The tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee horumar. horumar ah ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka

asalka ah ee nolosha iyo horumarka ka wakhtiyadii hore yaabay saynisyahano. Dadka ayaa had iyo jeer isku dayday in ay soo dhowaadaan waxyaalaha qarsoon, kuwaas oo, si ay dunida ka dhigi, sidaas dheeraad ah oo la fahmi karo oo la saadaalin karo. qarniyo badan heysatay dhibic of view of asal ahaan rabbaaniga ah ee ay caalamka iyo nolosha. Fikradda ah horumar sidoo kale meel weyn oo ciso iyo qoraalkii ay u badan tahay oo dhan nolosha meerahaas ku guuleystay dhawaan. Qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee la diyaariyey by Charles Darwin ee bartamihii qarnigii XIX ah. qarnigii la raadiyo dunida wax badan oo daahfurtay in genetics iyo biology, taas oo ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah si ay u caddeeyaan ansaxnimada aragtida Darwin ee, si ay u balaariyaan, oo ay weheliso xogta cusub siiyey. Sidaas aragti ah isku dardaro ee horumar. Waxaa nuugo oo dhan fikrado sahamisa caanka ah iyo natiijooyinka cilmi meelaha kala duwan ka genetics in ecology.

From shaqsiyaadka fasalka

horumar Biological ka dhigan tahay horumar taariikhi ah ee noolaha ku salaysan hawlgal habka macluumaad hidde u gaar ah ee deegaan gaar ah.

Marxaladda u horreysa ee Isbadal, ugu danbeyn keentay in soo bixitaanka of nooc cusub - waa microevolution. isbedelka noocan oo kale ah ku ururto muddo oo aakhirka la xirrira heer sare ah oo cusub oo ururka ka mid ah xayawaankii, panulirus, qoyska, fasalka. Waxbarashada supra-dhismeedka waxaa lagu magacaabaa macroevolution.

geedi socodka la mid ah

Labada heer asal ahaan yihiin socodka la mid ah. Ciidamada wadidda iyo la siinayo makroizmeneny yihiin doorashada dabiiciga ah, go'doomin, hiddo, kala duwanaansho. Farqiga u muhiim ah oo u dhexeeya labada geedi socodka waa in u dhexeeya noocyada kala duwan waa isgoyska suurta galayn. Sidaas darteed, ku salaysan macroevolution waa xulashada ah interspecific. Microevolution kaalin weyn in sarrifka xorta ah ee macluumaad hidde u dhexeeya shakhsiyaad ka mid ah noocyada la mid ah.

wada iyo kala Sifooyinka

The tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee horumar dhici karaa noocyo dhowr ah. il awood badan ee kala duwan ee nolosha - calaamad u kala ah. Waxay ka shaqaysaa gudahood noocyada gaar ah, iyo heerarka sare ee ururka. xaaladaha deegaanka iyo doorashada dabiiciga ah u keenaysaa in separation ka mid ah group of laba ama ka badan qaababka gaar ah oo kala duwan. At heerka of kala noocyada beddeli karo. Xaaladdan oo kale, dadka dhowaan la sameeyey midowdo hal gelin. At heer sare, geeddi-socodka laga soo noqon karin.

nooc kale - horumar phyletic, soo jeedinaya noocyada Isbadal aan go'doomin gudaha dadka shakhsiga. Koox kasta oo cusub waa farac ka mid ah awoowe hore iyo kuwa ku xiga.

kaalin muhiim ah in kala duwanaanta nolosha oo ka dhigaysa wada ama muuqaalada "wada". In geeddi-socodka horumarka ee kooxaha xidhiidhin of noolaha sarkhaansan oo ka mid ah xaaladaha deegaanka isku mid, meydadka la mid ah sameeyay in shakhsiyaadka. Waxay leeyihiin qaab la mid ah, laakiin asal ahaan kala duwan oo uu ku sameeyo shiidaa shaqo la mid ah.

