Taariikhda physics, taariikhda, physicists iyo daahfurtay in ay

Inkastoo taariikhda physics sida sayniska madax banaan bilaabay keliya qarnigii XVII ah, asal ahaan ay yihiin jeer aad qadiimiga ah, marka ay dadka bilaabeen inay abaabulaan uu aqoonta ugu horreeya oo ku saabsan aduunka ku xeeran. Ilaa wakhtiga casriga ah ay iska leeyihiin falsafad dabiiciga ah iyo ka mid macluumaad ku saabsan farsamo, xiddigaha iyo jirka. Taariikhda dhabta ah ee physics ayaa bilaabay in ay tijaabo Galileo iyo xertiisii mahad. Waxaa sidoo kale aasaaskii anshaxa waxaa la aasaasay by Newton.

In ka XVIII iyo qarnigii XIX, waxaa jiray fikradaha muhiimka ah: .. Energy, mass, atamka, dardar, iwm In qarnigii XX ahaa xadeynta cad ee physics classical (ka sokow waxa ay asalkiisu ka soo jeedo physics galmada, aragti relativity, aragtida ah ee microparticles, iwm ...). aqoon saafi ah waxaa kaabaya iyo maanta, sida ay wali jiraan arrimo badan oo aan la xalin iyo su'aalo ku saabsan nooca dunida cilmibaadhayaal iyo caalamka oo dhan.

Qarniyadii

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah diimaha jaahilka ah ee dunida qadiimiga ah ee ku salaysan cilmi falaga iyo xiddigiyayaashii aqoon. Thanks to indhaynta Habeenkii cirka ay waxaa noqday optics. raasamaal aqoonta ah sumalka uguma aan balse saamayn ku yeelan kara horumarinta xisaabta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aragti ahaan sharaxo sababaha dhacdo dabeeci ah kari waayay qadiimiga ah. Wadaadada loo aaneeyey inay u hillaac iyo qoraxda dhaafay rikoor uu cadho rabaani ah in waxba kuma laha sayniska lahaa.

Isla mar ahaantaana, aan ay barteen in ay ka qiyaastaa meel dhererkeedu, miisaanka iyo xaglaha Baydka Masar. Cilmi Tani waxa ay ahayd lagama maarmaan u ah injineero in dhismaha Silanyo taariikhi oo macbudyo. Horumarinta Farsamoyaqaan codsatay. Strong iyada ahaayeen reer Baabuloon. Waxa kale oo ku salaysan aqoontooda ah sumalka uguma, waxay bilaabeen in ay isticmaalaan maalintii si loo qiyaaso waqtiga.

taariikhda Chinese da'da physics bilaabay in VII qarnigii BC ah. e. Waayo-aragnimo u ururay ee farsamada gacanta iyo dhismaha waxaa la hoos geliyey falanqaynta cilmiyaysan, natiijada oo la soo bandhigay in qoraaladii falsafada. The ugu caansan ee qoraaga waxaa loo arkaa inay Mo-SUNTZU, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in BC qarnigii IV ah. e. Oo wuxuu kaloo sameeyey isku day the first to dejinayaan sharci asaasiga ah ee tiiro. Xataa markaas, Chinese ugu horeysay abuurtay wareegsan. Waxay ogaadeen sharciyada optics joomatari, iyo ogaa oo ku saabsan jiritaanka obscura camera ah. In Shiinaha muuqday horreeya oo aragti music iyo codka, kaas oo wakhti dheer ah, ma aan ogayn West ah.

Qarniyadii

taariikhda hore ee physics wanaagsan ee loo yaqaan for the faylosuufiinta Greek. Ay daraasad ay ku salaysan tahay aqoon joomateri iyo aljebrada. Tusaale ahaan, Pythagoreans ee ugu horeeyay ee u sheegi dabeecadda in ku xiran yahay sharciyada caalamiga ah ee xisaabta. qaabkani Gariigba arkay in optics, xiddigaha, music, makaanikada iyo nidaamo kale.

