Toluene Formula Waa maxay toluene, iyo sida loo heli karaa?

Arena, taasoo ka mid ah toluene, la oran karo waa sida taagayo oo ka mid ah aasaasaha iyo xubin koowaad ee taxanaha homologous - benzene. formula guud ee xeryahooda oo ka tirsan class this, - C _n H _2n-6. In taagoo of Consort leedahay beduliyum ku jira giraanta benzene (giraanta core). Formula toluene C ₇ H ₈ tarjumaysaa walxaha ay leeyihiin koox weyn oo this xeryahooda organic. Qaar badan oo ka toluene waxaa loo yaqaan magac oo kala duwan - methylbenzene. walax waxa uu noqday mid baahsan warshadaha, waxaa loo adeegsanayaa sida dareeraha organic ah, oo Faydi Xumaan ujeedooyin kale.

Waa maxay toluene?

Mid ka mid ah arenes muhiim ah - toluene - waa derivative methyl of benzene ah. dareere midab The biyo-beelaya leeyahay caraf udgoon garabaka rinjiga, lacquers, qase.

Chemical toluene formula - C ₇ H ₈ - waxaa laga yaabaa in la qoro si ka duwan: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. In kiiska this, tirada atamka weli la mid ah laakiin la barbardhigo sicad ka benzene, taas oo ah xagjirka ah - methyl.

Isticmaalka mabaadiida kale ee isku waydaarsanayeen, xarunta waxaa loo yaqaan methylbenzene iyo fenilmetanom. Tani waa toluene isla, formula guud waa C ₇ H _8. In kiiska hore waxa ay diiradda on xaqiiqada ah in mid ka mid ah la eb hydrogen ka mid ah kuwa la xiriira carbon ee giraanta benzene la bedelay by methyl a xagjirka ah. Waayo, magaca labaad doortay hab oo kala duwan. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in methane mid hydrogen waxaa lagu bedelaa phenyl a xagjirka ah. walxaha Tani, taas oo loo badaley benzene, siinta la eb hydrogen ah.

Qaab dhismeedka kelli

Halabuurka ee arrinta organic, ka kooban oo keliya ee carbon iyo atamka hydrogen, waxa ay ka tarjumaysaa formula toluene. Sharosterzhnevye iyo mugga lagu daydo siiyo fikrad ah qaab-dhismeedka Britain ee xarunta, wuu ka duwan yahay walxaha of taxane la mid ah homologous. Waa isku mid toluene iyo benzene, taas oo ah joogitaanka giraan ah ee 6 atamka carbon, ku jira xaalad ah sp ² hybridization. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah bonds saddexda nooc li'idiisa la Qurub daris ah (labada atamka carbon iyo mid hydrogen). giraanta dadab dhacdaa habka electronic hal of haray non-hybrid p-orbitals (mid ka mid ah lix atamka carbon). Natiijadan ayaa waxa uu noqonayaa xoog weyn iyo xasiloonida wareegga oo dhan, iyo halkan toluene walaxda. formula The dhismaha ka mid ah xeryahooda carbon toddobaad ka tirsan methyl ah, kaasoo kara inuu SP ³ hybridization. Waxaa la xidhiidha saddex atamka hydrogen, iyo xidhiidhka ka afaraad ku qaato xarunta la mid carbon in giraanta benzene ah.

methylbenzene formula Dhismayaasha

cufnaanta electron dhexeeya atamka carbon in ay u sameeyaan giraanta udgoon ah, waxaa loo qeybiyaa si siman. Arrintan waxaa ka muuqata benzene Formula, toluene, iyo arenes aromaticity yaqaan kale (goobada ee giraanta). Waxaa la xusay iyo joogitaanka methyl xagjirka ah mid ka mid ah atamka carbon ee halyeeyada ah. Xiriirka ka dhexeeya Qurub oo dhan waxaa lagu muujiyey by kusiga. formula The dhismaha kiiskan ka tarjumaysaa Halabuurka iyo muuqaalada aasaasiga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka kelli arrinta.

