Organelles Non-xuub: dhismaha iyo shaqada

Dhammaan unugyada noolaha ka kooban yihiin xuub plasma ah, xuduntii iyo cytoplasm. ee la soo dhaafay waa organelles iyo inclusions. Organelles - formation joogto ah ee unugyada, kuwaasoo mid walba uu u qabata hawlaha gaarka ah. Inclusions - dhismayaasha ku meel gaar ah in ka kooban yahay inta badan ee glycogen in xoolaha iyo istaarijka ee dhirta. Waxay qabtaan shaqada gurmad ah. Inclusions noqon kartaa labadaba cytoplasm iyo furta oo ah organelles shaqsi sida chloroplasts.

organelles soocidda

Iyadoo ku xiran qaab dhismeedka, waxay u qaybsan yihiin laba kooxood oo waaweyn. In xuub sii daayo Cytology iyo organelles non-xuub. marka hore waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba kooxaha: odnomembrannye iyo dvumembrannye.

By odnomembrannym organelles ka mid ah reticulum endoplasmic (reticulum), qalab Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, kiishka, melanosomes.

By dvumembrannym kaalinta sida organelles mitochondria iyo plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts). Waxay leeyihiin qaab aad u adag, oo ma aha oo kaliya ay sabab u tahay jiritaanka laba xuubka. Ay ka kooban ayaa sidoo kale noqon kartaa jooga iyo xataa organelles oo dhan iyo DNA. Tusaale ahaan, in furta oo ah mitochondria iyo ribosomes lagu arkay laga yaabaa mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

Waayo, non-xuub organelles ka mid ah ribosomes, xarunta unugga (centriole), microtubules iyo microfilaments.

organelles Non-xuub: function

Ribosomes loo baahan yahay si synthesize protein. Waxay masuul ka ah geeddi-socodka tarjumaadda yihiin, ie, deciphering macluumaadka waa in RNA wargeeyskii, iyo formation of silsilado polypeptide ah acids amino shakhsiga.

xarunta Cell ku lug leh dhismaha dunmiiqa mitotic. Waxaa la soo saaray ee geedi socodka of meiosis iyo maytosis.

organelles noocan oo kale ah non-xuub sida cytoskeleton microtubule waxaa la aasaasay. Waxa fuliya hawlaha dhismaha iyo gaadiidka. On dusha sare ee microtubules laga yaabaa guurto sida walxaha gaar ah, iyo organelles oo dhan, sida mitochondria. geedi socodka gaadiidka dhacdaa isticmaalaya borotiinada khaas ah laguna magacaabo motor. Xarunta abaabulka Microtubule waa centriole ah.

Microfilaments ka qaybqaadan karaan geeddi-socodka beddelo qaabka gacanta, iyo sidoo kale baahida loo qabo in ay u guuraan qaar ka mid ah noolaha hal-unuglaha sida amoeba. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, mid ka mid sameysmi karaa noocyo kala duwan oo qaabab kuwaas oo hawlaha aan si buuxda u fahamsan yahay.

Qaab-dhismeedka

Sida magacaba ka muuqata, organelles non-xuub leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka xuubka. Waxay ka kooban yihiin borotiinada. Oo iyaga qaarkood kalena waxaa ku jira acids nucleic.

Dhismaha ribosome ah

Kuwani organelles non-xuub waxaa laga helaa on darbiyada reticulum ku endoplasmic. Ribosome uu leeyahay qaab goobaabin, ay ballaciisu yahay 100-200 Angstroms. Kuwani organelles non-xuub ka kooban yihiin laba qaybood (subunits) - waaweyn iyo kuwa yaryar. Marka ribosome ma shaqeeyaan, ay yihiin oo kala duwan. Si ay weheliso, si taxadar leh jiritaanka magnesium ama calcium udhigo in cytoplasm ah.

Mararka qaarkood, in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee u taagoo weyn protein ribosomal lagu dari karaa kooxo yeedhay polyribosomes ama polysomes. Tirada ribosomes iyaga oo ku kala duwanaan karaa 4-5 si 70-80, taas oo ku xiran of Britain protein ah in uu ku dhexsameeysmo iyaga by.

Ribosomes ka kooban borotiinka iyo rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), oo u taagoo biyo iyo udhigo biraha (calcium ama magnesium).

Dhismaha xarunta unugga

In eukaryotes, kuwaas organelles non-xuub ka kooban yihiin laba qaybood, loo yaqaan centrosomes, iyo tsentrosfery - goobaha lagu shido ee cytoplasm ku wareegsan centrioles ah. Si ka duwan dacwadda la ribosomes of organelle this waxaa sida caadiga ah ku biireen. Samee laba centrosomes yeedhay diplosome.

centrosome kasta oo uu ka kooban yahay microtubules in dhexdiisa galay qaab cylindrical.

Dhismaha microfilaments iyo microtubules

The ugu horeysay waxay ka kooban yihiin actin iyo contractile kale borotiinada sida myosin, tropomyosin iyo kuwa kale.

Microtubules waa dhululubada dheer, madhan gudaha, taas oo ka centrioles si cidhifyada gacanta ku koraan. Ay dhexroor - 25 nm, oo dhererkeeduna wuxuu noqon karaa mid ka dhowr nanomitir dhowr milimitir ku xiran tahay xajmiga iyo hawlaha gacanta. Kuwani organelles non-xuub ka kooban yihiin ugu horrayn of tubulin protein ah.

Microtubules waa organelles deganayn si joogto ah la beddelo. Way xajiyeen lagu daray-dhamaadka iyo dhamaadka xun. Midkii kowaad wuxuu si joogto ah laftiisa qabsadey Britain tubulin ah, iyo ka labaad ee ay si joogta ah ku dhegay.

Formation of organelles non-xuub

Mas'ul ka ah formation of nucleolus ku ribosome. Waa formation of RNA ribosomal, qaab-dhismeedka kaas oo la encoded by DNA ribosomal ku yaal gobollada koromosoomyada gaar ah. The borotiinada uu ka samaysan yahay organelles kuwan waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo cytoplasm ah. Intaas ka dib, waxay waxaa loo qaadaa endosome ah, halkaas oo ay weheliso RNA ee ribosomal, la xirrira subunit waaweyn iyo kuwa yaryar. Markaas organelles diyaar u guurto cytoplasm ah, ka dibna on darbiyada reticulum endoplasmic xunxunna.

xarunta Cell joogo in gacanta tan iyo markii la aasaasay. Waxaa la aasaasay qeybi gacanta hooyada.

gunaanad

Sida gunaanad, waxaan ku soo bandhigaynaa miiska kooban.

Haddaba sidaas daraaddeed waxaad ogaan dhan oo ku saabsan organelles non-xuub, taas waxaa laga heli karaa labadaba dhirta iyo xayawaanka iyo unugyada fangas.