Iskaashiga Ururka Shanghai The (SCO) - taasi waa nooca urur? Halabuurka The of SCO ah

Maanta, dhulkeenna leedahay in ka badan 250 dal oo ku saabsan kuwaas oo territory waxaa jira in ka badan 7 bilyan oo qof. Si aad u guul leh ganacsi in qaybaha bulshada oo dhan ku sameeyo waxaa la aasaasay by ururada kala duwan, xubin ka mid ah kuwaas oo siiya dalalka xubnaha ka ah gargaarka iyo taageerada dalalka kale.

Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah - Iskaashiga Ururka Shanghai ah (SCO). Tani unit siyaasadeed, dhaqaale iyo military Eurasian, taas oo la aasaasay sanadkii 2001 by madaxda dalalka aasaasay 1996, Shanghai Five ah, oo wakhtigaas ka koobnaa Shiinaha, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan. Ka dib markii galo urur Uzbekistan waxaa magacooda loo baxshay.

From Shanghai ku Five in SCO ah - sida ay ahayd?

Sida kor ku xusan, SCO ah - bulshada ka mid ah States saldhig ahaan abuurka ah taas oo ahayd saxiixa ee Shanghai bishii April 1996, Heshiiskii si rasmi ah u dhisayaa kalsoonida sii daraya ciidamada xuduudaha State dhexeeya Kazakhstan, Shiinaha, Kyrgyzstan, Russia iyo Tajikistan ah, iyo sidoo kale gabagabo u dhexeeya kuwaas Maraykanka isku hal sano ah oo ka mid ah Treaty, taas oo yaraynaysa tirada ciidamada qalabka sida goobaha soohdinta ka dib.

Intaas ka dib shirwaynayaasha steel la qabto sanad kasta. Goobta shirarka ee dalalka ka qayb bilaabay sanadkii 1998, caasimadda ah ee Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata, 1999 - caasimadda ah ee Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek. In 2000, madaxda ka mid ah shanta dal ku kulmeen caasimada Tajik ku Dushanbe.

Sannadka soo socda, wuxuu noqday shir sanadle ah mar kale lagu qabtay Shanghai, halkaas oo shan ka mid ah lix mahad u bedelay in ay saxeexi in ay ku Uzbekistan. Sidaas darteed haddii aad rabto in aad si dhab ah u ogaadaan oo dal ee xubnaha ka ah SCO ah, waxaan ku soo koobnay, hadda xaq u leeyahay in xubnaha buuxa waa lix dal oo ku jira Kazakhstan, Peoples Republic of China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan iyo Uzbekistan.

In xagaagii 2001, bishii June, kor madaxda u ahaa oo dhan lix dal oo kala saxiixday Baaqa on abuuritaanka urur kaas oo kaalin wanaagsan ee Shanghai Five la xusay, iyo sidoo kale muujiyey rabitaan hoggaamiyeyaasha inuu turjumo ay iskaashi ee qaab dhismeedka of heer sare. Sannadkii 2001, on July 16, labada dal ee hormuudka ka ah SCO ah - Russia iyo Shiinaha - saxiixay Treaty of Good-deris, saaxiibtinnimo iyo iskaashi ah.

Ku dhawaad ah sanad ka dib, shir of madaxdii ururada ka qayb dhacay St. Petersburg. Isla mar waxaa la saxiixay Charter SCO ah, oo ay ku jiraan ujeeddooyinka iyo mabaadiida, taas oo weli dhaqmayso iyo ururka. Waxaa sidoo kale caddeyn qaabka iyo foomka shaqada, iyo dokumentiga ayaa lagu ansixiyey sida waafaqsan sharciga caalamiga ah.

