Horumar Chemical: marxaladaha iyo nuxurka

hawlaha qaab beddelidda qabsoomey chemistry sayniska ee wax-u horumar kiimikada, iyo tub of habka kacaan ka dhacay ka dib markii abuurka ee 1777 by cilmiga dabiiciga ah Lavoisier aragtida ah sari Faransiis ku tilmaamay doorka oxygen. Markaasuu bilaabay dib u eegidda dhammaan fikradaha aasaasiga ah iyo mabaadiida aasaasiga ah ee kiimikada, ayaa bedeshay eraybixinta iyo Magac walxaha.

Dabcan hoose

1789 wuxuu arkay in la sii daayo ee buugga a Lavoisier, isla markiiba noqday tixraac muhiimka ah ee cilmi-baarayaasha iyo dad xirfadlay ah oo sayniska dhashay. The "Dabcan chemistry hoose" waxa uu ahaa ugu horeeyay ee ku jira liiska dunida - Table of meydadka fudud, taxaya waxyaalaha kiimikada loo yaqaan. The salaysan Tomé this Lavoisier been hufan aragti ogsijiin of sari, dheehan horumar kiimikada la faray hab cusub by. The element ugu muhiimsan ee qeexidda - aragnimo, taas oo ah waxa cilmiga ah iyo doortay Faraj ugu weyn, iyo wax kasta oo aan la xaqiijiyay by waayo-aragnimo, sida an qaaradda ama qaab-dhismeedka kelli, Lavoisier lahaa ma ogtahay.

horumar Chemical soo martay sharciyada uu diyaariyey - ilaalinta ee mass, oo ku saabsan nooca guryaha xeryahooda, kala duwanaanshaha ay ka kooban aasaaska. Waxay ahayd markaa in chemistry uu noqday sayniska is, waxbarashada kooban ah meydadka experimentally. I ma uu samayn karin oo aan horumar kiimikada ee u habaynta ee mawduuca ah, iyo sidaas, aadanaha ugu dambayntii ka baxay ee la soo dhaafay ka alchemical, sida fikradaha ku saabsan nooca arrinta iyo hantida wayn oo si deg deg ah la beddelo. Laakiin wadadii uu habkan u adeegeen cilmi Lavoisier. Haddaba, xitaa carruurta dugsiga garanaysaan in marxaladaha kala duwan ee horumar kiimikada (ama horumar prebiotic) waa in la tixgeliyaa ka markii ugu horreeyey ah ee nolosha on Earth. In qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad, fahmaan sida dunida ninna weligii lahaa.

nolosha

horumar Chemical bilaabay on Earth meeraha gabi ahaanba aan Noolayn markii maalkii organic waxaa si tartiib ah waxay bilaabeen in ay kasoo baxdo taagoo imanba, kaas oo si gaar ah saameyn arrimaha tamarta iyo doorashada. Fool geedi socodka ee isku-ururka, kuwaas oo caan ku ah xitaa nidaamka yara adag. Sayidka, carbon on Earth u muuqday. Saas ma aha, waxaa carbonaceous Britain ayaa marka hore muhiim ma aha oo kaliya loogu talagalay muuqaalka laakiin sidoo kale u ah horumar kale ee arrinta ku nool oo dhan.

Annagu garan mayno ilaa iyo haatan, waa maxay nuxurka ah ee horumar kiimikada marxaladaha hore ee nolosha. chemistry The yaqaan walax kasta xaddidaya xuduudaha nidaamka evolutionary postulate carbon aqueous ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa, in caalamka oo dhan ay jiraan fursadaha hab kale oo jiritaanka arrinta nool oo asal ahaan ka mid ah protein - ma aha "ka tago" kaliya. Waxaa lagu gaadhay isku-dar ah u gaar ah ee guryaha polymer leh guryaha depolarizing carbon ee dhexdhexaad ah aqueous in wajiga dareere ah. xaaladaha Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen ku filan si ay u bilaabaan koritaanka kiimikada ee nolosha iyo baahida loo qabo horumarinta oo dhan og nahay kala duwan ee noocyada nolosha.

Laga bilaabo geedi socodka

Humanity xitaa uu u ishaartay xaggiisa u gaar ah oo aan wada ognahay. Gaar ah oo ku saabsan meesha iyo waqtiga si aad u bilowdo marxaladaha horumar kiimikada on Earth. Tani waa waxa aan, sidoo kale, malayn karaa oo keliya. Halkan, marka hore, waxaa laga yaabaa in gabi ahaanba wakhti kasta.

