Waa maxay shaqo ee protein eulayska? function enzymatic ee borotiinada: tusaalooyin

Shaqada jidhkeenna - habka aad u adag, taas oo malaayiin unugyo lug, kumanaan ka mid ah walxaha kala duwan. Laakiin waxaa jira mid ka mid ah aagga taas oo gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan tahay ku borotiinada gaar ah, iyada oo aan taas nolosha dad ama xayawaan noqon lahaa gabi ahaanba aan macquul aheyn. Sida laga yaabo in aad sarcaadka, hadda waxaan ka hadleynaa falgalka ka.

Maanta waxaan ka fiirsan doonaan enzymatic shaqada borotiinada. Tani waa meesha ugu weyn ee Kiimikada noole.

Tan ayaa sal u ah walxahan waxay u badan yihiin borotiinka, ka dibna waxay la oran karo waa iyaga by. Waa in aad ogaato in ay falgalka markii ugu horeysay laga helay in ay 30meeyada ee qarnigii 19aad, kaliya saynisyahano ah in ka badan qarnigii qaaday, si ay u yimaadaan badan ama ka yar uniform qeexid u. Sidaas waxa shaqada waxaa la sameeyaa by ensaymes protein? On this, iyo sidoo kale in ay qaab-dhismeedka iyo jawaab ah tusaalooyinka aad ka this article baran doonaan.

Waxaad leedahay in la fahmo in aan protein kasta noqon kartaa enzyme ah, xataa in aragti. borotiinada globular kaliya sameeyaan awood u muujiyo waxqabad horseed marka la eego xarumaha kale ee dabiiciga ah. Sida dhammaan xarumaha dabiiciga ah ee fasalka, falgalka ka kooban yihiin harta amino acid. Ogow in shaqada enzymatic of borotiinada (tusaale u ah kaas oo noqon doona in maqaalka) waxa lagu samayn karaa oo keliya by mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo mass gaws waa yar yahay 5000.

Waa maxay enzyme ah, qeexidda casri ah

Falgalka - a Hannaan of noolaha asal ahaan. Waxay awood u leeyihiin in ay dardar-falcelinta, ay sabab u tahay xiriirka dhow ee ka dhexeeya reactants ah (muhashada). Waxaan dhihi karnaa in shaqo enzymatic ee borotiinada - geedi catalysis qaar ka mid ah reactions lagmamaarmaanna u ah in u gaar ah u shaqeeyo nool. Kaliya qayb yar oo iyaga ka mid ah waa la soo saari karaa shaybaar.

Waa in la ogaadaa in ee ku yaala goobahan ayaa qaar ka mid ah horumar degdeg ah sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Qubarada ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u iman ayaa ku dhow inay la abuuro ensaymes macmal ah oo loo isticmaali karo ma ahan oo keliya ujeedooyin dhaqaale, laakiin sidoo kale daawada. Waxaa la horumariyo falgalka wax ku ool ah u burburin kara xitaa meelaha yar yar ee kansarka sidoo kale.

Taas oo qaybo ka mid ah eulayska toos ah ugu lug falcelinta?

Ogsoonow in, xiriir la substrate ma ka mid ah jirka oo dhan eulayska, laakiin keliya qayb yar oo ka mid ah oo la odhan jiray goobta firfircoon. Tani waa hantidooda ugu weyn ee complementarity. Aragtidani waxa ay tilmaamaysaa in enzyme waxaa haboon in substrate ee foomka iyo guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in shaqo ee falgalka ay dhacdo in tani ay tahay sida soo socota:

• Ay biyaha hoos yimaado lagana rujiyey qolof ah.
• Waxaa jira lahayo ku gaar ah (kala fogaansho, tusaale ahaan).
• Ka dib markii in ay diyaarin si gaar ah in meesha bannaan ee, halka dhaqaaqin dhow midba midka kale.

Arrimahan waxay keeni in xawaaraha ee falcelinta. Haddaba, aynu isbarbar dhig u dhexeeya falgalka iyo Xoojiya imanba.

Sida aad arki karto, shaqo enzymatic of borotiinada u baahan cayimayo. keligeed ayaa sidoo kale ku dari doonaa in dad badan oo ka mid ah borotiinada, kuwaas oo sidoo kale noocyada gaarka ah. Si fudud u gelin, falgalka aadanaha si dhib leh ku haboon doofaarka Guinea a.

Macluumaad muhiim ah oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka of falgalka

Dhismaha xeryahooda waxaa go'doonsan isla markiiba saddex heer. Dhismaha hoose loogu ogaan karaa harta amino acid, taas oo ay qayb ka yihiin falgalka ah. Tan iyo markii shaqada enzymatic of borotiinada, tusaalayaal taas oo aanu si joogta ah daliishaday in qodobkan, waxaa la samayn karaa oo keliya by qaybaha qaar ka mid ah xeryahooda, si ay u aqoonsadaan si hufan on this salaysan waa arrin dhab ah.

Sida heerka sare ah, darina ku siyaada ah waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa iyadoo adeegsanayo noocyada dheeraad ah silsilado waxa dhici kara in u dhexeeya harta amino acid kuwan. hydrogen Tani isgaarsiinta, electrostatic, hydrophobic, iyo Van der isdhexgalka Waals. Sidaas darteed xiisadda ka keeni kuwaas oo xiriir qaybaha kala duwan ee enzyme soo saaray α-galool, ka loop iyo β-qaybood.

Dhismaha jaamacadda waa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in qaybo weyn ee silsiladda polypeptide fudud laab. The qaybood keentay waa loo yaqaan domains. Ugu dambeyntii, formation kama dambaysta ah ee qaab-dhismeedka ay tani ku dhacdo oo kaliya ka dib markii dhexgalka ah oo deggan aasaasay intii u dhaxaysay domains kala duwan. Waa in la xusuusnaado in formation of domains isa soo socday si buuxda u madax banaan midba midka kale ka.

sifooyinka domain Qaar ka mid ah

Sida caadiga ah, silsilad polypeptide ay ka kaas oo loo sameeyay, waxay ka kooban tahay qiyaastii 150 harta amino acid. Marka domains falgalaan kasta oo kale, la aasaasay globule. Tan iyo markii shaqada loo sameeyaa by enzymatic goobaha firfircoon ku salaysan iyaga on, waa in ay fahmaan muhiimadda ay leedahay in habkan.

domain laftiisa waxa lagu gartaa xaqiiqada ah in inta u dhaxaysa harta amino acid in ay qaab-dhismeedka jira isdhexgal badan. Tiradoodu waa badan ku keento kuwa isu domains. Sayidka, saabka u dhaxeeya xad "nugul" in falalka qase organic kala duwan. mugga amarka of 20-30 angstrom cubic habboon dhowr taagoo biyo. domains kala duwan inta badan si buuxda u gaar ah qaab-dhismeedka saddex geesood ah, kaas oo la xidhiidha waxqabadka hawlaha gebi ahaan kala duwan.

goobaha firfircoon

Sida caadiga ah, goobaha firfircoon ku yaalaan si adag u dhexeeya domains. Iyadoo la raacayo, mid kasta oo taas oo kaalin aad muhiim u ah in koorsada of falcelinta. Sababo la xiriira nidaamka this of domains ka heleen dabacsanaan badan, dhaqdhaqaaqa degaanka ee eulayska. Tani waa mid aad u muhiim ah, tan iyo markii shaqada enzymatic ah waxaa la sameeyaa oo keliya kuwa xeryahooda in haboon bedeli karo booska da'ayeen.

Inta u dhaxaysa dhererka bond polypeptide ee jirka ka mid ah eulayska, iyo hawlaha sida adag la sameeyey, waxaa jira xiriir toos ah. doorka dhibaato labada gaari ay la xirrira site firfircoon ee dareen-celin u dhexeeya domain ee horseed oo ay sabab u formation of domains cusub.

borotiinada Qaar ka mid ah, falgalka (tusaale - lysozyme iyo glycogen) aad bay u kala duwanaan karaan in size (129 iyo 842 harta amino acid, siday u kala horreeyaan), in kasta oo dareen-celin la catalyzed cholesterol silsilado kiimikada ah nooca la mid ah. Farqiga u dhexeeya waa in ensaymes more weyn oo ballaadhan ay awoodaan in ay si fiican u xakameeyo mowqifkeeda ku meel, kaas oo hubinaya in xasiloonida iyo weyn xawaaraha uu cadaanyo ba'an.

dirka ugu weyn ee falgalka

Currently aqbalay oo baahsan ee dunida waa soocidda caadiga ah. Sida laga soo xigtay iyada si, ay u taagan lix fasalada muhiimka ah, la Banii- khuseeya. Waxaan ka fiirsan oo kaliya aasaasiga ah ee. Halkan ay kala yihiin:

1. Oxidoreductases. Shaqada falgalka ay dhacdo in this - kicinta reactions redox.

2. Transferases. oofiyo muhashada kala iibsiga u dhexeeya kooxaha ka soo socda:

• unugyada One-carbon.
• Weli of aldehydes iyo ketones.
• Acyl iyo glycosyl qaybood.
• Alkyl (sida marka laga reebo ah ma dhali karo CH3) harta.
• saldhigyadii Nitrogenous.
• Kooxaha ay ku jiraan fosfooraska.

3. Hydrolases. Xaaladdan oo kale, shaqo enzymatic waa in ay dhegi ee borotiinada oo ka mid ah noocyada soo socda xeryahooda:

• Esters.
• Glycosides.
• Esters, iyo thioesters.
• bonds nooca Peptide.
• Nooca Xiriirka CN (marka laga reebo of peptide isla).

4. Lyases. Awood u kooxaha disengaging la formation xiga ee bond a double. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa laga yaabaa qabtaan geedi-bedelka: biiraan kooxaha soo xulay in ay laba silsilado.

5. Isomerases. Xaaladdan oo kale, shaqo enzymatic of borotiinada waa mid adag reactions catalysis isomeric. Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah ensaymes soo socda:

• Racemase, epimerase.
• Tsistransizomerazy.
• oxidoreductases Intramolecular.
• transferases Intramolecular.
• lyase Intramolecular.

6. Ligases (sidoo kale loo yaqaano synthetase). Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa qaybsama ee ATP halka sameynta xiriir qaar ka mid ah.

Waa ay fududahay in aad aragto in shaqada enzymatic of borotiinada waa cajiib ah oo muhiim ah, maadaama ay yihiin qaar ka mid ah ay gacanta ku xad dhammaan of falcelinta ka qaadan kaalinta labaad kasta oo jirkaaga.

Waxa hadhay oo enzyme ka dib markii dhexgalka la substrate ah?

Inta badan, enzyme waa protein asal ah globular, xarunta firfircoon ee oo ay matalayaan harta ay isku amino acid. Xaaladaha kale oo dhan, in qayb ka mid ah xarunta adag ku xiran waxaa group bedalay ama coenzymes (ATP, tusaale ahaan) la, xidhiidhka ka waa badan taagta daran. Hannaan A loo yaqaan holoenzyme ah, oo ay ka hadhay, ka dib saarista ee apoenzyme ATP sameeyay.

Sayidka, sida ay falgalka habkaani tilmaamay galay kooxaha soo socda:

• hydrolase Simple, lyase, iyo isomerase, taas oo guud ahaan ma ku jiraan saldhig coenzymes.
• borotiinada Insaymkaas (tusaale - transaminase qaar ka mid ah) oo ka kooban koox laga bedalay (lipoic acid, tusaale ahaan). Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah qaar badan oo ka mid ah perodoxida.
• Enizmy taas oo loo baahan yahay cusboonaysiinta coenzymes. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid kinases, iyo sidoo kale inta badan oxidoreductases ah.
• Xoojiya kale, oo sideeda oo ka mid ah taas oo aan weli si buuxda u fahamsan yahay.

Dhammaan walxaha in ay yihiin qayb ka mid ah kooxda koowaad, waxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in warshadaha cuntada. All Xoojiya kale u baahan yihiin xaalad aad u gaar ah oo ay hawshooda u, oo sidaas daraaddeed kaliya ka shaqeeyaan jidhka, ama qaar ka mid ah tijaabooyin shaybaadh. Sidaas darteed, shaqo enzymatic ah - taasi waa dareen-celin aad u gaar ah, kaas oo ka kooban kicintii (catalysis) reactions in noocyo ka mid ah xaaladaha wanaagsan u qeexan ee jirka dad ama xayawaan ah.

Maxaa dhacaya in goobta firfircoon, ama sababta ensaymes si wax ku ool ah u shaqeeyaan?

Waxaan ku celcelis ah u sheegay in ay fure u tahay fahamka catalysis enzymatic abuuray ee xarunta firfircoon. Waxaa halkaas in gaar ah ku qabanaya of substrate ah, taas oo in xaaladaha sida kale oo badan oo firfircoon yihiin fal. Si aad u fahamto kakanaanta of falcelinta la halkaas ku qaadeen, siin tusaale fudud in ay ka dhacaan halsano glucose, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah hal mar 12 falgalka waa! Sidoo kale dhexgalka adag noqdo suuragal ah keliya ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in protein ah u qabata shaqada enzymatic waxa uu shahaadada ugu sarraysa ee cayimayo.

Noocyada cayimayo ensaymes

Waa buuxda. Xaaladdan oo kale, koobnaanta waa mid keliya la muujiyo, si adag u qeexay enzyme nooca. Sayidka, urease macaamila oo keliya HOL. Caano lactose sida galo dareen-celin ku hoos jira xaalad kasta. Taasi waa waxa ay shaqada waxaa la sameeyaa by borotiinada, ensaymes ee jirka.

Intaa waxaa dheer, kooxdu ma aha cayimayo buuxda aan caadi ahayn. Sida loo fahmi karaa ka magaca, haddii ay taasi ku jirto "aqbalitaanka" si adag fasal xeryahooda organic (esters, oo ay ku jiraan alcohols adag ama aldehydes). Tusaale ahaan, pepsin, taas oo ah mid ka mid ah ensaymes muhiimka ah ee caloosha, waxay muujinaysaa cayimayo for hydrolysis silsilado peptide. dehydrogenase Alcohol si gaar ah ula dhaqmo alcohols oo aan kala tagno laktikodegidraza wax kale oo aan ahayn acids Alfa-hydroxy.

Waxaa sidoo kale ay dhacdo in sifo function enzymatic of koox gaar ah oo xeryahooda, laakiin xaaladaha qaarkood, falgalka ay talaabo u qaadi kartaa arrin oo kala duwan ka "Ujeedada" weyn ee walax. Xaaladdan oo kale, Hannaan ah "u egtahay" in fasalka qaar ka mid ah walxaha, laakiin xaaladaha qaarkood waxa ay ku darsami kara iyo xarumaha kale ee (daruuri ma u dhigma). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii ay taasi ku, falcelinta ka badan ayaa si tartiib ah u tegi doonaa.

Si ballaaran loo yaqaan for awoodda trypsin inay wax ka qabtaan on bonds peptide, laakiin dad yar ogahay in protein this u qabata shaqo ee enzyme ee mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka, iyo sidoo kale laga yaabaa in la fal xeryahooda Ester kala duwan.

Ugu dambeyntii, waxaa jira cayimayo ee indhaha ka. falgalka Kuwani ayaa la falgala kala duwan oo walxaha gebi ahaanba ku qor, laakiin kaliya ka yar shardi ah in ay leeyihiin guryaha indhaha si wanaagsan u qeexan. Sidaas darteed, shaqo enzymatic of borotiinada kiiskan waa mid aad la mid ah mabda'a ah ficil ma aha ensaymes, Xoojiya oo asal ahaan ka imanba.

Waa maxay waxyaabaha loo ogaado tayada shaqo ee catalysis?

Maanta, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in arrimo in lagu ogaado heerka aad u sare ee hufnaanta falgalka waa:

• xoogga saamayn.
• saamayn orientation da'ayeen.
• miday ee xarunta falcelin firfircoon.

Guud ahaan, saamaynta fiirsashada walax kama duwana in falcelinta catalysis imanba. Xaaladdan oo kale, uruuray of substrate sida, taas oo dhowr jeer ka weyn yahay qiimaha la mid ah, waayo, waxyaalaha kale oo dhan mugga of xal ee xarunta firfircoon. In xarunta falcelinta eegista dhunsan walxaha Britain oo waa fal kasta oo kale. Ma aha adag tahay in la qiyaasayaa in saamayn waxay keenaysaa in la kordhiyo heerka reaction kiimikada dhowr amarada baaxaddeeda.

Marka habka kiimikaad caadiga ah qaadataa meel, waa mid aad u muhiim ah, taas oo ah qayb ka mid ah u taagoo ee lalana kasta oo kale oo isku doonaa. Si fudud u gelin, maalka Britain ay waqtiga isku dhac waa in la si adag u janjeedha eego midba midka kale. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in lagu sameeyaa Qasbay, ka dibna dhammaan qaybaha ku lug waxaa lagu abaabulaa line gaar ah, dareen-celin catalysis la degdegsiimada by qiyaastii saddex amarada sida jeedin ah in goobta firfircoon ee eulayska.

Under multifunctionality kiiskan waxa loola jeedaa hantida oo dhan ka kooban yahay ee goobta firfircoon waqti isku mid ah (ama si adag isku dubaridan) fal on Britain ee "loola dhaqmo" walax. Sidee ka mid ah (Britain) waa ma aha oo kaliya ku haboon go'an in meel bannaan ah (eeg. Kor), laakiin sidoo kale si weyn isu beddelo dabeecadihiisa. Waxaas oo dhan wada keenaysaa in xaqiiqda ah in enzyme waxaa inta badan ka sahlan noqday inay wax ka qabtaan on substrate loo baahdo.