Maanta Dawladaha xubinta ka SCO ah in ay qaataan ka badan kala bar landmass ee Eurasian. Oo dadka ka yihiin dalal waa afar-meelood meel ka mid ah dadka dunida ku. Haddii aan tixgeliyaan Maraykanka Observer ee, deggan dalalka SCO ah - dadka dunida qeybtii ayaa, sida la xusay oo jooga shir July ee 2005, ee lagu qabtay Astana. Waa markii ugu horaysay booqday by wakiilada ee Hindiya, Mongolia, Pakistan iyo Iran. Waxa uu xusay xaqiiqda in uu hadalka soo dhawayn, Nursultan Nazarbayev, madaxweynaha of Kazakhstan - dalka martida ee isla sanadkaas shirwaynaha ah. Haddii aad rabto in aad wax fikrad sax ah sida juquraafi dalalka SCO, map-ka si cad u muujinaysaa waxaa la dhigay hoos.

dadaallada SCO iyo wada shaqeyn la leh ururada kale ee

Sannadkii 2007 waxaa la bilaabay in ka badan labaatan mashruuc baaxad weyn oo la xidhiidha nidaamka gaadiidka, tamarta, isgaarsiinta. Qancinaya si joogto ah si ay uga hadlaan arrimaha la xiriira amniga, arrimaha ciidamada, difaaca, siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda, dhaqaalaha, dhaqanka, bangiyada iyo dhammaan kuwa kale oo ka soo kiciyey inta lagu guda jiro wadahadalka madaxda dalalka SCO. Liiska waxaa aan ku xaddidnayn by wax: noqday arrin of dood kasta oo mawduucyo, taasoo, sida uu sheegay ka qaybgalayaasha shirka ka dalbaday in dareenka dadweynaha.

Intaa waxaa dheer, xiriirka ay la leeyihiin beelaha kale ee caalamiga ah aasaasay. Waa Qaramada Midoobay (UN), halkaas oo SCO ah - observer ee Golaha Guud, Midowga Yurub (EU), ka Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN ka Association Ingiriisi ah ee Koonfur-Bari Asia Nations. ), Commonwealth of States Independent (CIS), Ururka Islaamka iskaashiga (OIC). 2015 caasimadda Jamhuuriyadda Ruush ah Bashkortostan Ufa shirkii reer SCO iyo BRICS qorsheeyay, mid ka mid ah gool ah in geliyey abuuritaanka ganacsiga iyo iskaashiga u dhexeeya labada ururada.

Qaab-dhismeedka

Jirku wuxuu u sarreeya ururka - waa golaha Madaxda Gobolka. Waxay sameeyaan go'aanada qaabka guud ee bulshada. Shirarka qaadan meel at the shirwaynayaasha, qabtaa sanad walba in mid ka mid ah caasimadaha dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, Golaha Madaxda State ka kooban Madaxweynayaasha Kyrgyzstan - Almazbek Atambayev, Shiinaha - Xi Jinping, Uzbekistan - Islam Karimov, Kazakhstan - Nursultan Nazarbayev, Russia - Vladimir Putin iyo Tajikistan - Emomali Rahmon.

Madaxda Golaha Xukuumadda - jirka labaad ee ugu muhiimsan ee SCO ka qabashada shirwaynayaasha sanad walba si ay uga hadlaan arrimaha la xiriira iskaashiga dhinacyada badan, iyo sameynta miisaaniyadda ururka.

Golaha Wasiirrada Arrimaha Dibadda ayaa sidoo kale kulamo joogto ah, halkaas oo ay ku hadlaan oo ku saabsan xaaladda caalamiga ah ee hadda jira. Intaa waxaa dheer, mawduuca wada hadalka noqdo dhexgalka ururada kale. Oo xiiso gaar ah in ka orod-up in shir of Ufa ka wakiil xiriirka ka dhexeeya SCO iyo BRICS.

Golaha Isku duwayaasha Qaranka, sida loo fahmi karaa in ay magaca ka, waxaa isku duba dalalka iskaashiga badan gacanta ku Charter SCO ah.

At hawlaha xoghaynta ee jirka ugu muhiimsan fulinta ee Bulshada ee. Waxay la fuliyo go'aanada urureed iyo qaynuunnadiisa, diyaarinta dukumentiyada qabyada ah (caddayn, barnaamijyada). Waxa uu sidoo kale u dhaqmo sida depository documentary ah u qabanqaabisaa hawlo gaar ah oo shaqada oo ka mid ah dalalka xubnaha ka ah SCO, iyo kor u faafinta macluumaadka ku saabsan ururka iyo hawlihiisa. Xoghaynta waxa uu ku yaalaa caasimada Shiinaha Beijing. Waxa uu Maamulaha Guud ee hadda - Dmitriy Fedorovich Mezentsev, taliyihii hore ee gobolka Irkutsk ah, xubin ka mid ah Golaha Federation.

