Horumarinta ee astronautics. Taariikhda horumarka Cosmonautics ee Russia

Taariikhda horumarka meel - waa sheekada maskaxeed aan caadi ahayn oo dadka oo, waxay doonayaan waa in la fahmo sharciyada caalamka iyo damac in ay ajende caadiga ah iyo suurto gal. sahaminta Space, oo waxay bilaabeen in qarnigii la soo dhaafay, adduunka oo badan oo daahfurtay siiyey. Waxay khuseeyaan labada goobood ee falagyada fog, iyo geedi socodka xad jidhadhka dhulka. horumarinta Space dallacsiiyey horumar ah ee technology keentay in arinta daahfurtay in beeraha kala duwan ee aqoonta, ka physics daawo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamka this qaadatay waqti dheer.

shaqada laga badiyay

Horumarinta ee astronautics ee Russia iyo dibadda, muddo dheer bilaabay hor pride ugu horeysay. cilmi-baarista ugu horreysa ee sayniska saaraysa ahaayeen afka baarkiisa oo keliya, iyo inuu xaq yahay suurtogalnimada uu safarka bannaan. In dalka, mid ka mid ah Horseedka ah astronautics at caaradda qalinka ahaa Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "Mid ka mid ah" - maxaa yeelay waxa ay ka hor Nikolay Ivanovich Kibalchich, dil loogu xukumay dilkii Alexander II ahaa, iyo dhowr maalmood ka hor qalab daaha si ay u horumariyaan mashruuca ah in nin laga yaabaa inay keenaan meel. Waxa ay ahayd in 1881, laakiin mashruuca Kibalchicha aan la daabacay ilaa 1918.

macalinka reer miyiga

Tsiolkovsky, kuwaas oo qodobka la saldhigyada teori of diyaarad meel yimid 1903, ma aan ogayn oo ku saabsan Kibalchicha ah. Waqtigaas, ayuu wax ku baray ee xisaabta Kaluga College iyo joomatari. Uu article sayniska caan ah "Baarista ee qalabka gantaal meel dibadda ah" taabtay on suurtagalnimada ee isticmaalaya gantaal ah in meel bannaan oo. Horumarinta ee astronautics ee Russia, markaas weli boqornimada, bilaabay Tsiolkovsky. Waxa uu horumariyo design dhismeedka gantaal ah, oo awood u leh si ay u fuliyaan nin in xiddigaha, ayaa difaacay fikradda ah kala duwanaanta nolosha ee caalamka, wuxuu ka hadlay sida loogu baahan yahay dhismaha satalayt macmal ah iyo saldhigyada bannaan.

In isku midka ah, ee astronautics teori dibadda horumariyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xirta inta u dhaxaysa cilmi ama bilowgii qarnigii, ama ka dib, in 30-ka, ku dhowaad ma ahaa. Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth, iyo Esnault-Pelterie, American ah, Jarmal iyo Faransiis ah siday u kala horreeyaan, shaqeeyey arrimaha la mid ah muddo dheer ma wax ku saabsan shaqada ee Tsiolkovsky og. Xataa markaas, tafaraaruqa dadyowga inay saamayn Xawliga ah ee horumarinta warshado cusub.

sano Pre-dagaal oo War ka Great Patriotic

Horumarinta Space sii 20-40-mada ay ciidamada Gas Dynamics Laboratory iyo Group ee Jet Propulsion Research, raaceen by Machadka Cilmi-Jet. derbiyada hay'adaha tacliinta gudahood shaqeeyay fiican maskaxda injineernimada dalka, oo ay ku jiraan F. A. Tsander, M. K. Tihonravov iyo SP Korolev. In laboratories ka shaqeeya si ay u horumariyaan ah mashiinada jet ugu horeeyay ee shidaal dareere ah oo adag, horumariyo saldhig u teori ah astronautics.

In ka sano pre-dagaal iyo inta lagu jiro design dagaalkii labaad ee dunida iyo in la dhiso matoorada diyaaradaha iyo diyaarado gantaal. Muddadan, sababo cad, fiiro badan siin jiray horumarinta gantaalaha iyo gantaallo mortarro.

