OPEC: deciphering iyo qabanqaabinta hawlaha. List of dalalka - xubno ka mid ah OPEC

Qaab-dhismeedka loo yaqaan OPEC, deciphering gaabiyey oo, in mabda, la yaqaan in badan oo, door aad u weyn in saaxadda caalamiga ah ee ganacsiga. Marka ururkan loo abuuray? Waa maxay arrimaha ugu waaweyn ka danbeeya dhismaha this dhismeedka caalami ah? arrimuhu maanta, oo muujineysa hoos u dhaca qiimaha saliidda, waxaan dhihi karaa waa in la saadaalin karo oo sidaas daraaddeed gacanta for dhoofinta maanta ee "dahabka madow"? Ama itimaalka sare ah wadamada OPEC - jilaaga saaxadda siyaasadeed ee caalamka, waxaa lagu qasbay in ay xisaabtamin mudnaanta quruumaha kale?

OPEC: warbixin guud

Waa maxay OPEC? Deciphering gaabiyey waa mid fudud ilaa xad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka hor waa inaad u samaysaa, waa inuu noqdaa si sax ah u transliterate galay English - OPEC. Hel - Ururka dal. Or, Ururka dal. Ururku wuxuu caalamiga abuuray awoodaha saliidda ugu weyn ee ujeeddada, sida ay leeyihiin falanqeeyayaasha, saamaynta on suuqa ee "dahabka madow" ee dhinaca of, gaar ahaan, qiimaha.

xubnaha OPEC - 12 dalalka. iyaga waxaa ka mid ah dalalka Bariga Dhexe - Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Ciraaq, Kuwait, Imaaraadka Carabta, saddex dal oo ka Africa - Algeria, Nigeria, Angola, Liibiya iyo Venezuela iyo Ecuador, kaasoo ku yaala South America. xarunta dhexe ee ururka haddii ay taasi ku yaalla caasimadda dalka Austria - Vienna. The Organization of Petroleum dal la aasaasay 1960-kii. By xilligan hadda wadamada OPEC xakameeyo 40% ka mid ah dunida dhoofinta "dahabka madow".

History of OPEC

OPEC oo la asaasay magaalada caasimadda Ciraaq ee Baghdad, bishii September 1960-kii. Fikrada ah Abuurkiisa noqday dhoofinta saliidda waaweyn ee adduunka ee - Iran, Ciraaq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait iyo Venezuela. Sida taariikhyahanadu casriga rumaysan, muddo marka xogta gobolka lagu sameeyey hindisaha baahisey beegantay waqti marka waxaa jiray habka firfircoon ee furayo. dhulal hore ee ku tiirsan kala yimid wadamada hooyo labadaba siyaasadeed oo marka la eego dhaqaale.

suuqa saliidda dunida ayaa waxaa ay gacanta ku shirkadaha inta badan reer galbeedka, sida saylidda, Chevron, Mobil. Waxaa xaqiiqo dhab ah oo taariikhi ah - burcad ah ee shirkadaha waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan la odhan jiray, go'aan si loo yareeyo qiimaha "dahabka madow". Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u tahay baahida loo qabo in la yareeyo kharashka kirada saliidda. Sidaas darteed, wadamada ku adkeeyey OPEC dhigay gool - si ay u awoodaan si ay u xakameeyaan khayraadka dabiiciga ah oo ay ka heleen ay saameyn ku leeyihiin shirkadaha dunida ugu weyn. Intaa waxaa dheer, in 60 sano, sida ay leeyihiin falanqeeyayaasha qaar ka mid ah, dhaqaalaha dunida oo aan soo maray sida baahida sare oo saliid - sahayda ka badan baahida loo qabo. Oo maxaa yeelay hawl OPEC ayaa waxaa loogu tala galay in looga hortago in hoos u dhac ku yimid qiimaha caalamiga ah for "dahabka madow".

Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee la aasaasay Xoghaynta OPEC. Waxa uu "qoray" in Geneva, Switzerland, laakiin 1965 "dhaqaaqay" ee Vienna. In 1968, kulan oo ka mid ah OPEC, kaas oo qaatay Baaqa siyaasadda saliidda. Waxa ay ka tarjumaysaa xaq u of States lagu maamulo khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee qaranka. By waqtiga ururka biiray dhoofinta kale ee waaweyn oo saliid ah oo adduunka ah - Qadar, Liibiya, Indonesia iyo United Arab Emirates. In 1969, Algeria biiray OPEC.

Sida laga soo xigtay khubaro badan, saamaynta OPEC ee suuqa caalamiga ah ee saliidda waxaa si gaar ah kor u kacay 70 sano. Tani waxa ay ahayd in badan sabab u xaqiiqda ah in la xakameeyo soo saarka saliidda wareegay dawladaha dalalka ku jira ururka. Sida falanqeeyayaasha, gelin sannadahaas, OPEC runtii si toos ah saameyn ku yeelan kartaa qiimaha adduunka ee "dahabka madow" ku. Sanadkii 1976, Sanduuqa OPEC ayaa loo abuuray, oo mas'uul ka ah horumarinta caalamiga ah qabtid wax su'aalo ah. In 70 th ururka ku biirtay dalal kale oo dhowr ah - laba Afrika (Nigeria, Gabon), mid ka mid ah South America - Ecuador.

By ka 80s hore ', sicirka saliidda dunida gaadhay marks mid aad u sarreeya, laakiin sannadkii 1986 ayay bilaabeen inay hoos u. xubnaha OPEC markii qaar ka mid ah hoos u share suuqa caalamiga ah ee "dahabka madow". Tani waxay keentay, sida uu u sheegay qaar ka mid ah falanqeeyayaasha, dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale oo muhiim ah dalalka ka tirsan ururka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by hore '90s, qiimaha saliidda u sara kacay - kala bar heer ah in la gaaray ee hore' 80s. Saamiga OPEC ee qeybta caalamiga ah sidoo kale waxay bilaabeen inay koraan. Khubarada waxay aaminsan yihiin in saamayn noocaas ah ayaa inta badan sabab u hordhaca ah ee ka kooban noocan oo kale ah ee siyaasadda dhaqaalaha, sida kootada. habka binta ku salaysan ee loo yaqaan "dambiisha ee OPEC" ayaa lagu soo bandhigay iyo sidoo.

In 90-sano ee qiimaha saliidda caalamiga ah oo dhan ma ahaayeen, sida laga soo xigtay khubaro badan oo, wax yar ka hooseeya laga filayo ee dalalka ka tirsan ururka. ooday A weyn koritaanka qiimaha "dahabka madow" ayaa noqday dhibaatada dhaqaale ee koonfur bari Asia ee 1998-1999. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by dhamaadka 90 gaarka ah ee warshadaha badan waxay bilaabeen inay dalbadaan khayraadka saliidda dheeraad ah. Waxaa jiray shirkadaha tamarta-degdeg ah oo aad u, habka of Caalamiyeynta ayaa noqotay gaar ahaan u daran. Tani, sida laga soo xigtay khubaro, ayaa abuuray qaar ka mid ah xaaladaha qiimaha saliidda koritaanka si degdeg ah. Ogsoonow in 1998 xaaladda observer ee OPEC helay Russia - dhoofisaa saliid, ayaa mid ka mid ah ugu weyn ee waqtiga oo ka mid ah ciyaartoyda caalamiga ah ee suuqa ee "dahabka madow". In ka '90s ka urur soo baxeen inay Gabon, ayaa joojisay hawlihii ay ka dhismeedka Ecuador, OPEC.