The xarunta ah Qaabdhismeedka Antiterrorist Regional (jiir) waxuu ku yaallaa caasimadda ah ee Uzbekistan, xidshiidha. Tanu waa jidhkaygii joogto ah kuwaas oo shaqada ugu weyn waa in la horumariyo iskaashiga dhanka ah argagixisada, midda iyo xagjirnimada, taas oo ka qayb qaatay ururka of SCO ah. Madaxa dhismeedka this waxaa la doortaa muddo seddex sanno ah, mid kasta oo bulshada State Member xaq u leeyahay inuu soo diri wakiilka joogtada ah ee qaabka la dagaalanka argagixisada ee dalka.

iskaashiga Security

dalalka SCO si firfircoon uga shaqeeyaan berrinkii ammaanka, diiradda ugu horrayn on dhibaatooyinka la hubiyo in ay Maraykanka ka qayb. Gaar ahaan ku habboon waayo, maanta waa la xiriira in ay halis ah oo laga yaabaa in lagu soo if-xubnood oo ka tirsan SCO ee Central Asia. Sidii hore, in ururka of hawlaha ku xusan ka mid ah looga hortago argagixisada, midda iyo xagjirnimada.

At-madaxeedka June SCO 2004, ka dhacday magaalada, xidshiidha, Uzbekistan, ka Qaabdhismeedka Antiterrorist Regional (jiir) waxaa la aasaasay oo markii danbe abuuray. Bishii Abriil 2006, war qoraal ah oo la sameeyey by shirkadda, kaas oo sheegay in halganka la qorsheeyay in ay dambi daroogada gudba xuduudaha ay howlgalo la-dagaallanka argagixisada. Isla mar ahaantaana lagu dhawaaqay in SCO ah - tani ma aha garabka milatari, iyo ururka aan la sii socotay inay u noqon, laakiin khatarta kordhaysa ee ifafaale ah sida argagaxisada, xagjirnimada iyo midda, ka dhigaysa wax aan macquul ahayn in ay ka shaqeeyaan si loo xaqiijiyo amniga oo aan ku lug buuxda oo ka mid ah ciidamada qalabka sida.

In xilliga dayrta ee 2007, bishii October ee Dushanbe, caasimadda ah ee Tajikistan, waxay heshiis la saxiixatay CSTO ah (Collective Security Treaty Organization). Ujeedada this ahaa ballaarinta iskaashiga ammaanka, dagaalka ka dhanka ah dembiyada iyo ka ganacsiga daroogada. A qorshe hawleed wadajir ah u dhexeeya ururada la ansixiyey ee Beijing horaanta 2008.

Intaa waxaa dheer, SCO si firfircoon uga soo horjeedo dagaal cyber, oo sheegaya in macluumaadka faafiyay, taageerada waxyeelo u dhexgalaan ruuxi ah, anshax iyo dhaqan ee dalalka kale waa in sidoo kale loo tixgeliyo sida ay khatar dhinaca ammaanka ah. Iyadoo la tixraacayo go'aanka qaaday sanadkii 2009, qeexidda "macluumaad dagaal" falalka noocaas ah waxaa lagu micneeyey inuu yahay fal ay wiiqaysaa xaalad ah nidaamka siyaasadeed, dhaqaale iyo bulsho ee wadan kale.

xubnaha Iskaashiga gudbikaraa oo military

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, hay'adda ayaa firfircoon, ujeedooyinka kuwaas oo iskaashi milatari dhow, la-dagaallanka argagixisada oo la wadaago sirdoonka.

Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan, xubnaha SCO lagu qabtay taxane ah oo jimicsi ciidamada wadajirka ah: marka hore la sameeyay sanadkii 2003 laba marxaladood, marka hore in Kazakhstan, ka dibna Shiinaha. Tan iyo waqti in, Russia iyo China waxa taladoodu hoos SCO ayaa la sameeyay jimicsi military oo baaxad weyn oo sannadkii 2005, 2007 ( "Peace Mission-2007") oo 2009.