Marka aad dhamaysato wareegga labaad ee formation xiddiga markii wax soo saarka waxaysidoo qaraxa walxaha qaraxa, kaas oo siiyey xubno meel interstellar yeedhay culus, oo miisaankiisu ka badan lix iyo labaatan. Marka Xiddigahana waxaa lagu jiilka labaad helay nidaamka Planetary iyaga u gaar ah, halkaas oo loo baahan yahay xubno culus ayaa qadar ku filan. Xaqiiqsadeen in nuxurka ah ee horumar kiimikada waayeen waqti kasta ka dib markii Bang Big ee bareeg ah nus bilyan iyo badh bilyan oo sano.

Halkee nolosha bilaabay

Halkaas oo ay ku waajibo yaabaa - sidoo kale su'aal furan. Marka la abuurayo xaaladaha ekolyutsii bilaabay kiimikada arrin laga yaabo badan oo dhici kara in gebi ahaanba deegaanka kasta. geyi-iyo meerayaasha, iyo si qoto dheer oo ka mid ah badda iyo dusha sare, xitaa formation protoplanetary ku haboon.

Waxaa intaa dheer, daruur oo gaas ah interstellar sidoo kale adeegaan hawsha goobtii a weerarka ku nool arrin nolol la'aan, oo waxaa la xaqiijiyay dhexdeeda walxaha organic ogaado - iyo alcohols sonkorta, aldehydes, acids amino, glycine oo dheeraad ah oo awood u adeego sidii laga bilaabo wax nolosha oo macneheedu yahay horumar kiimikada bilaabay.

aragti

Baydka Earth xajiya waxyaalaha qarsoon, iyo aadanaha uusan weli haysan macluumaad lagu kalsoonaan karo oo ku saabsan xaaladda goobtaa ayaa jiritaankeeda ka hor soo bixitaanka of nolosha. cilmi Geological laga yaabaa in aan ka dhergin su'aalaha oo dhan, oo sidaas daraaddeed inaad wax ka barato si ballaadhan lug xiddigaha. Sidaas dhisay aragtida ah ee horumar kiimikada. xaaladaha Venusian iyo Martian maanta waxaa loo tixgeliyaa in ay la mid Earth marxaladaha qaar ka mid ah horumar kiimikada.

Si aad u tijaabiyaan on daydo iyo sidaas u hesho dhammaan xogta aasaasiga ah oo loo yaqaan. Tusaale ahaan, iyadoo la isticmaalayo jilitaanka ah darey kala duwan kiimikada iyo xaaladaha cimilada samaa, hydrosphere ah, lithosphere taagoo organic adag ayaa la helay. Helida xog cusub by tijaabo had iyo jeer waa uu dhismahoodu u yeelaa aragtida ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaa loo magacaabay in tiro ka mid ah fikradaha ku saabsan hababka gaarka ah iyo ciidamada si toos ah wadista qabtay horumar kiimikada.

Research in Russia

Life on Earth, waxaa la sameeyay iyada oo abiogenesis, in uu yahay, dhalashada xeryahooda organic kuwaas oo ay joogaan waa duur sifo ka baxsan jidhka oo aan ka qayb qaadashada ugu yar ee ensaymes. Kani waa heerka ugu horeeyay, marka ay jirto nolol ka nonliving ah.

By la xiqiijiyay in tacliinta Oparin ee labaataneeyada ee qarnigii labaatanaad, xal xeryahooda sare-kelli ay awoodaan si ay u sameeyaan meel gaar ah, halkaas oo ay fiirsashada u korodho, iyo kala deegaanka dibadda ma hortago aan iyaga la xiriiraan. meelaha waxaa lagu magacaabaa coacervates ama dhibcood coacervate.

dibada

Asal ahaan ereygu abiotic fuliyey dhulka a heer hoose ku qaatay sanadkii 1953 godu Stanley Miller, synthesizing acids amino la waxyaabaha kale ee organic. Ka dibna waxa muuqatay aragti hypercycles sharraxaya jiritaanka nolosha ee koorsada of horumar kiimikada ee joogitaanka cadaanyo horseed, oo isku xigta, halkaas oo wax soo saarka hore noqdo Hannaan ee soo socda ee.

