Imtixaanka Xiinka kalagoysyada welded, iyo hababka of technology gacanta

shiidaa Waxaa jira warshadaha lahayn, taas oo aan lahaa ayaa fuliyay shaqada alxanka. Inta badan dhismayaasha birta dhajinta iyo waxaa isku xidhan by welds. Dabcan, tayada shaqada sida mustaqbalka waxay ku xiran tahay ma aha oo kaliya on halaynta dhismayaasha taagay, dhismayaasha, mashiinada ama unug kasta, laakiin sidoo kale ammaanka dadka ku jira qaar ka mid ah habka la macaamilaan dhista kuwan. Sidaa darteed, si loo hubiyo in heerka ku filan oo qaab hawlgallada, kuwaas oo codsan welds ultrasonic, ku dheehan yahay mid lagu ogaan karaa joogitaanka ama maqnaanshaha cilladaha kala duwan ee kulanka ka mid ah waxyaabaha biraha. Isticmaalka habka sare this ee gacanta laga wada hadli doonaa in our article.

Taariikhda dhacdo

imtixaanka Xiinka sida loo sameeyay 30-ka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qalab ugu horeysay shaqada dhabta ah waxa uu ku dhashay oo kaliya 1945, in shirkadda ee Sperry Products mahad. In ka badan labaatankii sano ee soo socda, technology ugu dambeeyay ee ay gacanta ku heshay aqoonsi caalamka oo dhan, u kordhay tirada saarayaasha qalabka sida.

Xiinka qalabka cillad, qiimaha oo maanta bilaabo tuubooyinka vacuum ka 100000 -130000 kun, oo asal ahaan ka muuqo ku jira. aaladaha noocan oo kale ah waxa ay noqon miisaanka eheeyn oo culus. Waxay kaliya shaqeeyeen Koronto iyadoo AC. Laakiin 60meeyadii, iyadoo dhalashada of wareeggeedii Semiconductor cillad si weyn hoos u size oo ay awoodaan in ay maamulaan on baytariyada in ugu danbeyn loo ogol yahay in ay isticmaalaan qalabka xitaa beerta ku.

Tallaabada boqortooyada digital

In marxaladaha hore ee qalabka tilmaamay isticmaal processing signal analog, taas oo ay sabab u tahay, sida aaladaha kale ee badan oo la mid yihiin nugul fakadaan waqtiga dhaqmaan. Laakiin mar hore 1984 shirkadda Panametrics siiyey bilow nolosha waa qalabka ugu horeysay ee la qaadi karo cillad digital yeedhay Epoch 2002. Tan iyo markaas, unugyada digital ayaa noqotay qalab heer sare ah oo lagu kalsoonaan karo, si horseednimo bixinta xasilloonida lagama maarmaanka ah ee dhaqmaan iyo cabiraada. Xiinka qalabka cillad, qiimaha taas oo ku xiran ay waxqabad iyo brand ee soo saaraha, ayaa sidoo kale helay xogta aad gashid shaqo oo awood u leh inay akhrinayaa si PC a gudbiyaan.

In xaaladaha casriga ah, nidaamyo iyo aad u badan tahay oo xiiso leh si ay u soo diyaariyeen ka joojinayaa, taas oo uu isticmaalaa multi-element a xubno technology-ku-saleysan adag piezoelectric guud rays faray iyo abuuraa image a transverse, la mid ah imaging ultrasound caafimaad.

baaxadda

hab xakameyn Xiinka waxaa laga codsadaa in jihada kasta warshadaha. Isticmaalka ayaa muujisay in ay si siman wax ku ool ah loo isticmaali karaa in laga baarayo ku dhowaad dhammaan noocyada kala goysyada welded dhismaha, kaas oo ay leeyihiin oo dhumucdiisuna waxay a of biraha welded saldhig ka badan 4 milimitir. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, habka si weyn loo isticmaalaa in lagu tijaabiyo laabatooyinka ee la xidhiidha ee dhuumaha gaaska iyo saliidda, iyo biyo nidaamyada Haydarooliga kala duwan. Iyo xaaladaha sida goysyada control oo dhumucdiisuna waxay keentay weyn alxanka electroslag, kormeerka ultrasonic - habka kaliya ee la aqbali karo ee gacanta.