Queens iyo "V2"

The ugu horeysay ee taariikhda lagu gano military nooca casriga abuuray Germany intii lagu jiray dagaalka ka yar amarka Werner von Braun. Markaas V-2, ama "V-2" sababa badan oo dhibaatooyin. Ka dib guuldaradii ee Germany, von Braun gaadiid si America, halkaas oo uu bilaabay in ay ka shaqeeyaan mashruucyo cusub, oo ay ku jiraan oo ku saabsan horumarinta gantaallo Diyaaradii bannaan.

In 1945, kadib dagaal ee Germany in ay bartaan "V-2" ayaa gaaray koox ka mid ah injineerada Soviet. oo iyaga ku dhex jiray Queens ah. Waxa uu loo magacaabay Injineer sare iyo agaasimaha farsamada ee machadka "Nordhausen", aasaasay in Germany ee isla sanadkaas. Ka sokow barashada gantaallo Jarmal, Korolev iyo saaxiibtiis ku hawlan horumarinta mashaariicda cusub. In 50 ee xafiiska design hoos hoggaanka abuuray R-7. Tani gantaal laba-yada ahaa awoodaan si ay u horumariyaan ugu horeysay ee xawaaraha bannaan iyo si loo hubiyo in wax soo saarka si kastana falagiisuu dhex low-Earth baabuurta multi-ton.

Marxaladaha horumarinta astronautics

Faa'iidada of Americans ee diyaarinta baabuurta oo sahamin meel la xiriira shaqada ee von Braun, bidix ee la soo dhaafay, marka October 4, 1957 Midowga Soofiyeeti bilaabay satellite ugu horeysay. Laga soo bilaabo in ay tageen horumarinta dhakhso ah astronautics. In the 50-60-mada ay fuliyeen dhowr tijaabo xoolaha. In meel, eeyaha iyo daayeer booqday. Sidaas darteed, saynisyahano soo ururiyay warbixin qiimo badan in la sameeyo suurtagal ah tiirka raaxo leh ku meel qofka. Bilowga ee 1959 waxaa u suurtagashay in ay gaaraan xawaare baxsado.

Horumarinta sare ee Cosmonautics Ruush ayaa aqbalay adduunka oo dhan, marka samada waxaa sumoobay Yuri Gagarin. Waxaa way qabsadeen, oo aan buunbuunin, dhacdo weyn on April 12 1961 sano. Laga soo bilaabo maalintaas bilaabeen lays aadanaha ee expanses ugu badan in hareerayn Dhulka.

horumarinta dheeraad ah oo astronautics ayaa lala xiriiriyay horumar awooddooda farsamo iyo in la abuuro jawi ka raaxo badan, waayo, cir ah. Fiiro gaar ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee geeddi-socodka:

• October 12, 1964 - galay kastana falagiisuu dhex keenay mashiinka la dhowr qof oo saarnaa (USSR);
• March 18, 1965 - ugu horreeyey spacewalk qofka (USSR);
• February 3, 1966 - degtey ugu horeysay on qalab dayaxa (USSR);
• December 24, 1968 - gabagabo ugu horeysay, waaxana pride si kastana falagiisuu dhex satellite Earth (USA);
• July 20, 1969 - Maalinta degtey ugu horeysay ee aadanuhu on Moon ah (USA);
• April 19, 1971 - horeysay bilaabay orbiter (USSR);
• July 17, 1975 - markii ugu horeysay waxaa la xirtay labo markab (Soviet iyo American);
• April 12, 1981 - "Shuttle Space" ugu horeeyay ee (US) galay meel.

Horumarinta ee astronautics casri ah

Maanta, sahaminta meel sii. The guulaha ee la soo dhaafay u dhalay midho - qof ayaa booqday Moon oo isku diyaarinaya in ay si toos ah u yiqiin oo la Mars. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, barnaamijka diyaaradaha la duuliyo loo hadda soo koraya mashaariic yar yahay saldhigga interplanetary ah automatic. xaaladda ay ku sugan sahaminta bannaan waa in mashiinada soo saaray awood u gudbinta macluumaadka si Earth ku saabsan Saturn fog, Jupiter iyo Pluto, Mercury iyo xitaa ka qayb baaraan meteorites.
dalxiiska meel isku midka ah uu yeesho. maanta muhiimad weyn leedahay xiriirada caalamiga ah. Beesha caalamka ayaa waxaa si tartiib soo socda garawsannay in xalkaas ka weyn oo daahfurtay dhacaan si degdeg ah oo intaa ka badan haddii la isu geeyo dadaalka iyo awoodaha of dal oo kala duwan.