Fududeeyey formula toluene - kaatunka ah gudaha lixgeesle ama kusiga, waa bond a double. Kooxda methyl wuxuu noqon karaa mid ka mid ah lix nuclei qaaradda, waxay yihiin midba midka kale. Faa'iida ee habkan image waa cad. Record ma bixiso macluumaad ku saabsan ka kooban ee arrinta iyo isu-ka oo dhan iyo dhaaraheedii carbon-carbon ee giraanta.

Helitaanka methylbenzene ee shaybaarka iyo warshadaha

In shaybaarka, toluene ahaa ee ugu horeeyay helay sannadihii ugu 1835-1938 P. Pelletier iyo A. Deville. The saynisyahano first to muxaadaro xanjo geed, iyo beeyo labaad tolu used ka Toluifera geed South American ee Colombia bixiyay. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa magaceedii wuxuu caado u ah walaxda - toluene. Currently tiro badan ee methylbenzene siinayaa muxaadaro batroolka iyo dhuxusha daamurka, raaceen by nadiifiskeeda u. In habka coking ah, toluene laga saaro gaaska coke foornada. In ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee styrene waxaa la sii daayay sida byproduct ah falcelinta ee benzene oo ethylene. In toluene ee shaybaarka iyo warshadaha qaata ay sameeyeen habab kala duwan.

1. Dehydrocyclization ee Consort acyclic. Toluene loo diyaariyey ka heptane in joogitaanka Hannaan a at heerkul ah 300 ° C.
2. Alkylation ah benzene, kaas oo la odhan jiray reaction Friedel-farshaxan. Fuliyay in joogitaanka Hannaan AlCl3 ama Xoojiya kale ee: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ cl = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCL.
3. Dhexgalka bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Dhexgalo zinc iyo cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ OH + amayno = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Qiimeyntu toluenesulfonic acid.

The guryaha jirka ah ee methylbenzene

Toluene, formula dhismaha ah taas oo ka kooban xuduntii benzene ah, muujinayaa guryaha jirka kuwa caadiga ah ee xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum.

1. Transparent khad dareere midab shanqarta ur.
2. Methylbenzene engejiyaa marka heerkulku hooseeyo iyo bilaabo inuu dhalaali at -93 ° C.
3. Ujeedadu waxay karaya ee toluene waa 110,63 ° C. cufnaanta walaxda - 0,8669 g / ml.
4. Methylbenzene milmi biyo at heerkul ah 20 ° C - 0.47 g / l. mass gaws ee M walax (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / mol ah.

kiimikaad ee toluene: qayilo

Guryaha ee arenes waa go'an yahay wareegga kiimikaad deggan ka mid ah lixdii atamka carbon. toluene Formula - waa giraan benzene, kaas oo si rasmi ah roodhida iyo methyl xagjirka ah. Consort leedahay beduliyum by guryaha la mid ah alkenes, oo waxaa lagu gartaa falcelin dheeraad ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, atamka hydrogen ee u taagoo of benzene iyo homologues ay ka qayb geli kara dareen diidmo oo la bedelay, kaas oo bixiya wax saaxadda iyo alkanes. Toluene badan yahay Waxyeelo badan benzene. Waayo, wakiilka caadiga ah cadaanyo lagu qayilo.

1. Gubasho, kaas oo la Ulasocto sii daayo carbon dioxide iyo formation of biyaha: C ₇ H ₈ + ₂ = 9O 7CO ₂ + ₂ 4H O.
2. In falcelinta ee toluene la -KP oxidizes kooxaha methyl ee silsiladda dhinac ee Britain ay uga dhigo inay maal carboxyl. Reaction of Benzosyrene acid waa la helay.

falgalka kiimikada toluene xuduntii leedahay beduliyum

1. Bromination, kaas oo la sameeyay iyadoo ay wada joogaan Xoojiya. wax Halogenated waxaa la aasaasay: C ₇ H ₈ + ₂ = br C ₇ H ₇ br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration waxaa lagu fuliyaa leh isku dar ah ee nitric ku urursan iyo acids sulfuric. Kooxda Nitro ee toluene mashquulin kara booska ortho iyo para ah. dareen-celin ka soo baxa sida ay hab ay of bedelay electrophilic. trinitrotoluene (TNT), waxyaabaha qarxa waxaa la aasaasay at heerkulka sare.
3. Hydrogenation ah hydrogen on Hannaan loo kaxeeyaa xagga diyaarinta dearomatization iyo methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + ₂ = 3H C ₇ H _14.
4. Koloriin ku leh kululaynta xooggan ama shucaaca UV buuxiso foomka hexachlorocyclohexane.