By wada waa is barbardhig aad ugu dhow - nooc ka mid ah horumar, marka kooxda asalka diverging yeesho in si la mid ah ku sarkhaansan yihiin shuruudaha la mid ah. Iswaafiqida iyo is barbardhigga kala qaybinaya line si caddaalad wanaagsan, oo inta badan waa adag tahay in la yeelaan horumar ah ee koox gaar ah ee noolaha in ay isku qaab ama mid kale.

horumarka noolaha

The tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee horumar markii ugu horaysay soo bandhigay shuqulkii AN Severtsova. Wuxuu ku bixiyey in ay bixiyaan fikradda ah horumarka noolaha. In shuqullada saynisyahan ku sharxayaa siyaabaha si aad ku gaarto, sidoo kale jidadka muhiimka ah iyo tilmaamaha ah ee horumar. Fikradaha horumariyo Severtsova II Shmal'gauzen.

The tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee horumar ah ee dunida organic, go'doonsan by saynisyahano - waa horumarka noolaha, dhaca iyo xasilinta. Of horyaal waa ay fududahay in la fahmo sida hawlgaladaa ku kala duwan yihiin midba midka kale ka. Horumarka ay keenaysaa in ay formation of sifooyinka cusub in la kordhiyo xaddiga la qabsashada deegaanka. Dhaca waxa lagu sheegay in la yareeyo xajmiga oo ka tirsan kooxda oo ay kala duwanaanta, taasoo keentay in ugu danbeyn eynu ka. Xasilinta ku lug leedahay ammaanka sifooyinka helay oo ay suuqa kala iibsiga ka ab ka ab in a xaaladaha xad is beddelin.

In dareenka cidhiidhi, in midani khadadka ugu muhiimsan ee horumar organic, waxa uu tusinayaa horumarka noolaha iyo qaabkeeda.

Waxaa jira saddex siyaabood oo ugu muhiimsan si ay u gaaraan horumar noolaha:

• arogenez;
• allogenez;
• katagenesis.

arogenez

habka Taasi waxay suurto gal ah in la kordhiyo heerka guud ee ururka iyadoo ay sabab u formation of aromorphosis. Waxaan bixinaa si aad u ogaato waxa loola jeedo eraygan. Sidaas daraaddeed, aromorphosis - jihada of horumar taasoo keentay in isbedel tayo ee noolaha ku nool, oo ay la socdaan ay kakanaanta sii kordhaya iyo kordhinta guryaha la qabsiga. Sida ka dhalata isbeddellada ku dhismeedka noqonayaa hawlaha awood badan ah oo ay shakhsiyaad, ay awoodaan si ay u isticmaalaan, ilaha cusub ee horay looga faa'iidaysan yihiin. Taa awgeed, noolaha waxay ku dareen qaar ka mid lacag la'aan ah ka soo xaaladaha deegaanka. At heer sare ah urur ka mid ah qalabka ay yihiin inta badan universal, siinta awood u leeyahay inuu si madax-bannaan oo ka mid ah xaaladaha daarmayaay'e horumariyo.

A wanaagsan tusaale aromorphosis waa in loogu badalo nidaamka wareegga dhiigga ee vertebrates: ah ee afar qolladaha ee wadnaha, iyo kala laba wareeg ah - waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryar. Evolution ee dhirta waxa lagu gartaa u boodboodi weyn weeraryahanka iyadoo ay sabab u formation of tube manka iyo farcanka. Aromorphoses keeni ah ee unugyada Qorxeey cusub: Fasal, waaxaha, noocyada iyo kaarto.

Aromorphosis at Severtsov waa arrin dhif evolutionary. Waxay ka dhigan horumarka morphophysiological, taas oo, ee jeedo, bilaaba horumarka guud ee noolaha, Ulasocto ballaarinta weyn ee aagga qabsiga.

aromorphosis bulshada

Fiirsaneysa inay jihada ah ee horumar ah ee tartanka aadanaha, saynisyahano qaar ka mid ah ayaa soo bandhigay fikradda ah "aromorphosis bulshada". Waxaa loo qoondeeyey isbedel universal horumarinta noolaha bulshada iyo nidaamka ay, taasoo keentay in kakanaanta, waafajinta weyn oo la kordhiyo bulshooyinka labada dhinac. Tirada aromorphoses sida waxaa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, soo bixitaanka of technology gobolka, daabacaadda iyo kombiyuutarka.