In ka badan 4,000 oo askari oo Chinese ayaa dhinacyada layliyada ciidamada wadajirka ah noqday sanadkii 2007 ee gobolka Chabrovsk ah, isku raacay sanadkii hore inta lagu guda jiro kulanka wasiirada difaaca ee SCO ah. Inta lagu guda jiro kuwaas oo si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa sida ciidamada cirka ah iyo hub sax-hanuunsan. The markaas Wasiirka Difaaca Ruushka Sergei Ivanov ku dhawaaqday in layliyada waa hufan oo u furan dadweynaha iyo warbaahinta. guul leh u dhamayso taasoo keentay in dowladda Ruush in la ballaariyo wada-shaqayn, si ay mustaqbalka ugu xubin ka mid ah layliyada sida hoos timaada SCO noqon casuumay Russia iyo India.

layliyo Military "Peace Mission 2010", lagu qabtay goobta imtixaanka Kazakh ku Matybulak ee September 2010, ayaa isku keenay in ka badan 5000 oo ciidamo Chinese, Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz iyo Tajik kuwaas oo wada qaatay waxbaristiisa ku saabsan waddo waa hawl iyo qorshaynta hawlgallada mileteri.

SCO waa boosteejo ah oo codsiyada military muhiim ah in loo sameeyo dalalka ka qayb qaadanaya. Sidaas darteed, inta lagu guda jiro jimicsi Ruush ee 2007, inta lagu guda jiro kulanka Vladimir Putin ayaa ku dhawaaqay wadamada, hogaamiyayaasha Madaxweynaha in qarax istiraatiiji Ruush dib u bilaabay duulimaadyo ay u kormeeraan aagga markii ugu horeysay tan iyo markii ay "dagaal qabow".

dhaqdhaqaaqa SCO dhaqaalaha

Intaa waxaa dheer in ay xubno ka yihiin wadamada SCO ururka, marka laga reebo Shiinaha, qayb ka mid ah Bulshada Dhaqaalaha Eurasian ee. saxiixa oo ka mid ah Heshiiska Framework dalalka ka mid ah SCO, ka transferor iyo iskaashiga dhaqaale ee heer cusub, ka dhacay September 2003. Waxaa jira sidoo kale Wen Jiabao Ra'iisul Wasaaraha ayaa lagu martiqaaday in mustaqbalka in ay ka shaqeeyaan abuurka deegaanka ganacsiga xorta ah ee dalalka zone SCO, iyo sidoo kale tallaabooyin kale si loo caawiyo hagaajinta socodka xamuul dhexdeeda. Natiijada soo jeedinta, kanu wuxuu ahaa saxiixa 2004 100 qorshaha ee ficil la taaban karo.

Bishii Oktoobar 2005, shirkii Moscow ee ay astaan u ah ee Xoghayaha Guud ee bayaanka in ururka of SCO ku dhawri doonaa darafkeeda in mashaariicda tamarta si wadajir ah, oo ay ku jiraan saliid iyo waaxda gaaska, iyo sidoo kale in la wadaago khayraadka biyaha iyo horumarinta ee kaydka cusub shidaalka. Abuuridda Guddiga isku xidhka SCO ah ayaa sidoo kale ansixiyay shirwaynihii, oo shaqadoodu ahayd in ay ka mid maalgelinta mashaariicda mustaqbalka. Kulanka ugu horeeya Its lagu qabtay Beijing, Shiinaha, bishii February 2006, iyo bishii November ee sanadkii la mid ah, waxa ay noqotay loo yaqaan ku saabsan horumarinta qorshaha Ruush ah ee loo yaqaan "SCO Energy Club." Baahida loo qabo in la abuuro xaqiijiyey ee shirwaynaha November 2007, si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka laga reebo Russia, ninna waajib ku ah in ay fuliso fikrad this, laakiin waxaa la ansixiyay shirwaynihii August 2008.

Summit 2007 hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda mahad initiative ee Parviz Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Iran ee Davoudi sida isagoo sheegay in SCO ah - meel aad u weyn in la qorsheeyo nidaamka bangiyada cusub kuma xirna caalamiga ah.