In 2000 hore, qiimaha saliidda dunida waxay bilaabeen inay si tartiib tartiib ah ku kici oo ay muddo dheer ku filan deggan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ugu dhakhsaha badan bilaabay ay koritaanka saa'idka ah, kuwaas oo gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee 2008. By waqtiga OPEC galay Angola. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 2008, maratay xoojiyey arrimaha dhibaatooyinka. In xilliga dayrta ee 2008 qiimaha "dahabka madow" heerka 2000 hore u dhacay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta lagu guda jiro 2009-2010 qiimaha haddana soo sara kacay iyo sii waday in ay noqon heer in dhoofinta saliidda waaweyn, sida dhaqaaleyahannada waxay yidhaahdaan, waxay xaq u leeyihiin in la tixgeliyo ugu raaxo. In 2014, ay sabab u adag oo ka mid ah qodobada, sicirka saliidda ayaa si tartiib ah hoos u dhacay heerka bartamihii 2000-. OPEC hase ahaatee wuxuu sii waday inuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaro suuqa caalamiga ah ee "dahabka madow".

Ujeeddooyinka hawlaha OPEC

Sida aan kor ku sheegnay, marka hore si ay u abuuraan OPEC ahaa oo xukunkii ku kheyraadka dalka, iyo saameynta uu ku isbeddellada caalamiga ah ee saliidda qiimaha-gabal. Sida falanqeeyayaasha casriga rumaysan, aasaas, goolkii this ayaa tan iyo markii la bedelay. Waxaa ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu wayn, haddaan lagu darin weyn, in OPEC ah - kaabayaasha qaybinta saliidda, dakhliga maalgashiga wanaagsan ka dhoofinta "dahabka madow".

OPEC ciyaaryahan ee garoonka siyaasadda dunida

xubnaha OPEC ka mideysan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka a in uu leeyahay xaaladda urur goboleedyada. Taasi waa sida ay u diiwaan gashan ee Qaramada Midoobay. Horeba in sannadaha hore ee OPEC ayaa la aasaasay xiriirka Golaha QM ee dhaqaalaha iyo bulshada, wuxuu noqday ku lug Shirka Qaramada Midoobay ee Ganacsiga iyo Horumarka. Dhowr jeer sannadkii, shirarka la qabtaa iyadoo ka qaybgalka dalalka posts sare oo ka tirsan dowladda ka tirsan OPEC. Noocan ah dhacdooyinka waxaa loogu talagalay in ay ka shaqeeyaan istaraatijiyad si wadajir ah in hawlaha dhismaha dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan suuqa caalamka.

kaydka Oil ee OPEC

xubnaha OPEC leeyihiin guud ahaan kaydka oo saliid ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay in ka badan 1,199 trillion oo foosto. Waxay ku saabsan tahay 60-70% ka mid ah kaydka adduunka. Isla mar ahaantaana, sida khubarada qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin, kaliya Venezuela ayaa gaaray heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee wax soo saarka saliidda. Dalalka kale ee ay leeyihiin OPEC xataa kordhin kartaa waxqabadkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ra'yiga khubaro ah oo ku saabsan fursadaha kobcitaanka saarka casriga ah ee "dahabka madow" dalalka Ururka la'aantiis. Qaar waxay yidhaahdaan in dowladaha in ay qayb ka yihiin OPEC, ayaa dooni doona inay kordhiyaan tilmaamayaasha ku habboon - si ay u ilaaliyaan booska hadda ka jirta suuqa caalamka.

Xaqiiqada ah in Mareykanka ay hadda - Dalalka Petroleum Dhoofiya (inta badan la xiriira nooca Shale saliid), kaas oo awood u leh in cadaadis weyn saareen wadamada OPEC oo adduunka ah. Falanqeeyayaasha kale ay aaminsan yihiin in kororka wax soo saarka waa dal aan wax tar lahayn tirsan Ururka - korodhka sahayda suuqa hoos u dhaca qiimaha for "dahabka madow".

Qaab maarayneed

arrin xiiso leh waxbarasho ee OPEC - sifooyinka ururka nidaamyada maamulka. Taasoo keentay FIFA OPEC ee - Shirka ka mid ah dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Isugu sida caadiga ah waa 2 jeer sannadkii. Kulanka OPEC in format shirka waxaa ka mid ah dood ku saabsan arrimaha la xiriira la wareegay urur oo ka mid ah dalalka cusub, ansaxinta miisaaniyadda, ballamaha shaqaalaha. mawduucyo kulul Shirka formulates, sida caadiga ah, Guddiga of Governors. Qaab dhismeedka Tani waxay sidoo kale gacanta ku hirgelinta xal ansixiyey. Dhismaha Guddiga Guddoomiyayaasha - waaxaha qaar ka mid ah oo mas'uul ka ah kala duwan oo gaar ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha khuseeyo.

