The tareenka Trans-Siberian. jihada dhismaha Trans-sheekada

The Trans-Siberian Tareenka, kaas oo hore loo odhan Siberian Great Tareenka, ayaa maanta ka badato oo dhan waddooyinka tareenka dhulka ku ah. Waxaa la dhisay ka 1891 si ay u 1916, in uu yahay ku dhawaad rubac qarni ah. In ka badan 10 000 km ah oo dhererkiisu. jihada Road - ka Moscow si Vladivostok. Tani waa caga hore iyo final of tareenada ay. Taasi waa bilowga ah ee Railway Trans-Siberian - Moscow, iyo dhamaadka - Vladivostok. Dabcan, tareenada ee ay maamusho labada dhinacba.

Maxay ahayd lagama maarmaan in la dhiso ee Railway Trans-Siberian?

meelaha weyn ee bariga Fog, Bariga iyo Galbeedka Siberia ee qarnigii 20aad, ku hadhay inta kale ee Empire Ruush go'in. Taasi waa sababta ay jirto baahi ah in abuurista wadada on kaas oo qiimaha ugu yar ee waqti iyo lacag waxaa ku dhici karo. Waxay ahayd lagama maarmaan in ay dhex maraan tareenada ee xadiidka Siberia. NN Muravyov-Amursky, Guddoomiyaha Guud ee dhan Eastern Siberia, ee 1857, si rasmi ah arrinta dhismaha oo ku taal duleedka Siberian ah.

Yaa maal mashruuca?

Kaliya sanadkii 80-th dowladda ogol yahay dhismaha wadada. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxay ku heshiiyeen in ay maal galiyo dhismaha ee u gaarka ah, iyada oo aan taageero ka dawladaha deeqda bixiya. maalgelin weyn looga baahan yahay dhismaha jidadka waaweyn. Its qiimaha, sidaas waxa muujiyay xisaabo hordhac ah sameeyey by Guddiga on dhismaha khadka tareenka ee Siberian lacag dhan 350 milyan oo rubles dahab.

Oo shuqulladaadii hore

duulaan gaarka ah, taasoo keentay A. I. Ursati, OP iyo NP Vyazemskij Mezheninov, oo waxaa loo diray in 1887 si loo ogaado goobta ay wadada fiicnayn for marinka ee tareenka.

Inta badan fogaaday oo deg-deg ah waa dhibaato ka mid ah shaqaalaha horumarinta. jihada Exit noqday "ciidanka reserve shaqada joogto ah" for shaqo khasab ah. Askarta iyo maxaabiista lagu tiriyaa inta badan wax dhisaa ay. xaaladaha, taas oo ay soo shaqeeyay ku nool, waxay ahaayeen unbearably culus. shaqaalaha meeleeyay wasakhaysan, xero ay hawadu ku, kaas oo ahaa xataa galmada. xaaladaha nadaafadda, dabcan, ayaa dad badan waxaa loo doonayaa.

Sida wadada hoos dhismaha ahaa?

Gacan ku sameeyey shuqulkii oo dhan. Waxa ay ahayd qalabka ugu heer hoose - majarafad ah, miinshaar, faas, kaariyoone iyo qaado a. In kasta oo aan ku haboonayn oo dhan waxaa loo dhigay sanad walba oo ku saabsan 500-600 kiiloomitir. Jimicsiga halganka maalin daal la ciidamada ee dabeecadda, injineero iyo shaqaalaha dhismaha saxiirtaas sharaf dhismeedka hawsha in muddo gaaban Great Siberian Jidka.

Abuuritaanka Great Siberian Jidka

Xaqiiqo ahaan buuxiyaa sannad th 90 ahaayeen South Ussuriiskaya, Zabaikalskaya of Dhexe iyo tareennada. Guddiga Wasiirada ee 1891, bishii February, waxa uu go'aansaday in aad hore u bilaabi kartaa in ay ka shaqeeyaan abuurka Siberian Great Jidka.

The saddex tallaabo lagu xusay in la dhiso jid weyn. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u - wadada West Siberian. Next - Trans-Baikal, ka Mysovaya in Sretensk. Oo stage ee la soo dhaafay - the-Circum Baikal ka Irkutsk in Khabarovsk.

Of labada dhamaadka-dhibcood waqti isku mid ah dhismaha wadada bilaabay. laanta Western ee 1898 gaaray Irkutsk. Inkasta oo rakaab ah ayaa loo baahan yahay in la beddelo si uumi, waxaa soo kabsaday 65 kiiloomitir ee Lake Baikal. Marka waxaa la icebound qalada bi'iyo si uu u furo jidka loo doon ah. Tani vesivshaya 4267 tons Mahina sameeyey England si ay u. Tartiib tartiib aan biraha ayaa la dhigay ay weheliyaan xeebta koonfureed ee Lake Baikal, iyo baahida loo qabo, waxaa ka waayay.