Taariikhda horumarka physics si dhib leh lagu fekerin aan shuqullada Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes, iyo haadbiyoodda, iyo Lucretius. qoraalladooda ayaa ka badbaaday in times our hab ku filan guud. faylosuufiinta Greek ka saffarro uu ka yimid wadamada kale khilaafeen si ay u sharax sharciyada physics ma aha fikradaha-awaalka, laakiin si adag marka xaga cilmiga of view. Isla mar ahaantaana dadka Gariigta ah waxaa kaloo jiray qaladaad waa weyn. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah makaanikada ee Aristotle. Taariikhda horumarka physics sida sayniska ku leedahay waxyaalo badan oo ay aqoon yahanno reer Greece, haddii oo kaliya sababtoo ah falsafada dabiiciga hadhay ku salaysan sayniska caalamiga ah ilaa qarnigii XVII ah.

tabarruc The ahaa Gariig fara Iskanderiya ka

atamka Demokrit diyaariyey aragtida ah, sida laga soo xigtay oo jidhkooda oo dhan ka kooban yihiin qayb yar oo qaybin karo. Empedocles jeediyay sharciga ilaalinta ee arrinta. Wuxuu aasaas u hydrostatics Archimedes iyo makaanikada dhigay, soo bandhiga aragtida ah ee buugiisa, iyo xisaabinta baaxadda sabaynta ee dareeraha. Waxa uu ahaa qoraaga dheer "xarunta of cuf" ah.

Alexandria Greek iyo haadbiyoodda iyo waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah injineerada ugu weyn ee taariikhda aadanaha. Wuxuu u abuuray Eebe marawaxadaha uumi aqoon soo koobay oo ka mid ah barti iyo compressibility of gaasas hawada. Taariikhda physics iyo optics inay sii Euclid mahad, sahamiyaan aragtida ah ee muraayadaha iyo sharciyada aragtida.

qarniyadii dhexe

Ka dib markii dayrta ee Boqortooyada Roomaanka yimid burburto ilbaxnimo ee qadiimiga ah. xirfado badan ayaa la illoobay. Europe ku dhowaad kun sannadood, joojiyay in ay horumarka sayniska. Macbudyo aqoonta noqday Biyac Christian, kuwaas oo maamula si ay u sii qaar ka mid ah shuqulladii ee la soo dhaafay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horumarka u daahisay kaniisadda laftiisa. Waxay addeecin falsafadda ah cilmiga fiqi ahaaneed. Aqoon yahanno, kuwaasoo isku dayay in uu tago waxaa ka baxsan sheegay in kufaar ah oo si xun u ciqaabay by aarguda ah.

Against asalka this, waxaa labaya oo ka mid ah cilmiga dabiiciga ah ayaa ka gudbay u ah Muslimiinta. Taariikhda ah ee physics baadiyaha ah ee la xidhiidha tarjumaadda luqad shuqullada culimada Giriigga ee hore ay. On ku salaysan aqoon yahanno of East iyagoo aan uga Yeellay Qaarkiin daahfurtay muhiim ah oo iyaga u gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, Al Jazeera ayaa ku tilmaamay hindisa ee crankshaft ugu horeysay.

fadhiidka Yurub socday ilaa Renaissance ah. Inta lagu guda jiro qarniyadii dhexe ee World Old ayaa abuurtay koob oo sharraxaan asalka ah ee qaansoroobaad. Jarmal qarnigii XV Faylasuuf Nikolay Kuzansky ugu horeysay soo jeediyay in caalamka oo dhan waa la koobi karayn, oo hadda ka hor uu waqti. dhawr sano oo Leonardo da Vinci dabadiisna waxaa jiray discoverer ee ifafaale ee capillarity iyo sharciga khilaaf ah. Waxa uu sidoo kale isku dayay in la abuuro mashiinka a motion weligeed ah, laakiin ma sameeyo hawsha, bilaabay in aragti si ay u caddeeyaan impracticability mashruuca noocan oo kale ah.

Renaissance

In 1543kii astronomer ee Polish Nikolay Kopernik daabacay shaqada weyn ee uu noloshiisa "On wareeg ee jidhadhka samada". In buugga this markii ugu horeysay ee Old Christian Adduunka ahayd isku day ah si ay u difaacaan model ah heliocentric dunida in dhulka daba noqonayaa Qorraxda iyo ma qeybsanaan, sida kiniisaddu waa inay qaataan model ah geocentric ah Blotemigii. saynisyahano badan oo ka physics iyo sheegashada daahfurka in ay weyn, laakiin waa muuqaalka kore ee buugga "On wareeg ee jidhadhka" waxaa loo arkaa bilowga ah ee kacaanka sayniska, kaas oo la raacay by ah ee physics casriga ah ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale ka mid ah sayniska casriga ah guud ahaan.