Waa maxay "dambiisha" qiimaha saliid ah?

Kor aynu ayaa sheegay in mid ka mid ah ciyaartoyda diirada u qiimo dalalka Ururka qabanayo waxa loogu yeero "dambiisha" a. Waa maxay? Ma xisaabta ay ka dhigan tahay inta u dhaxaysa dhowr magac oo saliid ah bixiyay in dalalka kala duwan ee OPEC. Deciphering magacyadooda inta badan la xidhiidha astaanta ah - "light" ama "culus", sidoo kale Gobolka ka soo jeedo. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa jira Dhuxul Carabta Light - saliid laambadda lagu soo saaray in Saudi Arabia. Waxaa Iran culus - culus saliid of Iran jeedo. Waxaa jira noocyo sida Kuwait dhoofinta, Qatar Marine. Qiimaha ugu badan ee ah "dambiisha" gaareen bishii July 2008 - 140.73 dollars.

kootada

Waxaan ogaanney in dhaqanka ee xaadirka ah Ururka kootada. Waa maxay tahay? Tani waxay xanibaad ku soo saarka saliidda maalin kasta oo ka mid ah dalalka. Waxa ay size kala duwanaan karaan iyadoo ay ku saleysan oo ka mid ah kulamada muhiimka ah ee maamulka hay'adaha. Guud ahaan, marka yaraynta kootada ah ay jirto sabab lagu filan yaraanta sahayda suuqa dunida iyo, iyada oo sababtu tahay, u kaca qiimaha. Taa baddalkeeda, haddii xadka u dhiganta isma badelin ama kordho, qiimaha for "dahabka madow" muuqdaan laga yaabaa inuu hoos u.

OPEC iyo Russia

Sida la og yahay, dhoofinta ugu weyn oo saliid ah oo adduunka ah - ma ahan dalka OPEC oo kaliya. In mid ka mid ah alaab-qeybiyeyaasha ugu weyn caalamka ee "dahabka madow" Russia waa mid ka mid ah suuqa caalamiga ah. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in qaar ka mid ah sano ee u dhexeeya dalka iyo Ururka ayaa xiriirka hor imaad. Tusaale ahaan, OPEC sheegashada waxaa laga sameeyey dhanka ah Moscow ee 2002 - si loo yareeyo wax soo saarka saliidda, iyo sidoo kale hirgelintiisa in suuqa caalamka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida ku cad tirakoobka dadweynaha, dhoofinta "dahabka madow" ee Ruushka ka joogo ficil ahaan ma la dhimay, laakiin on lid ku ah, ayaa koray.

iska hor imaad Ruush iyo this dhismeedka caalamiga ah, falanqeeyayaasha ayaa sidaa leh, ayaa joojiyay inta lagu guda jiro koritaanka degdegga ah ee qiimaha shidaalka ee bartamihii 2000-. Tan iyo markaas, oo u dhexeeya Russia iyo Ururka guud ahaan waxaa jira u janjeera in ay beesha - labada heer ee wada tashi iskaashi iyo in dhinaca ganacsiga saliidda. OPEC iyo Russia - dhoofinta ee "dahabka madow". Guud ahaan, waa macquul in danahooda istaraatiijiyadeed ee kulanka caalamiga ah ee saaxadda.

rajada

Waa maxay rajada ee iskaashi dheeraad ah oo u dhexeeya dawladaha, non-OPEC? Kelmadaha of gaabiyey la inagu siiyey bilowga ugu horreeya ee maqaalka ayaa sheegay in ku salaysan danaha caamka ah ee dalalka ay ku adkeeyey oo ay sii wadaan si ay u taageeraan hawlaha ururka - gaar ahaan dhoofinta "dahabka madow". Isla mar ahaantaana, sida qaar ka mid ah falanqeeyayaasha casri ah, si ay u sii xoojiya xeelado ganacsi, oo ay weheliso fulinta danaha siyaasadeed ee qaranka ee dalalka ka tirsan ururka sannadaha soo socda yeelan doonaan ayaa sidoo kale la views dalalka saliidda-galinta tiriyaan. Maxaa lagu xidhi karaa?