Dhibaatooyin inta lagu guda jiro dhismaha jid

cimilada adag iyo xaaladaha dabiiciga ah, dhismaha jid ka dhacay. track waxaa u bannaysay dhow ee guud ahaanteed on meelaha Anfaco ama firirsan, taiga la mari karin. Tallaabay Trans-Siberian Railway harooyinka badan, webiyo waaweyn ee Siberia, jirkiisa iyo waterlogging kordhay. Oo kuwii wax dhisayayna mid ah dhib gaar ah waxa uu ku yaalaa agagaarka dalka Lake Baikal. Si aad u waddo halkan jidka, waxaan lahaa in ay qarxiyaan dhagaxyada, iyo sidoo kale in la dhiso dhismayaasha aan dabiici ahayn.

Waxaa ma ka qayb dhismaha sida wax weyn sida Trans-Siberian Tareenka, xaaladaha dabiiciga ah. In goobaha ay muddo laba bilood ah xagaaga waxaa hoos u soo baxay inay 90% roobab sannadlaha ah. Brooks jeestay in dhowr saacadood ee qubeyska qulqulka biyaha awood badan. beeraha badan oo meel waxaa ka buuxsami doona biyo meelaha Tareenka Trans-Siberian. xaaladaha dabiiciga ah si weyn u wiiqaysaa dhismaha. Flood ma bilaabi guga iyo in August ama July. 10-12 biyo qaadista wax culus ka dhacay xagaaga. Sidoo kale, shaqada waxaa lagu sameeyey ee xilliga qaboobaha, marka si -50 digrii dhaxan gaadhay. Dadka diiriyo teendhooyinkoodii. Dabcan, waxay ahaayeen inta badan jiran.

On the bari ee dalka ee bartamihii 50s-u dhigay laan cusub - ka Abakan in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Waxay ku taalaa weheliyaan magitstrali ugu weyn. line Tani waa sababo istiraatiiji ah socday waqooyiga ahaa, iyo sidoo kale ilaa soohdinta koonfureed Chinese iska.

Flood 1897

daad Musiibo ka dhacay 1897. In ka badan 200 oo sano ma wuxuu u dhigmaa isaga. socodka awood leh ka badan 3 mitir u dhashay dhisay ag tuuli maayo. Halligay magaalada Dorodinsk daad, taas oo la aasaasay qarnigii hore 18. Taas darteed, waxay lahayd in ay si weyn u qabsato mashruuca hore kaas oo dhismaha ah ee Railway Trans-Siberian waxaa fuliyey: track ka qaadeen beeca in goobo cusub, dhisi difaaca, kicin tuulo, si loo xoojiyo dhaadhacyadii. Oo kuwii ku dhisayna halkan waa markii ugu horeysay la kulmay jirkiisa.

In 1900 ayay ka shaqeeya Trans-Baikal Railway bilaabay. Idaacadda A Mozgon ee 1907 waxaa la dhisay on jirkiisa ee dhismaha ugu horreeya adduunka ee, kuwaas oo weli ka jiraa maanta. In Greenland, Kanada iyo Alaska qaatay hab cusub oo loogu talagalay dhismaha xarumaha on jirkiisa.

Road, magaalada Trans-Siberian Railway

Jidka tareenka soo socda si ay u Railway Trans-Siberian. Wadada socota wadada ka Moscow si Vladivostok. Laga soo bilaabo magaalada diray tareenka gudbo Volga ah, ka dibna u jeestaa dhanka ah Urals ee koonfur-bari, halkaas oo qiyaastii 1,800 km ka Moscow waa xadka u dhexeeya Asia iyo Europe. From Yekaterinburg, oo ku yaalla Urals xarunta warshadaha waaweyn, waa jidka loo Novosibirsk oo Omsk. Guud ahaan umuliya, mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu awooda badan Siberia la navigation degdeg ah, tareenka katari shishe ku yaal Krasnoyarsk Yenisei ah. Ka dib markii in, tareenka Trans-Siberian in ay ku sugan Irkutsk, xeebta koonfureed ee Lake Baikal guulaysta xigtaa ah. Gooyay mid ka mid geeska of maaxiyaasha iyo maray Khabarovsk, tareen tagaysaa caga - Vladivostok. Tani waa jihada ka mid ah Railway Trans-Siberian.

87 magaalo ku yaalaan on tareenka Trans-Siberian. ay dadka waa 300 kun. ilaa 15 million. nin. Xarumaha maadooyin RF waa 14 magaalo, oo ay tareenka Trans-Siberian.