Saynisyahan kale waqti New caanka Galileo Galiley xoqad abuurashadoodii ugu caansan (waxa kale oo iska leh heerkulbeegga abuurashadoodii ah). Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu diyaariyey sharciga tiiro iyo mabda'a of relativity. Thanks to daahfurtay of Galileo ku dhashay farsamo cusub. La'aanteed, taariikhda waxbarasho ee physics weli hakad lahaa muddo dheer. Galileo, sida badan oo ka mid ah saffarro uu, waxaa si balaadhan u maleeyey, lahaa in ay iska caabin cadaadiska kiniisadda, dadaal ugu dambeeyay ee ay isku dayayaan si ay u ilaaliyaan amarka jir.

qarnigii XVII

Ururiyay xiiso kordhay koorso saynis, iyo sii qarnigii XVII ah. Injineer Jarmal iyo xisaab Iogann Kepler ahaa discoverer ah oo ka mid ah shuruucda mooshin Planetary nidaamka qoraxda (sharciyada Kepler ayaa). views ayuu ku qeexan buug uu qoray "New xiddigaha", lagu daabacay 1609. Kepler horjeeda Blotemigii, taasoo nala noqotay in meerayaasha ku guurto ellipses, ma wareegyada, sida waxaa loo tixgeliyaa in Qarniyadii hore. isla saynisyahan Tani waxey kaalin muhiim ah horumarinta optics. Waxa uu sahamiyey ee farsightedness iyo nearsightedness, ascertaining hawlaha nafsaaniga ah ee muraayadda isha. Kepler soo bandhigay fikradda ah in dhidibka indhaha oo diirada, qaabeeyey aragtida ah ee lenses.

The France Rene Dekart abuuray a anshaxa cusub sayniska - geometry analytic. Waxa uu sidoo kale soo jeediyay in sharciga refraction iftiinka. Descartes 'shaqo weyn oo ahaa buugga "Mabaadi'da Philosophy", lagu daabacay 1644.

physicists dhowr iyo daahfurka yaqaan Isaak England Nyuton. In 1687 wuxuu qoray buug kacaan "Mabaadi'da Xisaabeed of Philosophy Dabiiciga ah". In u cilmi sharxay sharciga gravitation universal iyo saddexdii sharciyada farsamo (oo noqday yaqaan sharciyada Newton ayaa). saynisyahan Tani waxay ka shaqeeyeen aragtida ah midabka, optics, kalkulas muhiim oo kala duwan. Taariikhda physics, taariikhda sharciyada Farsamoyaqaan - oo dhan of this waxaa si dhow ula xiriira daahfurtay Newton ee.

furinta cusub

sayniska qarnigii XVIII ayaa soo bandhigay magacyo badan oo caan ah. The ugu iyaga ka mid ah oo caan ah Leonhard Euler. Tani injineer Swiss iyo xisaab, ku qoray in ka badan 800 oo shuqullada on physics iyo qaybaha sida falanqaynta xisaabta, makaanikada samadu, optics, aragti music, ballistics, iyo wixii la mid ah. D. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ayaa garteen isaga sida waxbarasho, sababtoo ah waxa Euler qayb muhiim ah oo naftiisa ee Russia. Waa baaraha this bilaabay farsamo gorfaynta.

Waxa xiiso leh in taariikhda physics ayaa soo saartay maaddo, sida aynu ognahay, ma aha oo kaliya sababta oo ah cilmibaadhe oo xirfad leh, laakiin sidoo kale cilmi, kuwii ku caashaqi jiray, ilaa hadda dheeraad ah oo loo yaqaan ee tayo ahaanba ka duwan tahay. Tusaale ahaan ugu weerarka is-baray, kanu wuxuu ahaa siyaasi American Benjamin Franklin. Waxa uu abuurtay ul hillaac, kaalin weyn in ay daraasadda oo koronto ah oo wuxuu ka dhigay malo ku saabsan oo uu xidhiidh la leh ifafaale ah ee magnetism.

Dhammaadkii qarnigii XVIII Talyaaniga Alessandro kooxda Fluminense bisha abuuray "raso voltaic". Isaga oo la alifay waxay ahayd batari ugu horeysay korontada ee taariikhda aadanaha. sidoo kale qarnigii Tani waxay arkeen ah ee heerkulbeegga mercury ah, iyo Abuuraha reer taas oo ahayd Gabriel Fahrenheit. highlight kale ee la alifay cadeeyay war abuurashadoodii ah engine shiilayo, kaas oo ka dhacay 1784. Waxaa siiyey kor u qaada dariiq cusub ee wax soo saarka iyo Manhajkooda ee warshadaha.

