Howard Carter: Biography, photos, darsaday baadhitaanka taariikhda. Howard Carter iyo Qabriga Tutankhamun

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in laga bilaabo maalinta marka Howard Carter helay xabaashii of Tutankhamun, ayaa ku dhowaad hal qarni ahayd, xiisaha furitaanka aadmka Ingiriiska ayaa la waayay. Tani waa caddaynta ku ah safafka aan dhammaadka lahayn ee ka soo bandhigaa qabuurihii caan ah, xilliyo qabtay matxafyada waaweyn oo adduunka ah. Tani ma aha la yaab leh, tan iyo markii aynu ka hadlayno daahfurka ugu weyn ee dhan, weligiis sameeyey Masar.

Howard Carter, Biography ee cilmiga ee mustaqbalka

Sannadkii 1874tii, in qoyska weyn oo loo yaqaan waqtiga rinjiile xoolaha Ingiriisi ah Samuel Carter, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in Norfolk, wiil, kuwaas oo la siiyey magaca Howard. Marka ilmuhu ku koray, aabbahay sameeyey dadaal kasta si ay isaga u siiyaan waxbarasho guriga, kaas oo u ogolaanaya in ay qaataan meel istaahila in bulshada. wiilkayga Helitaanka hadiyad for sawir, Samuel isku dayeen in ay abuurto isaga in xirfadaha farshaxanka this.

Sababo la xiriir aabbihiis dunida oo dhan sayniska, toddoba iyo toban Howard Carter ugu horeysay ka qeyb qaatay duulaan qaddiimiga ah in ay Masar hoos imaanaya hoggaanka ugu horeeysa Egyptologist Flinders Petrie wakhtigaas. Waxaa la dhiibtay xilalka rinjiile, taas oo loo ogol yahay ninkii dhallinyarada la kulmo waxyaalaha da'doodu teesto ah, oo waxay la kulmaan dareen xiiso baadhitaan. Tani waxa ay ahayd safar iskuul aad u fiican, iyo aadmka mustaqbalka.

Bilowgii xirfad cilmiyeed

Tan iyo markaas, nolosha Carter ayaa ahaa gebi ahaanba la xarrimay in ay daraasadda of Antiquities, qarsoon ee sands of Valley Nile. Laba sano ka dib markii uu u saftay in duulaan sayniska Petri uu noqdo ka qayb mashruuca kale ee waaweyn fuliyey Foundation of cilmi akeoloji dalka Masar. cilmibaarista ah waxaa laga fuliyay ay saf xusuus macbudka of Queen Hatshepsut, oo reer galbeed ah ee Thebes. Waxa uu ahaa kuwa keenay ammaanta dhalinyaro ah saynisyahan ugu horeysay.

Fame, iyaga ka heleen bulshada sayniska, ha Carter ee 1899 si ay u qaataan meel arrin mudan in bulshada, inuu noqdo isbatooraha guud ee Waaxda Masriga ahaa ee Antiquities. muddo Tani waa taxane ah oo daahfurtay in isaga ay ka dhigtay, ka mid ah oo ugu wanaagsan ee la garanayo ee loo yeedhi karaa xabaashii of Saint-Nef in Qurna.

Noocan oo kale ah post a sare uu qabtay ilaa 1905, markii uu ku qasbay inuu iscasilo - sida uu sheegay mid ka mid ah version oo sabab u ah colaadda leh mid ka mid ah xubnaha ugu saameynta saxaafadda, ayaa dhanka kale, ka dib markii caanka aamusiin shirkadda ee Faransiiska sakhraan ah kuwaas oo abaabulay mudaharaad ah ee dhulka ka mid ah taariikhiga ah ee kaxeynayo. Kalagoynta hawlaha ay maamul, aadmka Howard Carter ma aysan joogsan cilmi sayniska iyo ku hawllan yahay rinjiyeynta.