Go'aanka kama dambaysta ah oo ku saabsan in wax ku haboon ama Weld in hawlgalka sameeyey oo ku saleysan saddex Tilmaamayaasha asaasiga ah (shuruudaha) waa - Ilodanimada inayan ka soo jeedo, tirada caadiga ah.

In kormeerka ultrasonic guud - waa habka taas oo ugu wax soo saarka marka la eego image la xirrira in koorsada barashada kama tollayn ah (Details).

sababaha baahida

habka ay gacanta ku tilmaamay The isticmaalayo ultrasound waa ku wanaagsan yahay in uu leeyahay dareen ah badan oo sax ah wuxuu akhrinayaa inta lagu guda jiro ogaanshaha cilladaha sida dillaacyo, qiimaha hoose iyo amniga sare intii lagu isticmaalo farsamooyinka radiographic caadiga ah marka la barbar dhigo. Si aad u taariikhda, imtixaanka ultrasonic of welds loo isticmaalo in 70-80% ee kiisaska jeegaga.

transducers ultrasonic

Aan isticmaalka qalabka waa imtixaan Xiinka non-burbur waa si fudud la malaysan. Qalabka loo isticmaalo sameynta excitation iyo helaya vibrations ultrasonic.

unugyada The way kala duwan yihiin waxaa loo kala galay:

• Habka A ee samaynta xiriir la alaabta imtixaanka.
• Habka A ee isku xirta canaasiirta piezoelectric jaantuska xarkaha ee cillad ah iyo barakacyo ee qaraabo koronto u piezo-element ah.
• qaraabo orientation loomana baahno in ay dusha sare.
• Tirada xubno piezoelectric (hal, double, multi-element).
• width ee band frequency qalliinka (narrowband - bandwidth ee ka yar hal Shemiiniid, wideband - bandwidth badan hal Shemiiniid).

sifooyinka qiyaasay cilladaha

In dunida of technology iyo warshadaha oo dhan waxay keenaysaa Standard. imtixaanka Xiinka (GOST 14782-86) ee arrintan la xiriira waa laga reebo lahayn. Heerka dejisa in cilladaha waxaa lagu cabbiraa by xuduudaha soo socda:

• U dhiganta degaanka iin ah.
• Ilodanimada inayan The of signal ka echo, wixii la goostay ayaa ka fiirsaneysa inay meel fog si ay iin ku.
• The wadataa of iin ah barta ee alxanka.
• size magaceed.
• Masaafada u dhaxaysa shuruud cilladaha.
• Tirada cilladaha dhererka ee la doortay ee Weld ama si wadajir ah.

dhiig-miirashada ah ee qalabka cillad ah

imtixaanka Nondestructive, oo waa farsamo ee ultrasonic leeyahay isticmaalka u gaar ah, kaas oo uu dhigayaa in dhimaya cabbirka ugu weyn - Ilodanimada inayan ee echo ka soo iin si toos ah helay. Si aad u kala echo Ilodanimada inayan ugu weyn fadhiya sidaas loo yaqaan dareenka diidmada. Waxa uu, ka bacdi, loo qaybiyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo muunad caadiga ah ee shirkadaha (SOP).

Helitaanka cillad Bilaabo waxaa la socda ay goob. Waayo, dareenka diidmada bandhig this. Intaas ka dib, ee geedi socodka by ultrasound fuliyay isbarbar helay echo ka khaladka la ogaado heerka go'an diidmada. Haddii Ilodanimada inayan qiyaasay waa ka weyn yahay heerka aqbalo, khubarada go'aansato iin ma aha ansax ah. Markaas tollayn ama sheyga la diido iyo dib u soo diray, waayo, dib u eegis.