At shir June 2009 ee Yekaterinburg, taas oo wadamada SCO iyo BRICS (waagaas weli laga badiyo ay) lagu qabtay waqti isku mid ah, dawladda Shiinaha ku dhawaaqay qoondaynta xubnaha ururka of credit ee $ 10 billion si ay u xoojiyaan dhaqaalahooda iyada oo dhibaatada dhaqaale ee caalamka .

The hawlaha dalalka Ururka Iskaashiga Shanghai ah oo duurka ku ah dhaqanka

Ururka Iskaashiga Shanghai ayaa, marka lagu daro siyaasadeed, ciidan iyo dhaqaale, waa hawlo si firfircoon iyo dhaqanka. Kulankii ugu horeeyay ee SCO wasiirada dhaqanka ka dhacay Shiinaha ayaa caasimada Beijing ee April 2002. In koorsada waxaa ka mid ah u saxiixay war qoraal ah oo si wadajir ah xaqiijinaya sii iskaashiga ee arimahan.

Under-gelisay ee SCO ee Kazakhstan ee Astana sanadkii 2005, oo ay la socdaan shirwaynaha soo socda, marka hore lagu qabtay Arts Festival oo Exhibition. Kazakhstan ayaa sidoo kale dhigay soo jeedinta ah in la qabto waxa taladoodu hoos xafladda qoob ka Qoomka. Soo jeedinta la aqbalay, iyo iid ku qabtay Astana 2008.

Si aad u qabtaan shir a

Sida laga soo xigtay saxiixayaasha in ay Axdiga, kulanka Golaha SCO ee madaxda State ayaa la qabtay sanad walba ee magaalooyinka kala duwan ee dalalka ka qayb. Sidoo kale, dukumintiga soo jeedisay in Golaha Madaxda Dowladda (Ra'iisul Wasaarayaasha) ee haya shir sanadkiiba hal mar dalka reer Dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Ururka ka ahaa meesha ay go'aamiyeen xubnihiisa ka hor. Golaha Wasiirrada Arrimaha Dibadda waxaa laga sugayaa inay hal bil ka hor shirkii sanadlaha ah ee ay hayaan madaxdii gobolka. Haddii loo baahdo, dhaarinta ee kulan aan caadi ahayn ee Golaha Arrimaha Dibadda, waxa loo qabanqaabin karo at hindisaha ah labo kasta oo ka qayb Maraykanka.

Yaa ku biiri kartaa SCO ee mustaqbalka?

Si la ansixiyey ee xagaagii 2010 gelitaanka xubnaha cusub, laakiin ilaa hadda ma jiro ee kuwa doonaya in ay ku biiraan ururka dalalka xubin buuxda ma yeeleen. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah dalalka ay xubno ka ahaayeen shirkii SCO sida goobjoogayaasha. Oo iyana waxay muujiyeen xiisaha ay u galaan kooxda koowaad. Sidaas darteed, in mustaqbalka laga yaabaa inay noqdaan xubin ka mid ah, SCO ee Iran iyo Armenia. Arintaan, wakiil Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Tigran Sargsyan kula kulmay saaxiibkey ka Shiinaha ayaa ka hadlay xiisaha ay u helaan xaaladda observer ee Shanghai Ururada Caalamiga ah.

SCO goobjoogayaasha

Maanta, in xaaladda this ee ururka yihiin dalalka iman kara SCO iyo BRICS. Afghanistan, tusaale ahaan, isaga helay on Summit Beijing ee 2012. India ayaa sidoo kale u dhaqmo sida jooge ah iyo Russia, arkaan mid ka mid ah la-hawlgalayaasha istiraatiiji ugu muhiimsan ee mustaqbalka, iyada oo lagu dhiirigelinayaa in ay xubin buuxda ka tahay SCO noqon. Waxan la bilaabay waxaa taageeray by Ruushka iyo Shiinaha.

Waxay u dhaqmo sida jooge ah iyo Iiraan, kaas oo ahaa in ay xubin buuxda ee March 2008 noqday. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay Qaramada Midoobay ka dhigay xannibaad ku meel gaar ah ee nidaamka ansaxinta dalka SCO ah. Halabuurka The dalalka observer waxaa ka mid ah Mongolia iyo Pakistan. Arintaan ayaa sidoo kale doonaya in uu ku biiro ururka. go'an wuxuu taageeraa kooxda Ruushka si furan.