Gobollada ay u adeegto soo saaro dhuxusha in xaddiga badan 65% ka mid ah wadarta guud ee la soo saaray ee Russia, iyo qaadeen ku dhowaad 20% ee turxaan iyo 25% ee wax soo saarka oo qoryo warshadaha. Halkan waxaa ku qoran oo ku saabsan 80% ka mid ah kayd khayraadka dabiiciga ah, oo ay ku jiraan alwaax, dhuxusha, gaaska, saliidda, iyo senti biraha cuntrooyinka iyo ferrous.

Iyada oo saldhigga soohdinta Naushki, Zabaykalsk, Grodekovo Hassan bari ee tareenka Trans-Siberian siisaa inay helaan shabakad wadada ee Mongolia, Shiinaha iyo North Korea, iyo xagga galbeed jira, iyada oo goobaha soohdinta la Jamhuuriyadda hore ee USSR iyo dekedaha Ruush ah - dalalka Yurub.

Features ah ee Trans Siberian

Laba qaybo ka mid ah dunida (Asia iyo Europe) xidhxidhnaa ugu dheer ee dalka tareenka. halkan Raad, sidii dhammaan waddooyinka kale ee dalka iyo guud ahaan Yurub. Waa 1.5 mitir.

Waxaa la qaybsan dhowr qaybood Trans-Siberian Tareenka:

- wadada Amur,

- Circum-Baikal;

- Manchu,

- Trans-Baikal;

- Mid-Siberian,

- West-Siberian,

- Ussuriysk.

Description of qaybaha waddada

wadada Ussuri, kaas oo dhererkiisu waa 769 km, iyo tirada alaabta ay ku - 39, hawlgal joogto ah galay bishii November 1897. Waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee tareenka Bariga Fog.

In 1892, bishii June, waxaa bilaabay dhismaha ah ee West Siberian. Waxaa waddaa ka sokow qaybsanyahay u dhexeeya Irtysh iyo Ishim, on dhul fidsan. Kaliya u dhow buundo ay webiyaasha waaweyn soo baxdo. wadada duwan si toos ah kaliya ee webiyada isku tallaalidda, balliyada, isgoysyada webiga.

In 1898, ee January, waxay bilaabeen inay dhisaan tareenka Mid-Siberian. At ahaanteed yihiin buundooyinka sarreeyey webiga Debut Uda, Oia, Tom. LD Proskuryakov loogu talagalay buundada gaar ah guud ahaan Yenisei ah.

Trans-Baikal waa qayb ka mid ah Siberian Weyn Railway. Waxaa bilaabanayaa gudubno, headlands saldhigga, wuxuuna dhammaadaa on River Amur, oo u dhow markab ku Sretensk. Trail maraa ay weheliyaan xeebta ee Lake Baikal, iyada oo ay jiraan dad badan oo webiyaasha buurta yihiin. In 1895 waxay bilaabeen dhismaha wadada iyada oo ay hoggaaminayaan ee injineer AN Pushechnikova.

Ka dib markii saxiixa heshiiska ka dhexeeya Shiinaha iyo Ruushka ayaa sii waday horumarinta dhismaha waddada tareenka Trans-Siberian ee wadada kale, Manchurian xidhiidhinaya Vladivostok Trans-Siberian Railway. Iyada oo gaadiidka ka Chabrovsk in Vladivostok furi doonaa wadada this, kaas oo dhererkiisu waa 6503 km.

Waxa la soo dhaafay bilaabay inuu wax dhiso gobolka Circum-Baikal (ee 1900), maxaa yeelay waxay ahayd meesha ugu qaalisan oo ay adag tahay. Engineer Liverovskii keentay dhismaha dhismaha inta badan oo dhererkiisu u dhexeeya shaadirrada iyo Sharazhangaem Aslomovym. Dhererka dhuumaha - 18 th qayb dherer guud ee tareenka oo dhan. Qaybta afraad ee kharashka guud ee loo baahan yahay dhismaha. Iyada oo 12 sugnan iyo balbalooyinkii 4 tareen maraa jidka this.

wadada Amur bilaabay inuu la dhisay 1906. Waxaa la qaybsan line Bariga iyo Waqooyi-Amur Amur ah.

taasoo la micno ah Trans

Waxa ugu weyn ee dadkeena ahaa abuurka ah ee Trans Siberian. Dhismaha waddada tareenka Trans-Siberian u sii socotay inay dulli, dhiigga iyo lafaha, laakiinse weli dhameystirtay this shaqo weyn. Xaddi weyn badeecadaha iyo rakaabka ogol yahay in ay dalka fuliyaan hab this. territory Siberian Anfaco deganaa ay sabab u tahay dhismaha. jihada ah Railway Trans-Siberian ayaa ka qayb qaatay in ay horumarinta dhaqaalaha.