allogenez

isbedel waa nooca caalamiga ah ee koorsada of horumarka noolaha yar sameeyay oo. Waxay yihiin nuxurka allogenez. In jihada this ee horumar (eeg shaxda hoose) waxaa jira farqi weyn aromorphosis ah. Waxa aanu la kordhiyo heerka ururka. cidhibtii ugu weyn ee allogenez - waxaa idioadaptation. Dhab ahaantii, waxa ay ka dhigan tahay isbedelka qayb ahaan, ay sabab u tahay taas oo jirka waa la diyaariyey si ay ula qabsadaan shuruudaha qaarkood. Tani line of horumar organic awood noocyada la mid ah ku nool yihiin goobaha juquraafi ahaan aad u kala duwan.

Isudheeli tusaale ahaan ka mid ah geeddi-socodka noocan oo kale ah - qoys yeey. noocyada Its waxaa laga helaa goobaha kala duwan ee cimilada. Mid kasta oo uu leeyahay gaar ah qalabka si ay deegaanka, halka aan ku ool ah aad iyo aad u nooc kasta oo kale oo heer urur.

Seynisyahanno aqoonso dhawr nooc idioadaptatsy:

• foomka (tus, waterfowl jirka fududeeyey);
• midabka (halkan waxaa loola jeedaa Koshik, ka hortag iyo coloration ilaaliya) ;
• taranta,
• dhaqdhaqaaqa (waterfowl xuub, bacda hawada shimbiraha);
• qabsashada in ay xaaladaha deegaanka.

Khilaaf aromorphosis iyo idioadaptation

saynisyahano Qaar ka mid khilaafsan Severtsov oo ha arko sabab ku filan kala idioadaptatsy iyo aromorphoses. Waxay aaminsan yihiin in ilaa xadka ay horumar la qiimeyn karaa oo keliya muddo badan ka dib ka dib markii isbedel ku dhacdaa. Dhab ahaantii way adag tahay in ay ogaadaan in waxa geedi socodka evolutionary keeni tayada cusub ama awoodda horumariyo.

kuwa raacsan Severtsova waa dhiiran tahay in u malaynaysaa in ay tahay in la fahamsan yahay by idioadaptatsy beddesho qaabka jirka, koritaanka xad-dhaafka ah ama hoos u of meydadka. Aromorphoses sidoo kale wakiil isbedelo waa weyn ee horumarinta embriyaha iyo formation of dhismayaasha cusub.

catagenesis

horumar Biological dhici kara iyo fududeynta ee noolaha qaab-dhismeedka. Koriinkedu - total habka xumaanshaha keenta in hoos u dhac in ururka uxuu nool. natiijada ugu weyn ee jihada this ee horumar (Shaxda barbar ah saddex siyaabood oo hoos ku qoran) waa ah ee loogu yeero katamorfozov heer hoose ah ama calaamado in ay yihiin bedelay badiyay horusocod ah. Tusaalooyinka noolaha ku dhaafay tallaabo xumaanshaha caadi ah, waxaa laga yaabaa in noole kasta. Inteeda badan, waxay waayi awood u leh inay dhaqdhaqaaq madax bannaan, waxay si weyn u fududeeyey nidaamka neerfaha iyo wareegga dhiigga. Laakiin waxaa jira qalab kala duwan oo loogu talagalay fulinta fiican ee jirka ciidanka iyo lifaaqa masuuliyiinta ku habboon.

ratio

The tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee horumar waa la isku xidhan iyo dabcan horumarka taariikhiga ah si joogto ah midba midka kale bedelo. Ka dib markii isbedel aasaasiga ah ee aromorphosis foomka ama xumaanshaha of muddo markii koox cusub ee noolaha uu bilaabo inuu delaminate sabab u ah horumarinta qaybaha ay gooni ah oo meelo kala duwan. Evolution bilaabmaa by idioadaptatsy. muddo ka dib, isbedelka ururtay keeni a boodid tayo cusub.

jihada ee horumar ah ee dhirta

flora Modern dhaqsi kuma muuqan doono. Sida dhammaan noolaha, waxa uu soo maray jidka dheer ee horumarka. Evolution ee dhirta ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr aromorphoses muhiim ah. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah ahaa ah ee photosynthesis in loo ogol yahay noolaha heer hoose ah u isticmaalaan tamarta qoraxda. Tartiib tartiib, iyadoo ay sabab u iskujoog oo fataahadda iyo guryaha photosynthetic ee algae kasta.