Partnership Dialogue

Xeerarka ku saabsan lammaane wada hadal u muuqday sanadkii 2008. Waxaa ku xusan qodobka 14 ee Axdiga. In iyada wadahadal lamaanahaaga waxa loo arkaa ururka gobolka ama caalamiga ah in aad wadaagtan mabaadiida iyo ujeeddooyinka raaciyey SCO ah, iyo sidoo kale xiiseynaya ee ay ku abuureen xiriir iskaashi wada faaiidaysanayo oo siman ah.

dalalka Kuwan waxaa Belarus iyo Sri Lanka heshay aqoonsi this 2009, inta lagu guda jiro shir ee Yekaterinburg. In 2012, xiligii uu socday shirkii Beijing ee, tiro ka mid ah la-hawlgalayaasha in wadahadalka Turkiga ku soo biiray.

Cooperation la West ah

Inta badan goobjoogayaasha Western yihiin ee ra'yi ah in SCO waa in la abuuro miisaan Maraykanka iyo in ay NATO si looga hortago colaadaha ay suurtagal tahay, jidaynayey Maraykanka in faragelin ugu hayso arrimaha gudaha ee dalalka deriska la ah - Russia iyo China. America isku dayay si aad u hesho xaaladda observer ee ururka, laakiin codsigaaga waa la diiday in 2006.

At shirkii 2005 ee Astana oo xidhiidh la leh falalka military ee Afghanistan iyo Ciraaq, iyo sidoo kale xaaladda aan la hubin oo ku saabsan joogitaanka Maraykanka ee ciidamada ee Kyrgyzstan iyo Uzbekistan, sheegashada ururka waxaa loo sameeyey in ay maamulka US saabsan waqtiga bixitaankii ciidamada ka dalalka xubnaha ka ah SCO ah . Ka dib markii Uzbekistan in lagu dhawaaqay codsi in la xiro saldhigga hawada K-2 ku dhulkeeda.

Inkasta oo ururka aan la sameeyey wax war toos ah oo ku saabsan Mareykanka falalka siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda muhiim ah oo ay joogaan gobolka, qaar ka mid ah weedhaha aan toos ahayn ugu danbeeyay ee lagu soo daweeyo warbaahinta reer galbeedka sida dhaleeceyn ah falalka Washington ee.

geopolitics SCO

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, mawduuca for comment iyo dood oo uu noqdo nooca ah geopolitical ururka.

Zbigneva Bzhezinskogo aragti ayaa sheegay in maamulka Eurasia - fure u tahay saldanad adduunka, iyo suuragalnimada in gacanta dalalka Central Asian xoog buu siiyaa si loo xakameeyo qaaradda Eurasian. Ogaanshaha waxa dalalka ku jira xubno ka mid ah SCO ah, waxaan dhihi karaa in, inkastoo ay gool qeexeen waayo, la dagaalanka xagjirnimada iyo hagaajinta ammaanka goobaha xuduudaha, ururka, sida laga soo xigtay khubaro, dadaal kasta oo la sameeyo si la isugu dheellitiro waxqabad ee NATO American iyo Bartamaha Aasiya .

In xilliga dayrta 2005, Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Ruushka Sergei Lavrov ayaa sheegay in dhaqanka ee ururka shaqada loogu talagalay sameynta si dunida oo kaliya oo buuxa iyo formation of model ah aasaas cusub ee is-dhexgalka geopolitical. Waxqabadkan waxaa loo sameeyay sida firfircoon uga sidoo kale shaqo ee la xiriira dhinacyada kale ee nolosha bulshada.

Warbaahinta dalka Shiinaha ayaa sheegay in, si waafaqsan Baaqa ka mid ah SCO iyo xubnihiisa waxaa looga baahan yahay si ay u siiyaan ammaanka gobolka, oo sidaas daraaddeed waxay ku boorinayaa West in aanay faragelin arrimaha ay. In si kale loo dhigo, wadamada Asia ay isu yimaadaan si ay u abuuraan kale hufan si ay bulshooyinka Yurub iyo kuwa caalamiga ah si ay u dhisaan iyaga u gaar ah, madax-bannaan oo bulshada Western caalamiga ah.