furitaanka dabaqay

Haddii taariikhda bilowga physics hormariyey ku saleysan xaqiiqda ah in sayniska lahaa si ay u sharxaan sababta dhacdo dabeeci ah, in qarnigii XIX xaaladda ayaa si weyn u bedelay. Haddaba iyadu waxay leedahay xirfad cusub. From physics bilaabeen inay dalbadaan gacanta ciidamada dabiiciga ah. Marka tan la eego, waxay noqotay mid ma aha oo kaliya tijaabo ah si degdeg ah horumarinta ah, laakiin sidoo kale codsatay physics. "Korontada Newton" Andre-Marie Ampere soo bandhigay fikradda cusub ee hadda korontada. In isla aagga shaqeeya Maykl Faradey. Waxa uu helay arrin ku induction electromagnetic, sharciyada electrolysis, diamagnetism, oo ahaa qoraaga ereyada sida, sida anode ah, cathode ah, insulator ah, elektrolytka ah, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

Horumariyo laamood cusub ee sayniska. Thermodynamics, aragti barti, makaanikada tirakoobka, physics tirakoobka, physics radio, aragti barti, seismology, yaqanaan saadaasha cimilada - oo dhan waxay u sameeyaan sawir hal dunida casriga ah.

In qarnigii XIX waxaa ka joogay daydo sayniska cusub iyo fikradaha. Thomas Jung taaban sharciga ilaalinta ee tamarta, Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell soo jeediyay uu aragti electromagnetic u gaar ah. farmashiyaha Ruush Dmitri Mendeleev ahaa qoraaga saameyn muhiim ah oo dhan physics miiska wareegsan qaybaha. In qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii waxaa jiray korontada iyo engine sari. Waxay noqday midhaha Applied Physics, janjeedha si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka farsamada gaar ah.

sayniska uu colka

In qarnigii XX taariikhda physics, ee gaaban, ayaa u dhaqaaqay stage in, markii xiisadda waa horeba si fiican u aasaasay daydo teori classical. formula sayniska Older bilaabay inuu hor imanayn xogta cusub. Tusaale ahaan, cilmi-helay in xawaaraha iftiinka kuma xirna jir ah u muuqda unshakable ee tixraaca. On Warega of qarnigii furay baahan ifafaale faahfaahsan sharaxaad: electrons, shucaaca, X-rays.

Maaddaama ay baaqday ee qarsoon dhacay dib u eegis of physics hore classical. Munaasabadan ayaa waxaa muhiim ah in kacaanka soo socda sayniska ahaa Fikirka ah ee aragtida of relativity. Its qoraaga ahaa Albert Einstein dunida ugu horeysay povedyvavshy of xiriir qoto dheer oo meel iyo waqti. , Laan cusub oo physics af - physics galmada. Its formation goob joog ka ahaa dhowr saynisyahano dunida-caan: Maks isagga, Maks Bon, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Ehrenfest, iyo kuwa kale.

caqabadaha casriga ah

In qeybtii labaad ee taariikhda qarnigii XX of horumarinta physics, kuwaas oo taariikhiyan socota illaa maanta, waxa uu u dhaqaaqay marxalad cusub. Xilligan waxa lagu calaamadeeyay talinaysay ee sahaminta bannaan. Wuxuu kaloo sameeyey meel UCLA boodboodi aan horay loo arag. Waxaa jiray telescopes bannaan, probes interplanetary ee qalabka shucaaca leeska celin. Waxaa bilaabay baadhitaan faahfaahsan oo ka mid ah xogta jirka ah guddiyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah meerayaasha qoraxda. Iyada oo taageero ka technology casriga ah, saynisyahano helay exoplanets iyo nuurar cusub, oo ay ku jiraan falagyada radio, quasars iyo pulsars.

Space sii wadaan in ay noqon ben la hadal gudcur badan xallin. Baro hirarka gravitational, tamarta madow, arrin mugdi ah, dardar-ballaarinta oo ka mid ah caalamka oo ay qaab-dhismeedka. Kaabaya ee aragtida Big Bang. Xogta laga heli karo ku hoos jira xaalad jidhadhka dhulka, sineyn yar oo leh xaddiga shaqo ee saynisyahano ee Cosmos ee marka la barbar dhigo.

caqabadaha Key jeeda physicists maanta waxaa ka mid ah dhowr ah caqabadaha asaasiga ah, horumarinta version a galmada ee aragtida ah gravitational, guud ee makaanikada galmada, isku galay aragti keliya oo dhan ciidamada loo yaqaan ee is dhexgalka, search for "ganaax-daafigaw ee caalamka", iyo sidoo kale qeexidda a saxda ah ee tamarta madow iyo arrin mugdi ah arrinta.