Laga bilaabo iskaashi la Rabbiga Carnarvon

The cusub, 1906, dhacdo ka dhacday inta badan go'aamin doona qaddar ee Carter iyo Fundka daahfurka ugu muhiimsan ee uu noloshiisa. Kulan bulshada British sayniska Howard bandhigay aadmka hiwaayadda iyo Antiquities ururiyaha Rabbiga Carnarvon, oo noqday sanado badan oo uu saaxiib iyo kafaalo.

ogolaansho rasmi ah kabxidda ee saaxiibo cusub heshay kaliya ee 1919, markii muddada ka-dhimista ee soo saare hore ee cilmi sayniska degaanka T. Davis. Waqtigaa Dooxadii bikradihii ay ahayd in aan hareerihiisa qodqodo oo ka ab dhowr ah qadiimiga ah, oo waxaa la rumeysan yahay in khayraadka ay daalan yihiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dood fallaagadii ma dhaadhiciyo Carter. Daraasad faahfaahsan ayaa muujisay dooxada in ay wali meelo ku filan Sucuudiga by saynisyahano. Kuwaas oo inta badan ahaayeen meelaha daboolay lakabka ah ee burburka hadhay ka excavations hore.

mala Sayniska Carter

Isbarbar natiijooyinka of mumiyayaasha hore laga helay dooxada bikradihii, macluumaad ku saabsan meelaha aaska suurto gal halkan, oo ku yaalla saynisyahano, Howard Carter garawsannay in dhulka weli waa mid ka mid hooyaday ka badan, loo ogeyn oo, sida muuqata, danta ugu weyn in saynisyahano yimid. Sida astronomer ah, ka hor inta xoqad ah in la ogaado in xiddiga cusub, aragti ahaan on warqad daliil jiritaankeeda, iyo Carter, oo ku salaysan aqoon hore u ururay ayaa u yimid inuu aaminsan yihiin in jiritaanka xabaashii of halkan oo aan la garaneyn ku. Si fudud u gelin, ka hor inta helo xabaashii of Tutankhamun, Carter waxaa is tusay.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax xuja ah in, xataa haddii ugu kalifaya, gelin a natiijooyin la taaban karo oo dhab ah u soo jeestay, sameeyey shaqo weyn, oo leh waxa ay inta badan u adeegeen Carter. Saaxiibkiisii waxaa ku koobnayn kormeer guud ku excavations socda iyo maalgelinta iyaga ka mid ah. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay bixiyaan isaga baad - uu lacag la'aan, sida tamarta ma Carter, dunida muddo dheer aanan arkin khasnadihii Tutankhamun.

Bilow dhaqanka

Wuxuu intaa ku daray kakanaanta ee cilmiga ah, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan waxay bilaabeen dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. Excavations in muddo this, inkasta oo ay fuliyeen, laakiin mararka qaarkood iyo dura dheer. Sida qof masuul ka ah adeegga ciidamada, Carter waqtiga oo dhan ma sooco, ayaa laga yaabaa in uu shaqo ugu jeceshahay. Inta badan faragelinta ay u abuuraan xoojiyeen dadaalka ay tuugo qabrigaaga sano oo dagaal ah. Isticmaalka xaqiiqda ah in sababta oo ah falalka ciidamada wiiqay gacanta dawladda ka badan ilaalinta ee taxadiri qadiimiga, waxay brotokoolka iyaga marti, oo khatar ku ah nolosha iyo ammaanka cilmi.

Kaliya ee 1917 waxa uu ahaa awoodaan si ay u bilaabaan nadiifinta hoose ee dooxada bikrado ah layers burbur ah in uu halkaas u ururay ka badan qarniyo of time. Waayo, goobta kabxidda la doortay, kooban saddex xabaalaha: Ramses II ee, Ramesses VI iyo Mernept. In ka badan afar sano ee soo socota shaqada, fuliyay leh walaac badan oo soo qaatay kumanyaalka kun ee reer pounds, aan ruuxii wax natiijooyin la taaban karo.

isku day la soo dhaafay

The fashilaad in tar qadiimiga ah sanadihii la soo dhaafay, oo uu hoggaaminayo Rabbiga Carnarvon kuwo Quusan. Marti saaxiibka xagaagii 1922 in uu guryaha qoyska, uu ku dhawaaqay inuu doonayo inuu shuqulkiisa dhammeeyo, ma sulivshie, sida laga arki karaa, ma aha waxaan kharashka. xukun Kaliya kulul Carter ahaa kara inuu wax badbaadiyo oo ka fal fulaynimo Carnarvon oo aad isaga ka dhaadhiciyo in la kordhiyo ka-dhimista ee xilli ciyaareed kale.