Codsiga methylbenzene

Toluene waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa qalab dihin ee ereygu wuxuu organic. Isagu waa wax muhiim ah in wax soo saarka ee walxaha badan. Isticmaalka toluene:

• helitaanka formaldehyde,
• soo saarta removers si tartib ah, saabuunta,
• Warshadaha ee TNT waxyaabaha qarxa;
• isticmaali adhesives sida dareeraha, rinjiga, cadar dardaro iyo wakiilada nadiifiyo;
• wax soo saarka ee rinjiga waayo, shuqulladiisa oo dhismaha;
• wax soo saarka badan in musmaarro looga;
• daawooyinka,
• sii kordhaya falkaas shidaalka;
• organic Avv acid Benzosyrene, benzaldehyde, chloride benzyl, saccharin, khamriga benzyl iyo waxyaabaha kale,

falalka The toluene sida dareeraha ah warshadaha warshadaha ee nadiifinta qallalan, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in warshadaynta ee Saamaha. Waa maamaan ah in tiro ka mid ah waxyaabaha saliid, phenol, formaldehyde, sunta cayayaanka iyo xarumaha kale.

sumoobo toluene

walax Methylbenzene waa khatar dabeed ah. isku dar ah uumi-hawada ka qaraxdo xaaladaha qaarkood. Toluene waa dareere ololi kara. formula The dhismaha siinayaa fikrad ah halabuurka iyo qaab-dhismeedka, laakiin macluumaad ku saabsan saamaynta walxaha jirka insaanka kuma jirto. Waxaa la ogaaday in toluene waa sun ah, tallaabo cudurka kansarka. Lammaanayaasha si fudud u geli methylbenzene maqaarka, habka neefsashada, oo keeni isbeddel ah ee habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha, cuncun unugyada dedkii, dermatitis. Marka uumi ka neefsado ee toluene in aadanuhu u muuqataa feejignaan xumo, gariir, dhaqdhaqaaqa oo yaraada ee hay'adaha vestibular. La shaqee toluene, rinjiga, qase u baahan tahay inaad xidho gacno gashi rabar, si fiican hawo u soo gasho qolka ama isticmaalaan daboosho. Methylbenzene waa walxaha maandooriyaha daciif ah, sababa toluene isticmaalka mukhaadaraadka ah. noocyada kale ee saamaynta taban ee walax:

• indho cuncun iyo khalkhal muujinta midabka,
• gaadhista muddo dheer waxay keeni kartaa lumis maqal;
• -fiirsashada sare ee dhiigga keena dhaawaca beerka, kelyaha galleeyda;
• Neefsasho xaddi badan oo ah uumiga keenaysaa in wareer, la qabsi, madax-xanuun.

gunaanad

Toluene la soo saaray ee u tiro badan ee dhirta kiimikada ama helay sida a dhirta coke by-saarka. xarunta waa wax qiimo leh sida xawliga ah u baaxad weyn oo Avv organic loo isticmaalo wershedaha dawooyinka ee. methylbenzene ka mid ah noocyo badan oo qase, kuwaasi oo loo isticmaalo in la rinjiga ka shaqeeya. Toluene loola jeedaa kala saaridda ee xeryahooda sun III fasalka ee halista. Marka la walax shaqeeya fiirsashada ah uumiga hawada waa in aan ka badnayn in xeerarka nadaafadda go'an. Waxaan Ma ogolaan karo maamulidda muuqaalka toluene olol furan, dhimbiiluhu, waxay keeni kartaa qarax. Waxa kale oo jira arrimaha deegaanka ee la xidhiidha in la sii daayo toluene hawada:

• by saliidda, shidaalka kala duwan gubanaya;
• in marno firfircoon;
• in dabka kaynta,
• isticmaalaya qase iyo rinjiga.

The guryaha sun ah oo khatar ah toluene, dabka iyo qaraxa u baahan tahay walax dareere ah daaweynta taxaddar iyo uumiga.