Tallaabada xigta ayaa ahayd horumarinta dalka. Waayo, dhammaystirka guul ah "shaqada" qaadeen aromorphosis kale - kaladuwan ee unugyada. Muuse muuqday, dhirta spore. Dheeraad ah complicating ururka ay sabab u tahay geeddi-socodka isbeddelka iyo hababka taranka. Aromorphoses sida ovule ah, manka, iyo ugu dambeyntii abuurku waxa lagu gartaa gymnosperms, evolutionarily ka sii horumarsan yahay spore.

Next, ka waddo iyo jihada of horumar ah ee dhirta socdaan jihada qabsashada weyn in xaaladaha deegaanka, sii kordhaya caabiga arrimo allifey. Sidaas darteed of bixitaanka a dhirta ubax lakabka sameeyay tuntid iyo jeermis, ama angiosperms, maanta ku jira xaalad ah horumarka noolaha.

boqortooyada xoolaha

eukaryotes Evolution (cell eukaryotic ka kooban yahay xudunta u qurxiyey) la korontada nooca heterotrophic (abuurin heterotrophs organics via chemo- ama photosynthesis) ayaa sidoo kale ku jira marxaladaha hore ee kaladuwan unugyada la socday. Coelenterates hantidaan mid ka mid ah aromorphoses horumar ugu horeysay ee la taaban karo ee xoolaha, ee embriyaha loo sameeyay laba layers, ecto- iyo endoderm. At wareega iyo dirxi guri -dhismeedka waa dhib. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa caleen saddexaad SNMna, mesoderm ah. Aromorphosis Tani waxay fursad si uu u sii kala of unugyada iyo xubnaha ka mid ah muuqaalka.

Tallaabada xigta - formation of jidh saabka sare oo dheeraad ah u qaybinaya qaybo. Annelids horey u parapodium (nooca heer hoose dabcan) iyo sidoo kale nidaamka wareegga dhiigga iyo neefsashada. Diinta parapodial in addimada jointed iyo qaar ka mid ah isbedel kale ayaa keentay in soo bixitaanka of nooca cayayaanka. Ka dib markii ay sii daayo cayayaanka waxay bilaabeen in ay si firfircoon horumarinta on dalka ay sabab u ah ee xuubka SNMna. Maanta waxay ugu habboon nolosha dhulka.

aromorphoses waaweyn sida sameynta gooye ee tuubada neural, quseyo caloosha iyo qalbiga, ayaa suurto ku chordates nooca bixitaanka. Thanks to tiro ka mid ah isbedel horusocod ee kala duwanaanta noolaha, kaabaya kalluunka, xamaarato iyo amniotes. Recent sababtoo ah xuubka SNMna dheer ku xiran tahay biyo iyo ka tagay si ay u qalalaan dalka.

horumar dheeraad ah u guurayaan dhinaca isbedelka of nidaamka wareegga dhiigga. Waxaa jira xayawaanka diiran dilaa ah. Qalabka Diyaaradii suurto ah ee Shimbiraha. Aromorphoses sida wadnaha afar-qollaha oo ka lumay ee ay xafiiltamaan midig aortic, korodhka horumarinta barka maskax iyo kiliyaha, formation of jubbadda iyo qanjirada caanaha iyo tiro ka mid ah isbedel ayaa keentay in soo bixitaanka of nuujiya. ayaa dhexdooda taagnaa baxay in horumar ah ee xayawaanka mandheerta, iyo maanta waa ku jira xaalad ah horumarka noolaha.

