraasad gaar ah oo warshadaha ee - ka soo jeedo iyo horumar ee nidaamka wax koodh kala dhaxlo. Caddeynta polynucleotides xiriirinaya (DNA) iyo polypeptides (borotiinada) dar dar geliyay horumarinta biology kelli. Iyo in, markeeda, bayotechnoolajiyadda, bayoenjineering, daahfurtay ee taranta iyo dhirta sii kordhaya.

Dogmas iyo xeerarka

waxaydin Home of biology kelli - macluumaadka waxaa laga soo wareejiyay DNA si RNA Rasuul, ka dibna iyada oo leh on protein ah. In jihada ka soo horjeedda la isugu gudbiyo waxa suurto gal ka RNA in DNA iyo RNA on RNA kale.

Laakiin furta ama ku salaysan DNA had iyo jeer weli. Oo dhan Tilmaamo kale ee aasaasiga ah ee suuqa kala iibsiga warbixin - milicsiga ah nooca kala iibsiga ee maxalka furta. Magac ahaan, by fulinta gudbinta in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee u taagoo kale furta, kaas oo noqon doona taranka ee qaab dhismeedka of macluumaad hidde.

code genetic

Line sireed dhismeedka of taagoo protein taasi oo ka codons kaabaha ah (saddex) nucleotides, taas oo kaliya 4 (adein, gu'anayn, saytosayn, thaymiin (uracil)), taasoo degna keenaysaa in formation of silsilado kale ee nucleotides. tiro la mid ah nucleotides iyo complementarity kiimikada - taasi waa xaaladda guud ee Avv sida. (- acids amino protein nucleotides DNA) Laakiin formation of tayo Britain protein ku habboon ee tirada iyo tayada monomers ma aha. Tani waa dabiiciga ah dhaxlo code - habka duubidda ee isku xigxiga ee nucleotides (codons) amino acid of xigxiga protein ah.

code hidda wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin dhowr ah:

• Triplet.
• Aqonsado.
• Orientation.
• Disjointness.
• Eryis (degeneracy) ee xeerka hidaha.
• Miday.

Halkan waxaa ku qoran sharaxaad kooban, oo diiradda saaraya muhiimadda noolaha.

Triplet, sii iyo hora helitaanka

Mid kasta oo ka 61 acids amino u dhiganta a semantic t nucleotides (triplet). Saddex carruur ilmood oo ma qaado macluumaadka ku saabsan acid amino iyo waa codons stop. nucleotide kasta oo silsilad waa xubin ka mid ah triplet ah, iyo in aanu jirin keligeed. Marka dhamaadka iyo bilowgii silsilad ah nucleotides u dhiganta hal protein ah, waa codons stop. Waxay bilaabaan ama baahinta stop (ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee Britain protein a).

Cayimayo, iyo disjointness hal pointedness

codon kasta (triplet) baaq kaliya hal amino acid. triplet kasta oo ka madax bannaan oo aan daboolaa ku xiga. Mid ka mid ah nucleotide iska leh kartaa in triplet mid kaliya ee silsiladda. Avv Protein had iyo jeer waa in hal dhinac oo kaliya, taas oo ay gacanta ku codons stop.

shaqo ee code hidaha

triplet kasta oo nucleotides baaq fashilayo mid amino acid. Wadar ah 64 nucleotides, 61 iyaga ka mid ah - encoded acid amino (codon dareen), iyo saddex - tarayn, ie amino acid ma encode (joojiyo codons). eryis The (degeneracy) ee xeerka hidde waa in bedel lagu sameyn karaa in triplet kasta - xagjirka ah (taasoo keentay in amino acid bedelka) iyo xisbiga konserfatifka (acids amino ma beddeli class). Waa ay fududahay in xisaabiso in haddii triplet ah loo samayn karaa 9 bedel (1, 2 iyo 3 jago), nucleotide kasta waxaa lagu beddeli karaa by 4 - 1 = 3 muuqashadii kale, tirada guud ee ku bedelay nucleotide suurto gal noqon doono 61 ilaa 9 = 549.

degeneracy ee code hidaha lagu muujiyay in xaqiiqda ah in 549 fursadaha - waa ka sii badan intii loo baahdo wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan zakodirovki 21 acids amino. Xaaladdan oo kale fursadaha bedelka 549 23 hogaanka si formation of codon stop ah, 134 + 230 bedelay - waa bedel muxaafidka ah, iyo 162 - xagjirka ah.

Tali degeneracy iyo reeban

Haddii laba codons waxay leeyihiin laba nucleotide ugu horeysay isku mid, ka nucleotides haray waxaa lagu soo bandhigay iyadoo fasalka (purine ama pyrimidine), macluumaadka ay u fuliyaan acid isla amino. Tani inta badan waa degeneracy ama eryis of code hidaha. Laba ka reeban - AUA iyo UGA - horeysay baaq methionine, inkasta oo doonayay inuu isoleucine, iyo tan labaad - codon stop ah, laakiin waxay noqon lahayd inaad encode tryptophan.

Taasoo la micno ah degeneracy iyo miday

Labadan sifooyinka code hidaha leedahay qiimaha ugu sareeya ee noolaha. Dhammaan hantida kor ku xusan waa caan macluumaad hidaha ee dhammaan noocyada noolaha on dhulkeenna.

degeneracy ee code hidaha uu qiimo ah la-qabsiga, sida hal hawl ah soo noqnoqda ee hal code amino acid ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, tani waxay ka dhigan hoos u dhac weyn ee (xumaanshaha) ee nucleotide saddexaad ee codon ah. muuqashadii noocan oo kale ah yaraynaysaa in ay lesions mutational in DNA, oo wuxu xadgudubyo halis ah ee qaab-dhismeedka protein ah. Tani waa hab difaac ee noolaha ee caalamka.