Dhamaadkii October 1922 Govard Karter (photo muddada lagu soo bandhigay bilowgii maqaalka) dib u bilaabay shaqo. Si buuxda u nadiifi hoose ee dooxada bikradihii, lahaa in meesha laga saaro hadhaagii buulasha shaqaalaha oo halkan soo shaqeeyay ee wakhtiyada hore ee dhismaha xabaashii of Ramses VI. aasaaskooda waxaa laga sameeyey ciid dhul ballaaran. Shaqada Tani qaaday dhawr maalmood, laakiin markii la dhamaystiro tallaabooyin dhagax, goobta of mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha ayaa la ogaaday in si qoto dheer u tagaan dhulka galay, iyo, sida muuqata, waligiis kiciyey excavations ah.

jaranjarada dahsoon

Wax kasta oo tilmaamay in xaqiiqda ah in ay la kulmaan galo in qaar ka mid ah aaska hore oo aan la garaneyn. In eegaayo sii nasiib wanaagsan in la luminayey cusboonaaday shaqeeyaan. Soon, nadiifinta qaybta idil sare ee jaranjarada, qadiimiga ah wajahay galo xidhay xabaashii. Carter wuxuu arkay in albaabka si cad waa la arki karo dahaadhka print kasta gadaaman, iyagoo muujinayay in ilaahyada eedayn ah oo ah qaab dawacooyin, iyo maxaabiista xidhxidhan, taas oo calaamad u ahayd xabaalaha boqornimada.

Waxa xiiso leh in la ogaado in sanadihii hore, Carter ahaa laba jeer ku dhow yahay inuu albaabka in dahsoon, laakiin labada jeer iska qasaarisay fursad uu. Markii ugu horeysay ayaa waxaa dhacday, markii uu ka kooban duulaan ku T. Davis sameeyay excavations halkan, oo isna ma doonayaan in ay ka weynayd kuwa la hadhaagii buulasha dhagax, amar ku bixiyay in shaqada wareejiyo meel kale. Markii ugu soo socota ayaa waxaa dhacday, markii shan sano ka hor Carter aad u ma doonayaan in ay iyaga dhali doona, maadaama ay diidaan lahaa fursado dalxiis ugu sawiray in kuwan arkaynin Guryohoodii mooyee picturesque.

farxad ugu horraysay ee daahfurka

Caught in albaab dahsoon la shaabadood dhawrsan, Carter qarxay god yar waxaa ku jira oo toosh gudaha saaray, qanacsanahay in marinka lakabka qarniyo jir ah burbur ah iyo qashin soo buuxiyeen. Waxay caddaynaysaa in ay jiraan awood uma yeelan in ay soo booqdaan tuugagga ku, iyo laga yaabee xabaashii iyaga hortiisa ka muuqan in ay qaab asalka.

Inkastoo oo dhan shucuurta ku dhowdahay - oo farxad u ah helitaanka, Dedejisanaysaan inay gudaha galaan, oo dareen Shukaansiga daahfurka - Carter sameeyey sidii isaga ka dalbaday waxbarashada dhabta ah ee mudane an Ingiriisi. Sida saaxiibkiis, Rabbiga Carnarvon ahayd waqti in in England, Howard Carter kuma uu dhicin si ay u dhexgalaan xabaashii aan mid ka mid ah kuwa maalgeliya, kuwaas oo dhan sano oo shaqo ah gelin. Waxa uu amar ku bixiyay in dib-u-buuxin galo xabaashii, oo England diray dhambaal degdeg ah, taas oo ku wargeliyay saaxiibkiis ku saabsan daahfurka dheer la sugayay.