The ciladaha ugu badan ee meelaha welded waa: la'aan isuga, lays dhamaystirnayn, arrinkaas, porosity, inclusions slag. Waa xadgudubyada, kuwaas oo wax ku ool ah tilmaamaysaa kormeerka la isticmaalayo ultrasound.

Options waxbarashada ultrasound

Waqti ka, hannaanka lagu hubinayo ayaa heshay dhowr hab waxtar u leh waxbarashada kala goysyada welded. imtixaanka Xiinka waxay bixisaa tiro ka mid ah fursadaha arrin hoos tixgelinta waxbarashada loomana baahno dhismayaasha birta ah, laakiin dadka ugu weyn ee lagu helay:

• Habka Echo.
• Shadow.
• Habka Mirror-hooskii.
• muraayad Echo.
• Habka Delta.

Habka koowaad

Inta badan in industry iyo tareennada la isticmaalay habka garaaca wadnaha echo. Waa maxaa yeelay, waxaa laga helay in ka badan 90% ka mid ah iin ah, kaasoo noqda suurto gal ah ay sabab u tahay wax lagu qoro iyo falanqaynta ku dhowaad dhammaan calaamadaha ka muuqataa by iin dusha sare.

keligeed, habkan ku salaysan yahay faraxa waxyaabaha biraha la karsado ee vibrations ultrasonic iyo diiwaangelinta xiga.

Faa'iidooyinka habkan waa:

- suuragalnimada in hal hab si ay u helaan wax soo saarka;

- dareen cadaalad ah sare si ay cilado gudaha;

- sax ugu sareeya boos ee khaladka la ogaado.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira cillado, oo ay ku jiraan:

- iska caabin yar yahay in ay dusha iftiinta faragalin;

- tiirsanaanta xoogga leh ee Ilodanimada inayan signal ka soo goobta iin.

kormeerka ku tilmaamay ka dhigan by jagadii in jiheeyaha sheyga la karsado ultrasonic. Qaadashada signal reply ay dhacdaa crawler la mid ah ama labaad. signal ayaa laga yaabaa in si toos ah ka muuqataa ka cilladaha iyo dushiisa ka soo horjeeda ee wax soo saarka qayb ka mid ah (kuusha).

habka hooskii

Waxay ku salaysan tahay falanqayn faahfaahsan ee Ilodanimada inayan ee gariirka ku ultrasonic ka gudbiye si qadanayo kala qaado. In kiiska halkaas oo ay jiraan hoos u dhac in tilmaamahan, waxay muujinaysaa joogitaanka iin. Cabbirka weyn ee iin ka noqon doonaan kuwo yar ka badan Ilodanimada inayan of signal ka helay by qadanayo. Si aad u hesho macluumaad sax ah waa in uu ku yaalaa coaxially emitter aqbalana on dhinac oo iska soo horjeeda ee wax baaritaanka. The khasaaraha of technology this la oran karo waa dareen u hooseeya oo ay kasoo horjeeddo habka echo iyo adkaanta orientation baaritaan (transducer piezoelectric) marka loo eego ray dhexe ee hannaankii shucaaca. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira faa'iidooyin ay ku badan caabiga faragelin, Ilodanimada inayan signal u hooseeya, iyadoo ku xiran meesha iin ah, ma zone dhintay.

Habka Mirror-hooskii

ultrasonic Tani inta badan loo isticmaalaa for kormeerka tayada wada welded goysyada xoojinta. tilmaan ugu weyn in khaladka la ogaado, waa attenuation ee Ilodanimada inayan signalka, taasoo ku muuqata ka dusha ka soo horjeeda (sida caadiga ah loo yaqaan hooseysa). Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee habka - ogaanshaha cad cilladaha kala duwan, iyo barakacyo taas oo Weld xididka. Sidoo kale, habka lagu gartaa suuragalnimada in hal hab inay xidhmaan, ama si faahfaahsan u helaan.