First of dhan, xaqiiqada ah in a laga keeno saliid raaxo dalalka in ay u baahan tahay - xaalad u tahay horumarka dhaqaalahooda. horumariyo nidaamka dhaqaalaha qaranka, koboca wax soo saarka - qiimaha saliid ma dhici doonaan hoos eksperterov ah muhiim u ah "dahabka madow" sumadda. Taa baddalkeeda, sara kacaan in kharashka wax soo saarka, kuwaas oo inta badan ku dhacaa sabab u tahay qiimaha shidaalka xad-dhaaf ah, iyadoo itimaalka sare waxay keeni doontaa in la xiro xarumaha tamarta-degdeg ah, ay casriyeynta ay guushu ku lug of ilo tamareed oo kale. Taa awgeed - qiimaha saliidda caalamiga ah hoos laga yaabaa. Sidaa darteed, leitmotif ugu weyn ee horumarinta dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah wadamada OPEC, sida ay khubaro badan - taasi waa tanaasul macquul ah oo u dhexeeya xaqiijinta danaha qaran iyo booska uu ka dalalka loo dhoofiyo ah "dahabka madow".

Waxaa jira hal dhibic kale oo view. Sida laga soo xigtay iyada si, saliid ma noqon doonto mid lagu beddelan karo in ay labaatankii sano ee soo socda. Oo maxaa yeelay, ururada dalka ay fursad kasta si ay u xoojiso booska saaxadda caalamiga ah ee ganacsiga, iyo kadis ah sidoo kale ka heli faa'iidooyinka ee dhinaca of xaqiijinta danaha siyaasadeed. Guud ahaan, la downturns suurto gal muddo gaaban, qiimaha saliidda ku sii jiri doona sare oo ku saleysan baahida Ujeedada wax soo saar leh dhaqaalaha, sicir bararka, iyo xaaladaha qaarkood, horumarinta xad tartiib ah kayd cusub. Hindise muddo sanado ah qaar ka mid ah oo aan socon karto baahida.

Sidoo kale waxaa jira hal dhibic ka saddexaad ee view. Sida laga soo xigtay iyada si, meel dheeraad ah oo faa'iido laga yaabaa in kaliya ee dalalka saliidda-galinta isla. Xaqiiqada ah in tirooyinka hadda qiimaha "dahabka madow", sida ay leeyihiin falanqeeyayaasha, u hoggaansanaayeen fikradda su'aashu waa ku dhowaad oo gebi ahaanba kuteen. Iyo xaalado badan - waa kuwo la maareyn. Kharash-ool ah qiimaha adduunka ee ganacsiga saliidda shirkadaha qaar ka mid ah - 25 doolar. Tani waxay aad uga yar tahay xitaa qiimaha hadda "dahabka madow" waa mid aad u badan tahay raaxo ee miisaaniyadda ee dalal badan oo dhoofinta. Iyo sababta oo ah ururka dalka ee qaab dhismeedka of fikradda by khubaro qaar ka mid ah ka ciyaaraan door ee ciyaaryahan Ma hakin karaan shuruudaha looga baahan. Waxaa intaa dheer, ilaa xad ah oo ku tiirsan tahay mudnaanta siyaasadeed ee dalal badan oo saliid-galinta.

Ogsoonow in kasta oo ka mid ah saddexda dhibcood ee view ka tarjumaysaa kaliya malo ah ee aragtida ka hadlay sida ay khubaro kala duwan. suuqa saliidda - mid ka mid ah ugu aan la saadaalin karin. Saadaasha ku saabsan qiimaha "dahabka madow" iyo saaray khubaro Weeraryahanka kala duwan, ayaa laga yaabaa inuu si buuxda duwana.