Sugitaanka Rabbiga Carnarvon

warkeeda ku saabsan furitaanka aaska hore aan la garanayn si deg deg ah ku dhawaad afuufeen iyo siiyey kor u qaada dhibaatada in ka hor inta ay ka imanayaan Rabbiga ahaa uu uga tegey inuu isku wajihi Govard Karter. Qabriga - meel ma jiro oo keliya hooyaday ah, laakiin sidoo kale khasnadaha aasay, iyada oo leh. Dabcan, qiimayaashan noqon sed wax dhaca, oo awood u leh oo hanti ah in ay wax dambi ah. Sidaa darteed, inta badan nafaqo su'aasha kacay sida ay u qiimaha leh iyo naftoodaba booqdaha rabin ilaaliyo. Si taas loo gaaro, jaranjarada taasoo keentay in albaabka, buuxiyey oo keliya ma aha, laakiin burburka culus top buuxiyey, iyo soo socda saaray ammaanka saacba.

Ugu dambeyntii on November 23 yimid, Rabbiga Carnarvon, oo isaga hortiisa, jaranjarada waxaa mar kale laga xoreeyay burburka. Laba maalmood ka dib, marka diyaar oo dhan la dhammeeyo, oo saxaafadda, kuwaas oo albaabkiisa joogay, sketched iyo sawiro, waxay bilaabeen inay kala dhantaalay galo shaabadeeyey xabaashii. Halkaa marka ay marayso, waxa ay noqotay wax iska cad in wax ku dhaceen, waxa muddo sanado ah ku riyoon jiray Howard Carter - xabaashii of Tutankhamun ahaa ee isaga ka soo hor. Waxa caddayn u ahaa qorniinkan ku yaal mid ka mid ah stamps ah.

albaabka labaad oo Howard Carter helay

Tutankhamun riyooyin noqday mid dhab ah. oo isaga ka horreeyey, waxaa jiray tallaabooyin wax yar uun. Marka caqabad ay jidka laga saaray, iftiinka iyo siraaddo, cilmi arkay falaatka ah, waddada cidhiidhi ah, sidoo kale qaabkii la burburka iyo si toos ah taasoo keentay in qolkii aaska. Kuwo kayeelan waxay soo kiraysteen si ay u fuliyaan excavations, la sii daayay isaga, oo waxay keeneen ciidda dambiilo ku wicker. Ugu dambayntii yimid dhibic ugu weyn. Subaxnimadii 26 November, archeologists wajahay albaabka labaad, sidoo kale badbaadiyo naftooda on daabacaadda qadiimiga Tutankhamun.

Marka dambiishii ugu dambeeyey ee burburka la soo saaray, Carter ayaa lagu sameeyey qaybta sare ee furitaanka albaabka, oo u ogolaatay in uu ku hardiyi in baaritaanka. Hantidhawraha ururka muujisay in meesha bannaan ee ka dambeeya albaabka gebi ahaanba bilaash ah. Isticmaalka Dhuxul, Carter gudaha eegay. Maxaa Arkay dhaafo oo dhan laga filayo. Ka hor inta furay qolka, sida hall matxaf. Waxay waxaa ka buuxsamay waxyaalaha ugu cajiib ah, kuwaas oo qaar badan saynisyahano arkay markii ugu horeysay.

khasnadda ah Tutankhamun

First of dhan, ee aadmka muraayadaha indhaha loola cararay saddex sariir dahab weyn, dhalaalaysa dully iftiinka siraad ah. iyaga Behind ahaayeen muuqda madow, ka dhigay tiradaasi dhererka-buuxa ah oo Fircoon, qurxiyey goo dahab. Dhamaan inta kale ee bannaan qolka waxaa ka buuxsamay jiray cayn kasta oo laabta ka buuxa alaab, shaqo wanaagsan dheryaha alabastar iyo isku sharraxdid kala duwan oo ah dahab iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah. In khasnadda this ka maqan hal wax oo keliya - waxa aan ahaa sarcophagus ama hooyaday kan maal oo dhan iska leeyihiin.