Echo-muraayad habka

The kala duwanaansho ugu hufan cilladaha laga arko vertical diyaarin. Hubinta waxaa la sameeyaa iyadoo adeegsanayo laba probes oo guuraan oo ay la socdaan dusha sare dhow xidhmaan, oo dhinac keliya waxaa ka mid ah. Sayidka ay dhaqdhaqaaq lagu sameeyaa sidan oo kale sida uu u xaliyo signal baaritaan ka baaritaan kale iyo double ka iin jira muuqataa radiated ah.

Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee habka, waxa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u qiimeeyaan cilladaha qaabka, size of taas oo ka badan 3 mm, iyo waxaa dhacday in diyaarad taagan in ka badan 10 digrii. The wax ugu muhiimsan - si ay u isticmaalaan AEDs la dareen isku mid ah. ikhtiyaarka noocan oo kale ah waxaa si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa ultrasound si uu u hubiyo wax soo saarka qaro weyn-deyran iyo welds ay.

habka Delta

imtixaanka ultrasonic of welds sheegay in uu isticmaalaa iin reradiated tamarta ultrasonic. ruxruxo Transverse, ku dhacaa, iin ah, muraayad qayb ka muuqataa, qayb ahaan beddelay gaadhya ah iyo dib-u-shanqarta la ruxruxo diffracted. Natiijadu waxay tahay qabashada ah oo baaritaan ku ruxruxo doonayo. khasaaro ka mid ah habka la oran karo waa howlgal tollayn halkii kakanaanta sare ee kelmadaha of helay calaamadaha inta lagu guda jiro gacanta ugu goysyada welded si dhumucdiisuna waxay a of 15 milimitir ah.

Faa'iidada of ultrasound iyo subtleties ee ay codsiga

welds hirka sare cilmi dhawaaqa - waa, in fact, imtixaanka non-burbur, maxaa yeelay, habkan ma awoodo inuu keeni wixii waxyeelo ah in goobaha imtixaanka wax soo saarka, laakiin arrin si sax ah ogaadaa joogitaanka cilladaha. Sidoo kale, fiiro gaar ah waa in ay kharash yar oo ka mid ah hawlaha iyo xawaaraha dil sare. Waxaa kaloo muhiim ah in habka gabi ahaanba waa mid ammaan u ah caafimaadka dadka. Dhammaan waxbarashada Biraha iyo welds la fuliyaa iyadoo ay ku saleysan ultrasound kala duwan ka soo 0.5 MHz 10 MHz. Xaaladaha qaarkood, waxaa laga yaabaa shuqullada isticmaala mowjado ultrasonic isagoo inta jeer ka mid ah 20 MHz.

Falanqaynta ultrasonically Weld waa in ay daruuri tahay in uu la socdaa go'an oo dhan tallaabooyinka diyaarinta, sida nadiifinta ama dusha sare ee Weld imtixaanka, codsanaya Qayb gacanta ka mid ah dareere gaar ah la xiriir (jel ujeeddooyin gaar ah, glycerin, saliidda mashiinka). Waxaas oo dhan waxaa loo sameeyaa si loo hubiyo in xiriir deggan loomana baahno ku haboon, taas oo ugu dambayntii waxay bixisaa image la doonayo qalabka.

Awoodid la'aan in la isticmaalo, iyo khasaaraha

imtixaanka Xiinka gabi ahaanba waa shaqayn karto in ay isticmaalaan for kormeerka ee alxanka xeryahooda birta isagoo qaab-dhismeedka aan dhab ahayn (tus, bir ama Weld austenitic tuuray leh oo dhumucdiisuna waxay ka weyn 60 milimitir). Oo maxaa yeelay, dhammaan kiisaska noocaas ah waxaa jira arrin ku kala firidhsan xoog iyo attenuation of ultrasound.

Sidoo kale, waxaan suurogal ahayn in ay si buuxda sifaha iin si cad u ogaan karo (mid noqoshada tungsten, iyo al noqoshada slag ah.).