Direction ah ee horumar ah ee tartanka aadanaha

Su'aasha ah ee asal ahaan iyo horumar ee awoowayaasha aadanuhu casriga bartay ilaa si fiican. Thanks to daahfurtay of paleontology iyo genetics barbardhig ku beddeleen fikradaha hore u dhismay oo ka mid ah "geed qoyska." 15 sano ka hor waxaa predominated view in horumar ah ee hominids socday weheliyaan nooc toosan, ie ka kooban isku xigxiga oo ka mid ah foomamka oo isku xigta ka badan horumaray: Australopithecus, neanthropines faaftay habilis, archanthropines, Neanderthal (paleanthropic) (nin casriga ah). The tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee horumar ah ee nin, sida uu kiisku yahay mid la noolaha kale, waxay keentay in formation of qalabka cusub, kor ururka.

Xogta helay in 10-15 sano ee la soo dhaafay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dhigay hagaajin waaweyn ee sawirka hore u jiray. waa helaa New iyo shukaansi la safeeyey soo jeedisay in horumar uu ahaa mid aad u adag. BAHDDA Homininae (waxaa loola jeedaa qoyska reer hominids) cadaatay in ay ka kooban yihiin noocyada dhowaad laba jeer sida badan intii hore u maleeyay. Evolution ahaa oo aan xiran dabeecad toosan, oo ku jira dhowr mar yeeshaan xarriijimo ama laamo, horumar iyo rajo. Waqtiyo kala duwan coexisted leh saddex ama afar ama ka badan noocyada. cidhiidhi kala duwan oo intaasu waxay ahayd sabab u ah barakaca oo ka mid ah kooxaha evolutionarily sare ee kale, soo koraya. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa hadda guud ahaan aqbalay in Neanderthals iyo aadanuhu casriga ah ku noolaa waqti isku mid ah. First ahaayeen awowayaashayo, laakiin waa laan isku midka ah, kaas oo bedelay wakiillo sare ee hominin.

isbedel horusocod

Shakila'aan weli aromorphoses ugu weyn ee keentay in barwaaqada ay BAHDDA ah. Tani qaab qumman iyo koror ku yimaada maskaxda ee. Sababaha formation of ay saynisyahano ugu horeysay isku Khilaafeen. Muddo dheer waxa la filayay, in ay ahayd qiyaas loo baahdo, lagama maarmaanka u ah horumarinta barxadaha furan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xogta la soo dhaafay ay soo jeedinayaan in awowayaashiin aadanaha socday Labo Lugood in muddo nolosha ee ku dhex geedaha. awoodda Tani waxay ka yimid isla markiiba ka dib kala line daanyeer ah. In mid ka mid ah version of hominin hore u rogrogmadaan sida orangutans casriga ah, labada cagood taagan on laan ka mid ah iyo gacmaha oo dhinaca kale ah.

koritaanka maskaxda ka dhacay dhowr marxaladood. Waxa uu marka hore ku bilowday leeyihiin of faaftay habilis (faaftay habilis), kuwaas oo bartay sida loo sameeyo qalabka fudud. koritaanka maskaxda mugga beegantay kordhiyo saamiga of cunto cunto hominin ah. Habilis, sida muuqata, waxay ahaayeen ka qaraabta sidaana. Ka dib markii la kordhiyo maskaxda ayaa sidoo kale waxaa la socday in la kordhiyo tirada cuntada xayawaanka iyo dib u dejinta awowayaashayo ka baxsan hooyo ee qaaradda Afrika. Seynisyahanno soo jeedinaya in kororka saamiga cunto cunto la xidhiidha baahida loo qabo in buuxsama qiimaha tamarta, ka tago shaqada dayactirka ee maskaxda kordhay ah. Ajnabiga, marxalada labaad ee geedi socodka this beegantay horumarinta dab cuntada karsan inaysan aheyn wax tayo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale calories, marka lagu daro, si weyn u dhimay waqtiga loo baahan yahay cunidda.

The tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee horumar ah ee dunida organic, ku simaha qarniyo, aasaasay ee flora casriga ah iyo dubato. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xagga geeddi-socodka si ay ula qabsadaan beddelo xaaladaha deegaanka horseeday in noocyo kala duwan oo aad u weyn oo ah noocyada nolosha. The tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee horumar waa isku mid ah oo ku saabsan dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee ururka, sida ku cad xogta ee biology, ecology iyo genetics.