Maalintii xigtay, xabaashii waa korontada, iyo albaabka labaad la nuurkiisa furay. Haddaba saynisyahano wajahay shaqo halis ah oo u cabbudhinayo - wax gadaashiisa oo dhan, waxay ahaayeen in la sawiro, sketched iyo meel sax ah ku qoran qorshaha ee qolka. Waxay ugu dhakhsaha badan caddaatay in ka yar mid ka mid ah labada sanduuq qarsoon galo qarsoodi ah in ay qol kale kooxda yar, sidoo kale buuxiyey waxyaabaha qaaliga ah.

Shaqeynta waxyaabaha laga helay xabaashii

All in Howard Carter helay, u baahan processing sayniska iyo habaynta. Sidaa darteed, ka dib markii November 29, 1922 ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen saraakiil ka dhigay furitaanka shir ku xabaashii, in la helay waxa ay soo bandhigaa shaqeeyaan lagu martiqaaday takhasusay hoggaamineed ka xaruumo badan ee sayniska dunida. In Dooxadii gabdhood oo bikrado ah soo ururay si fiican u yaqaan qadiimiga ah, epigraphists, farmashiye, xaafidyaasha, farshaxan iyo sawir.

Kaliya seddex bilood ka dib, markii alaabta oo dhan ayaa la helay iyadoo tallaabooyin taxaddar ku habboon qaadi xabaashii kala baxeen, waxaan bilaabay furitaanka saddexaad helay habka albaabka. Kolkaasay markii la soo jiido iyadii daba ahaa xaqiiqada ah in saadaaliyay by Howard Carter - xabaashii of Tutankhamun, iyo ka badan si gaar ah, oo uu inta kale aaska.

Hooyo, halkaas oo saddex kun oo sano

Ku dhawaad mugga oo dhan meel degan oo dhererkiisu wuxuu sanduuqii sharraxnaan jirtay 5.08 mitir, width of 3.3 mitir iyo height a of 2.75 mitir. waxaa Inside sida caruusadaha, mid gudaha kale ku jira saddex kale sanduuqa yar yar. Marka cilmi si taxadar iyaga u falanqeeyaan, iyo qaadeen, iyagoo indhaha ku lahaa sarcophagus quartzite ah. Ka dib markii daboolka ayaa kor u gudaha miinshaar anthropoid (in qaab reer ah aadanaha tiradaasi) sanduuq ku dahaadhay dahab. Its cover tusay aad u Tutankhamen a gacmo gudbay jiifa.

Inside waxaa laba ka mid ah sanduuq la mid ah, si sax ah isku aadiyo in midkiinba midka kale ahaayeen, si ay u kala soocaan iyaga waxaa ka mid ah kakanaanta weyn. Marka taxadar kasta ee ay soo bixiyay, in la soo dhaafay iyaga, kuwaas oo ku dhintay in ka badan saddex kun oo sano ka hor ah, helay duudduubay dharka wanaagsan oo linenka hooyaday Fircoon. Wejigana daboolay maaskaro dahab ah, la dhigtay kaamil ah aan caadi ahayn oo vesivshaya sagaal kiiloogaraam.

Muxuu Howard Carter ayaa qirtay daahfurka ugu weyn ee taariikhda cilmi akeoloji. taliyihii Masar, kuwaas oo ku dhintay at dhallinyarada da'da ah oo lagu nasto ee lagu xabaashii aqoonyahan furan isla markiiba noqday shayga of dareenka malaayiin dad ah. warkiisii caalamka oo helay iyo Howard Carter qudhiisa. Contribution baadhitaanka taariikhda qadiimiga ah dalka Masar, dawadu iyaga by ahaa sidaas u weyn in loo oggol yahay hab cusub in la sameeyo sawir ah banneeyey Nicmoolayda waxa aaska ah muddo Kingdom Dhexe.