Kaliya ugu horeysay "protocell" waxaa la abuuray 2008 by nin cilmiga nafleyda barta American kan galkeeda ee acids dufanka iyo subaga ay awoodaan si ay u helaan monophosphate nucleotide ka deegaanka. Kuwaas oo isku badalo "lebenkii" firfircoonaan ayaa muhiim u ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee DNA. Iyo sanadkii 2011 ee Japan ayaa la abuuray kiishka waxyaabaha DNA hoos xuub cationic, oo waxay ahaayeen in ay kala qaybin karin, sida cadaanyo ahaa silsilad polirazmernaya, taranka ee DNA.

mala ugu weyn

horumar Chemical nolosha on Earth la xiqiijiyay in uu sharaxayaa soo socda dhibcood aasaasiga ah.

1. Lagama maarmaan u muuqataa on Earth ama xaaladaha meel bannaan, taas oo ay jirto Avv ah autocatalytic ugrerodosoderzhaschih taagoo, iyadoo ereygu waa in ay leeyihiin tiro badan oo kala duwan oo badan, oo ku filan si ay u bilaabaan habka of horumar kiimikada.
2. Dhacdo dhismeedka protocellular soo baxaysaa taagoo ee kor lagu sharaxay. Kuwaas oo isku celceliyo xiran deggan go'doonka ka ah deegaanka, sarrifka tamarta walxaha iyo iyaga eegista maraa. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa dhismeedka protocellular.
3. The unugyada sameeyay halkaas waa awooda ah inay is-horumarinta - is-tarankooda iyo is-beddel ah ee dhammaan macluumaadka nidaamka kiimikada. Sidaas waxaa jira unugyada aasaasiga ah ee code ka dhaxlo.
4. Tallaabada xigta - xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya muuqaalka iyo hawlaha ensaymes sifooyinka borotiinada la RNA iyo DNA sida sidayaal xogta. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa run ahaantii waa code dhaxlo in looga baahan yahay horumar nafleyda.

daahfurka

Sida kor ku xusan, Alexander Oparin sidii hore sida labaataneeyada ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay furay coacervates. Next Stanley Miller iyo Harold Urey sanadkii 1953, ayaa ku tilmaamay bixitaanka of jawiga qadiimiga ah ee simulating biomolecules fudud iyo geedi socodka ay dhacdo. Next Sidney Foks dunida u sheegay oo ku saabsan microspheres of protenoidov. In 1981, T. iyo S. Ceku Altmane awoodaan si ay u dhawraan kala qeybinta RNA autocatalytic sida ribozymes ay awoodaan in ay dadka dhexgalaan macluumaadka iyo catalysis ee Britain, "ayuu derderkii baxay" Naftooda ka silsilad ah oo isku xira "darafyadiisa" haray.

In 1986, William Gilbert of Cambridge horumariyo fikradda ah "RNA World", iyo Gunther von Kidrovski ka Germany waqti isku mid ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay habka ugu horeeyay ee is-adkeyneyna ku salaysan DNA, taasoo ahayd kaalin muhiim ah fahamka nidaamka is-adkeyneyna iyo hawlaha koritaanka ay. Science ayaa si deg deg ah ku tegey weeraryahanka jihada this: Manfred Eigen furay hyperframe, horumar ah ee ensembles ee u taagoo RNA, iyo Yuliy Rebek abuuray Britain ugu horeysay ee aan dabiici ahayn in is-adkeyneyna in chloroform.

Space & Earth

Space Flight Center ee NASA Dzhon Korlis bartay habka bixinta ilihii kaamerada tamarta iyo badaha iyo kiimikada uu ka samaysan yahay horumar kiimikada ka madaxbannaan deegaanka meesha bannaan ee, oo maanta ay ku habboon yihiin archaebacteria hore degaanka joogtada ah. In dunida sulfides bir ah, tiro ka mid ah fikradaha Gunter Vehterskhoyzera.

Waxa uu ku tilmaamay shiid ugu horeeyay ee is-adkeyneyna dhismeedka sababay dushiisa of pyrite (tayadda birta), kaas oo siiyey tamarta lagama maarmaan u kala beddelashada walxaha. In la eego xulashada sii kordhaya iyo kharribmayo kiristaalo pyrite ku koraan iyo dhalid, la abuuro kala duwan ee dadka. macdanta dhoobo for muuqaalka kore ee u taagoo organic ayaa sidoo kale si dhow ula bartay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, model midaysan ee horumar kiimikada aanu weli ka jiraan, tan iyo mabaadii'da aasaasiga ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa habkan aan weli waa furan.