Muxaadarooyin sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay.

In sayniska Ruush iyo Western casriga wali aanu jirin su'aasha, waxa a muxaadarooyin sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay (MPP) jawaab waadix ah oo cad. Waxa intaa dheer in la'aanta ah ee qeexid saxda ah ee erayga, waxaa sidoo kale waa hab caadi ah in qaabka iyo dirka this fikirka qalafsan iyo multi-qayb. Tani waa qayb ahaan sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay oo jiray ilaa qarnigii XIX iyo tan iyo markaas ayaa isbedelo iyo transformations badan, oo uu leeyahay ee la soo dhaafay hodan taariikhiga ah.

alifay ee ereyga si hagaagsan u yeelaan Garsoore Maxkamadda ah United States Sare, Professor at Harvard Dzh.Stori, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in qeybtii hore ee qarnigii XIX oo uu macalin on Law International Private. Oo waagaas, ee dalka Mareykanka erayga loo isticmaalo oo ay la socdaan fikrad kale oo muddo dheer jira ee "colaadda sharciyada". Dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah, xilli uu ka soo dhaqaaqay shareecada Maraykanka iyo dalalka Old World. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in School Yurub fikirkan ayaa la micneeyey xoogaa ka duwan: sida set oo ah xeerarka colaadda, ee la xidhiidha jiritaanka xiriirka u dhexeeya shakhsiyaadka ee Maraykanka oo kala duwan, oo ay khuseyso marka nooc kala duwan ee shaqsiyaadka xiriirka ka mid element waxa loogu yeero shisheeye. fasiraadda noocan oo kale ah ee fikirka ah muxaadarooyin sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay dhawrayay sayniska Yurub ilaa maantadan la joogo.

cilmibaadhe oo Maraykan ah R.Deyvis iyo M.Garrison fiirso ereyada "colaadda sharciyada" iyo "sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay" xiriira iyo aad u la mid ah ee dabiiciga ah. Labada of fikradaha kuwaas, oo ay view, waxaa ka mid ah set oo ah xeerarka sharciga ah in ku haboon ee wax looga qabanayo arrimaha ay ka mid ka mid ah qayb dhexgalka qowimiyadaha, sida maxkamadda of State ah, oo waa in lagu xalliyo muranka sharciga iyo xuquuqda gobolka, taas oo noqon waa in haddii ay taasi ku dalban.

In dalka, muxaadarooyin, sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale ka jirta qarnigii XIX ah. kaalin weyn horumarinta aagga this shareecada bandhigay cilmiga tayo Ruush FF Martens. Dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ee, uu daabacay shuqulkiisa u fiican "sharciga caalamiga ah Modern quruumaha ilbaxnimada." Tani waxay gabi ahaanba horumarsan oo hami ay waqti, buugga ku jira qaybta oo dhan heegan u ah sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay. Martens gaar ah laba calaamadaha muhiimka ah ee MCHP: dabeecada rayidka ah iyo element caalamiga is beddelin.

Sida loogu yeero ee xiriirka hay'ad laga yaabaa, tusaale ahaan, wax kasta oo shakhsi, haysashada jinsiyad dal kale (heer qaran, qaxooti shisheeye ah, qof bilaa, muwaadiniinta dual), hay'ad shisheeye, noocyo kala duwan ah iyo asluubta ee dowladda iyo hay'adaha aan dawliga ahayn, iyo dalka shisheeye xitaa dhan.

Xaaladaha qaarkood, laan ka mid ah sharciga caalamiga ah la soo gudboonaado xaaladaha sida, marka hay'ad sharci waxa uu ku yaalaa dibadda. Tani waxaa laga yaabaa in, tusaale ahaan, hantida maguurtada ah, perehodimoe dhaxlay, oo dibadda waa. Sida loo wajaho kiiskan ka eegaya dhinaca sharciga ah ku xiran tahay, dabcan, on taas oo wakiillo ka socda labada dal ee ku lug leh arintan. Laakiin doorka sharciyeed kiiskan ciyaaray by sharciyada sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay, taas oo ka caawisaa si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka heer sare marka la eego aqoonta sharciyeed.

Waxay jeelyihiin in soo noqnoqda ayaa sidoo kale kiisaska ka mid ah ama xaqiiqda sharci ah ama xidhiidhka sharci sharci ma aha dhul of State ee su'aasha, oo ka shisheeya kale. Tusaale ahaan, muwaadin u dhashay Russia, halka dibadda, oo ku lug leh safarka gaadiidka ee waddooyinka iyo ugu danbeyn helay dhaawacyo kasta. Xaaladdan oo kale waa uun sawir ugu fiican ee gobolka oo ay ku jiraan sharci iyo baadhayaa sida codsatay muxaadarooyin sayniska ee sharciga caalamiga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay.