Whaling Modern: description, taariikhda iyo ammaanka

Waa maxay whaling? Tani whaling si ay u helaan faa'iidooyin dhaqaale, halkii ay ka roon tahay cuntada. Goostay oo loo isticmaalo hilibka nibiriga sida cuntada bilaabay kaliya ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XX ah.

Products whaling

Maanta, walba oo dhigta dugsiga ogyahay in whaling bilaabay inuu wax soo saarka ooyinta - saliid nibiriga, kaas oo markii hore loo isticmaalo nalal, in soo saaridda ee xidhmeen iyo sida saliidaha. In Japan, ooyinta waxaa loo isticmaalay sida cayayaanka ka dhan ah ayaxa beeraha bariiska.

Waqti ka, technology ayaa bedelay baruurtii haya'ad qalabka cusub ee yimid. Ooyinta waxaa mar dambe loo isticmaalo shidida ilaa inta uu jiro ahayd la shito, laakiin waxa ay soo saaray walax loogu baahan yahay wax soo saarka ee saabuun. Oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa oo dheeraad ku ah baruurta cuntada ee diyaarinta margarine. Glycerol, qaab daran oo ku filan, waa byproduct ah ka saarida ee acids dufan ka ooyinta ah.

saliid nibiriga loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee shumac, isku qurxiyo iyo diyaarinta caafimaadka iyo hab, qalin midab, khad, linoleum, rinjiga.

hilibka nibiriga for soosaaray hilib cunto karinta ama sida budada lafta for feed xayawaanka. The macaamiisha ugu muhiimsan ee hilibka nibiriga cunto - Japanese.

budo Bone weli loo isticmaalaa sida lagu bacrimiyo beeraha.

cuntada xayawaanka rabaayada ah waa wax-u maraq hilib xal daaweyn ee autoclaves, waxyaabaha protein hodan ka dib.

maqaarka nibiriga ee Japan intii uu socday dagaalkii labaad ee dunida waxaa loo isticmaalay in industry kabaha ee soo saaridda ee ay calaacalaha, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha xoog badan sida maqaarka caadiga ah.

budo Dhiig hore loo isticmaalay ay sabab u content sare ee nitrogen sida bacrimin ah, laakiin ay sabab u tahay sifooyinka gal ah - sida xabag ah in industry alwaaxa ah.

Laga soo bilaabo jidhka gelatin nibiriga unugyada beerka ka diyaariyey - vitamin A, ka pituitary ee - hormone adrenocorticotropic ka mindhicirrada ah - ambergris. Muddo dheer ee Japan of insulin ganaca soo bixiyay.

Waxaa la dhowaad ma isticmaali whalebone, oo isku mar loo baahan yahay for soo saaridda ee corsets, xirto sare, crinolines, dalladaha, maacuunta jikada, alaabta guriga iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan oo waxtar leh. Ilaa hadda, waxaa jira Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta ka ilkaha nibiriga shahwada, nibiriga pilot iyo nibiriyada badda dilaaga.

Marka la soo koobo, nibiriyada badda oo maanta si buuxda loo isticmaalay.

Taariikhda whaling

ku dhashay ee whaling yaabaa in loo tixgeliyo Norway. Horeba farshaxankiisa dhagaxa degsiimooyinka shukaansi dib afar kun oo sano, waxaa jira goobaha of nibiriyada badda ugaarsiga. Oo halkaasna ka yimaado caddaymo koowaad ee kalluumaysiga ka nibiriga caadiga ah ee Europe inta lagu jiro mudada of 800-1000 sano BC. e.

Qarnigii XII waxa la ugaadhsado ee nibiriyada badda Basque ee Bay ee Biscay. From waxaa jira, whaling woqooyi u dhaqaaqay Greenland. Deenishka ayaa, soo raacay by nibiriyada badda oo British iyo ugaadhsado ee biyaha Arctic ah. On xeebta bari ee whalers North America yimid qarnigii XVII ah. Bilowga ee qarnigii la mid ah kalluumaysiga isla asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee Japan.

Oo waagaas ayaa raxan la aadeen. sailboats Whaling ahaayeen kuwo yar yar, nuur-waajib ah oo aan aad u maneuverable. Sidaa darteed ugaadhsado nibiriyada badda bowhead iyo Biscay warmaha rowboats gacanta iyo iyaga qali ee badda, qaadashada kaliya ooyinta iyo whalebone. ka xaqiiqda ah in xayawaankani waa yar laga reebo, iyagu ma qarqin, la dilay, waxay la xidhan karo in ay doon iyo jiiday xeebta ama doon. Kaliya Japanese ah ayaa laga soo saaray in ay ka wadaan badda ee doonyaha yar oo shabagyadoodii.

In qarniyadii XVIII iyo XIX, juqraafiga ee warshadaha whaling ayaa koray, waxaa qabtay qaybta koonfureed ee ka Atlantic, Pacific iyo Badweynta Indiya, Koonfur Afrika iyo Seychelles.
In waqooyiga whalers ahaa ayaa bilaabay inay ugaadhsadaan ku bowhead iyo nibiriyada badda midig, nibiriyada badda humpback iyo, ka dib, in Greenland, Devisovom Strait oo u dhow Spitsbergen, in badaha ee Beaufort, Bering iyo Chukchi.

Wakhtigii waa yimid markii damrad la Been abuurtay design cusub, kaas oo, iyadoo isbedelo yar yar ay weli taagan, iyo qoriga damrad. Ilaa waqti isku mid ah maraakiibta shiraaca ah ayaa la bedelay uumi, la xawaaraha weyn iyo dhaqaajinta iyo aad u weyn. Xaaladdan oo kale, ma aan beddeli karo oo whaling. qarnigii 19aad la horumarinta technology keentay in xasuuq ay gebi ahaanba dadweynaha reer siman iyo nibiriyada badda bowhead, si ay bilowgii qarnigii soo socda, dayn inay noqon whaling a British ee Arctic ah. xarunta ugaarsiga on nuujiya badda guurtay Badweynta Pacific, si Newfoundland iyo xeebta galbeed ee Africa.

In whaling qarnigii labaatanaad gaadhay jasiiradaha West Antarctic. warshadaha waaweyn sabayn ee talgaley dadka da'da ah, weelasha ka dib-makaanka, la dhalashada of whalers taas oo mar dambe ku xiran xeebaha, keentay in abuurka ah ee ka shaqeeya ee maraakiibta xeebaha fogfog. habab cusub oo saliid nibiriga processing, taas oo ahayd wax xumu in soo saaridda ee nitroglycerine in miinada, keentay in xaqiiqda ah in nibiriyada badda oo ay noqdaan, iyo waxyaabo kale, noocyada diirada istiraatiiji ah dhexdooda.

In 1946, waxaa la aasaasay by Guddiga Whaling Caalamiga ah, taasi oo markii dambe u noqday jidh shaqo Heshiiska Caalamiga ah ee Regulation ee Whaling, kaas oo uu ku biiray by dhowaad dhammaan dalalka, nibiriyada badda macdanta.

Tan iyo bilowgii Zaman ee whaling ganacsiga ilaa dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, hoggaamiyeyaasha ee ku yaala goobahan ayaa Norway, Great Britain, Holland, USA. Dagaalka ka dib, ay bedelay Japan, raaceen by Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Warmaha iyo qoryaha damrad

Laga soo bilaabo bartamihii qarnigii XIX ilaa maalinta whaling ganacsi la joogo ma jiro qoriga damrad.

qafaalan Norwegian Svend Foyn abuurtay qoriga damrad iyo design cusub waxa ay si. Waxa uu ahaa hub culus oo miisaankiisu yahay 50 kg oo dherer ah laba mitir, a warmo-gacmeed dhamaadka kuwaas oo dhajinta lugaha, jiid-hoos horeba ee jirka nibiriga ugu jiray, oo xajiya sida barroosinka, ka hortagga haleeshay. Ibid ku xidhnaa sanduuq bir ah budada ah oo weel galaas la sulfuric acid, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida fiyuuska marka salka qarxay shaaca uga saxiixdaan gudaha xayawaan ku dhaawacmeen. Later, markabka ayaa waxaa bedelay qarxiye fog.

Sida ka hor, oo warmaha ka steel Swedish aad u laastikada dhigay hadda, ay xitaa ma jebin marka jerks ugu awooda badan nibiri. Iyada oo ku xiran damrad tench adag dheer dhawr boqol oo mitir.

Kala duwan oo rasaas qoriga dherer halkii foosto ee ku saabsan hal mitir iyo ballaciisu yahay ee 75-90 channel mm gaadhay 25 mitir. Masaafada Tani waxay ku filan ahaa, maxaa yeelay, inta badan markab soo dhawaaday nibiriga ugu jiray ku dhowaad yimid. qoriga First lagu eedeeyay foosto, laakiin design been abuurtay Baaruud qiiqa lahayn bedelay oo waxay noqotay dayaca lacag. By qoriga damrad design waa ma ka duwan madaafiic caadi ah arkidda fudud iyo hab farganka, tayada iyo waxtarka dab oo kale ka hor, oo hadda ku xiran tahay xirfad ah ee harpooner ah.

qafaalan

Tan iyo dhismaha uumi ugu horeysay oo ay soo bandhigaan labada uumi iyo naaftada whalers, inkastoo horumarinta technology, mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah isma beddelo. qafaalan Normal ayaa qaanso beesho iyo daran, wheel ballaaran dhabanno nooc dheelitirka burburay, bixinta dhaqaajinta korodhay, kooxda aad u yar yahay iyo forecastle sare, uu yeesho xawaare 20 kuus kuus (dalkii 37 km / h). Steam ama warshad naaftada ah oo ku saabsan 5 kun oo waa. L. a. Markabka ayaa ku qalabeysan yahay navigation iyo aaladaha raadinta.

hub ciidan ka kooban qoryaha damrad, xarig culeys lugu koriyo nibiriga for jiidaya ilaa dhinaca reer hawadda ee ku listo hawada galay baqtigooda iyo si loo hubiyo in ay sabaynta, xataa Foynom abuurtay nidaamka ganaax ilo gariiradda iyo pulleys si looga hortago in la dillaacaan inta lagu guda jiro lin harpooned jerks xoolaha.

whalers shaqada

Isbeddelka ku shuruudaha ugaarsadaan nuujiya badda, iyo talooyin ku saabsan ammaanka muuqda whaling looma baahna. Laakiin tani ma aha kiiska.

Whaling meel badaha waqooyiga boqolaal mile xeebta ama saldhig sabayn, inta badan inta lagu jiro duufaan a.

doonyo xawaare xoog badan Big ugaadhsan nibiriyada badda oo waaweyn. qaado oo keliya nibiriga buluug qafaalan casriga ah - xirfad horey u badan. Haddaba, in kasta oo qalabka raadinta, on daqal ee "buul tuke ee" sentinel fadhiya, iyo harpooner uu u maleynayaa in jihada dhaqdhaqaaqa xayawaanka weyn oo qabsato uu xawaaraha, ee xilka ka taagan yihiin. ugaadhsade khibrad hogaamin karo doonnida, si ay nibiriga madaxa vynyrnuvshego liqa hawada ku dhow yahay inuu sanka markabka si dhow oo aad eegi kartaa blowhole xayawaanka weyn ee. Halkaa marka ay marayso, harpooner u gudbiya meela shukaanta iyo waddaa ka buundada inay qoriga. Markaas ayuu ma aha oo kaliya kormeero dhaqdhaqaaqa xayawaanka, laakiin sidoo kale maamulaa qushigiisu.

Marka nibiriga zaglotnuv hawada, isaga oo madaxa hoos u biyo hoostiisa, oo korka ka muujinaya inuu dib, in la joogo ee harpooner iyo caleemaha, si taxadar leh qaadashada Ujeedada. Caadi ahaan mid ka mid hit waa kuma filna, vyvazhivayut ka nibiriga sida kalluunka, markabka uu helo dhow isaga, iyo soo socota tallaalka cusub.

xarig culeys lugu koriyo baqtigooda jiido ilaa dusha, tuubo la badbadiyay leh hawada iyo xayiran baallaha la Laydhka ama buoy ah, kaas oo la dhajinta in gudbiye ah, gooyay darafyadiisa oo fin dabada, gooyaa on maqaarka ee tirada serial oo ka tagay in ay fakadaan.

Dhamaadka ugaarsi oo dhan baqtigoodana oo saarnaa ayaa la soo xulay iyo jiiday Xarunta markab-galeenka ama xeebta.

saldhigyada Coast

Idaacadda xeebta waxaa loo sameeyay agagaarka warqada ballaaran leh xarig culeys lugu koriyo awood on taas oo nibiriyada badda oo waa la kiciyey, waayo, jarida iyo jaray mindiyo. On labada dhinac ee kululeeyaha ku yaal: oo gacanta ku hal - waayo haya'ad ooyinta ah, oo kale ah - si loogu daweeyo cadaadis hilibka iyo lafta. In meelo laftayda iyo baruurta hilibka ka dib markii haya'ad silsilado culus of siddo, kuwaas oo ganaax gudahood foornada cylindrical, ka dibna milled budo ah oo ku daqiijin jireen gaarka ah iyo bac la geliyaa, qalajiyey iyo burburiyo. waxyaabaha ku dhameysatay kaalinta waxaa lagu keydiyaa bakhaaro, iyo taangiyada. On autoclave casriga ah xeebta-dhajinta toosan iyo meelo Rotary.

Control Geeddi-socodka iyo falanqaynta ooyinta fuliyay shaybaarka kiimikada.

Warshadda sabayn

Inta lagu guda jiro talinaysay oo ka mid ah warshadaha sabayn, kuwaas oo hadda u dhimanayaan soo baxay, waxay ahaayeen ugu horeysay ay isticmaalaan maraakiibta rakaabka ganacsi ama la gediyay waaweyn.

bakhtigu waa la gooyay in biyaha, markey Mixraabka ugu on board oo kaliya lakabka dufan peretaplivalsya sabuuradda, oo baqtigoodana oo badda lagu tuuro galay in la cunin by kalluunka. kaydka Dhuxul ayaa ku koobnayn, aan meel ku filan, si qalabka wax soo saarka ee Bacriminta on maxkamadaha ma gelin. Baqtigoodana yihiin waalli loo isticmaalo, laakiin in warshado sabayn lahaa faaidooyin. Marka hore, ma aha inay dalka xarun xeebta ah jeexjeexay. Second, dhaqdhaqaaqa ee warshad ogol yahay in la hirgaliyo ooyinta si ay u socdeenna markab isla, shubto ma taangiyada barriga.

Horeba in qarnigii XX ka bilaabay inuu wax dhiso maraakiibta whaling badda in ay yihiin qalabaysan technology ugu dambeeyay, waxay lagu kaydin karaa kaydka weyn ee shidaalka iyo biyaha la cabo. Waxay ahaayeen-makaanka weelashii, kuwaasi oo ay u sabab ah maraakiibta whaling yar.

Geedi socodka farsamada goynta iyo processing xaydha oo weelashiinna ku sida, inkastoo farqiga u qalab, waxay ahayd ku dhowaad isku mid ah sidii markii saldhigyada xeebaha.

warshado badan ayaa waxaa la qaboojinta hilibka nibiriga qalabka asturaad, kaasi oo loo adeegsaday in cuntada.

duulaan whaling Modern

whaling Modern waxaa xadiday heshiisyada caalamiga ah on qabsado iyo muddada xilli ciyaareedka soo ugaadhsaday ah, taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma u fuliyaan dalka oo dhan.

Dhismaha markabka whaling duulaan gasho ilmo galeenka, iyo maraakiibta kale ee whaling casriga ah, iyo sidoo kale veterans kuwaas oo ku hawlan baqtigoodana jiiday sabayn ee warshadaha iyo gaarsiinta cuntada, shidaalka iyo biyaha sahay ka saldhigyada doonniyaha ku hawlan nibiriyada badda goobidda iyo rasaas.

Isku dayo la sameeyey si aad u baadhid nibiriyada badda ka soo hawada. Xalka wanaagsan ahayd in ay isticmaalaan diyaaradaha qumaatiga u kaca xagga dhulka u midige ee markabka weyn, sida ay yeeleen in Japan.

In sano ee la soo dhaafay, nibiriyada badda ku jiray ee xarunta of naxariis guud iyo dareenka, iyo tirada noocyada ugu sabab u overhunting ayaa sii waday in ay hoos u. Markaasaa waxaa taas ay jirto xaqiiqda ah in ku dhowaad dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee wax soo saarka whaling hore u jirin bedel aan dabiici ahayn.

In tiro yar, sii whaling Norway, gudahood qabsado ee aan caadiga ahayn - Greenland, Iceland, Kanada, Maraykanka, Grenada, Dominika iyo St. Lucia, Indonesia.

Whaling ee Japan

In Japan, in la barbardhigo dalalka kale, weligaa ku hawlan whaling, hilib nibiriga gaar ahaan qiimeeyeen, ooyinta dibna kaliya.

Dhismaha guutadii casriga whaling Japanese daruuri ka mid ah weel oo kala duwan ah, qaboojiye, kaas oo la qaboojiyay miino ama ka whalers hilib Yurub iibsaday.

Isticmaal warmaha u ugaadhsadaan nibiriyada badda Japanese bilaabay dhamaadkii qarnigii XIX ah, sii kordhaya mugga qabsado ee jeer oo kordhin kalluumaysiga ma aha oo kaliya on the Sea ee Japan, laakiin sidoo kale in xeebta waqooyi-bari ee Badweynta Pacific ah.

whaling Modern ee Japan ilaa dhawaan waxaa diiradda inta badan ee Antarctic ah.

Whaling ka wadaan wadamada kala duwan tirada ugu badan ee qalabka sayniska. SOONAARKA muujinaysaa fogaanta u nibiriga iyo jihada ay dhaqdhaqaaqa. heerkulbeegga korontada si toos ah ogaadaa isbeddelka heerkulka ee layers dusha biyaha ah. Iyada oo bathythermograph ogaado sifooyinka tacsida biyaha iyo qaybinta toosan ee heer-kulka biyaha.

lacagta qalabka casriga noocan oo kale ah waxay suuro gelineysaa in la sababeeyo whaling qiimaha xogta sayniska Japanese iyo hoosaasin ugaarsi ugu mamnuucday Guddiga Caalamiga ah Whaling si noocyada ganacsi qabsado.

hay'adaha aan dawliga ahayn badan oo adduunka ah, gaar ahaan Maraykanka iyo Australia, ay ka soo horjeedaan in ay Japan si ay u ilaaliyaan dhif halis noocyada of nibiriyada badda.

Australia u suurtagashay in ay go'aannada Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya Japan si ay u qabtaan whaling in Antarctic ah.

Japan ugaadhsataa nibiriyada badda iyo bangiyada ay, sharxaya dhaqanka oo ka mid ah tuulooyinka xeebta ah ee dadweynaha. Laakiin kalluumaysiga aan caadiga ahayn waa la ogol yahay dadka oo kaliya kan hilibka nibiriga waa mid ka mid ah nooc oo cunto ah.

Whaling ee Russia

Pre-kacaan Russia ma ka mid ah madaxda whaling ahaa. nibiriyada badda dhacana Pomors ku hawlan, dadkii degganaa Kola Peninsula iyo Chukotka dadka wadaniga ah.

Whaling in USSR ah muddo dheer, tan iyo sanadkii 1932, waxa uu salkiisu yahay Bariga Fog. The Cutubyo whaling ugu horeysay "Aleut" koobnaa saddex kitobazy iyo whalers. Ka dib markii dagaal ee Pacific ka shaqeeya 22 weel whaling iyo shan iyo jarida saldhigyada xeebaha, iyo in 60 - ka. Kitobazy "Bariga Fog" iyo "Vladivostok"

In 1947, uu si xeebaha ku whaling raxan "ka nasahan" Antarctic, kaas oo uu ka helay Germany on magdhaw yimid. Ay ka kooban waxaa ka baaraandegidda markab saldhig iyo 8 whalers.

In bartamihii qarnigii XX ee gobolka ay bilaabeen Cutubyo whaling "Soviet Ukraine" iyo "Soviet Russia", iyo "Yury Dolgoruky" iyo saldhigyadoodii sabayn ee dunida ugu weyn, loogu talagalay in lagu farsameeyo ilaa 75 nibiriyada badda oo maalin kasta wax yar ka dib.

Far whaling Soviet Union joogsadeen 1987. Ka dib markii Midowga daabacay xog ku saabsan xadgudubyo ka mid ah maraakiibta Soviet kootada IWC.

Maanta, oo qayb ka ah kalluumaysiga aan caadiga ahayn ee Degmada Banaan Chukotka sameeyey kootada saarka xeebaha nibiriyada badda cawl iyo nibiriyada badda Beluga ee ogolaanshaha IWC soo saaray Rosrybolovstvo.

gunaanad

Marka la mamnuuco ka ganacsiga kalluumaysiga, ayaa bilaabay inuu ka soo kabsado tirada humpbacks iyo nibiriyada badda buluug ah meelo ka mid ah badaha.
Laakiin dadka of nibiriyada badda ku qumman u Safra waqooyiga weli ka yar tahay hanjabaad eynu. walaac la mid ah waa nibiriyada badda bowhead Badda Okhotsk iyo nibiriyada badda cawlan ee waqooyi galbeed ee Badweynta Pacific. Waxa ay noqon kartaa mid aad looga daahay in ay joojiyaan burburinta wuxuushnimada ah kuwan nuujiya badda.