Xeryahooda birta. Hardware, jirka iyo kiimikada guryaha

The alaabta ugu horeysay oo bir ah iyo Alloys ay ayaa laga helay inta lagu jiro excavations iyo taariikhda ka ku saabsan BC ee Millennium 4aad. Taasi waa, by Masriyiintii qadiimiga ah iyo Sumerians isticmaalo kayd meteoric oo ah walaxda in ay soo saaraan dahabka ah iyo alaabada guriga, iyo sidoo kale hub.

Maanta, noocyada kala duwan ee xeryahooda birta iyo biraha saafi ah - taasi waa wax ugu badan oo loo isticmaalo. No bir qarnigii XX yaab waxaa loo tixgeliyaa. Indeed, ilaa dhalashada iyo caag baahsan iyo qalabka la xiriira, xarunta this waa muhiim muhim ugu ah dadka. Waa maxay element firfircoon iyo kuwaas oo foomamka walaxda, aan tixgelin doonna in warqad this.

bir element Chemical

Haddii aan ka fiirsan qaabka la eb ee, waa in marka hore qeex meesha nidaamka wareegsan.

1. Tirada Serial - 26.
2. Period - kii afraad ee ugu weyn.
3. Group of Siddeed, dhaawacyo koox hoosaadka.
4. miisaanka Atoomikada - 55,847.
5. Dhismaha qolofka electronic dibadda muujinaysaa by formula 3D ⁶ 4s ^2.
6. Astaanta element Kiimikada - Fe.
7. Name - bir ah, akhriska ee caanaha - "Ferrum".
8. In dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira afar isotopes xasiloon element ah tirooyin mass 54, 56, 57, 58.

bir element Chemical ayaa sidoo kale waxa uu leeyahay oo ku saabsan 20 isotopes kala duwan oo aan deggan. qayilo macquulka ah, taas oo muujin kara eb firfircoon:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 6.

Muhiim ma aha oo kaliya element laftiisa, laakiin sidoo kale xeryahooda iyo Alloys kala duwan ay.

guryaha jirka

Sida walax fudud, bir ah guryaha jireed ayaa metallism a fahmayaan. Taasi waa, lacag-cad la biraha towns cirro isagoo malleability sare iyo ductility iyo barafku sare iyo dhibcood karaya. Haddii aan ka fiirsan sifooyinka in faahfaahin dheeraad ah, ka dibna:

• barta barafku - 1 539 ⁰ C,
• Karkaraya - 2862 ⁰ C,
• Activity - celcelis ahaan,
• refractoriness - sare;
• soo bandhigaa kaga hadlay guryaha magnetic.

Iyadoo ku xiran xaaladaha iyo heerkulka, waxaa jira dhowr hab doorinta kuwaas oo foomamka bir ah. guryaha jirka iyaga ka duwan xaqiiqda ah in daaqaddii crystalline kala duwan.

1. foomka Alfa The, ama ferrite ay jirto in heerkulka a of 769 ⁰ C.
2. Laga soo bilaabo 769 si ay u 917 ⁰ C - beta foomka.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C --foomka gamma, ama austenite.
4. Kor 1394 ⁰ C - bir li'idiisa.

All beddelka leeyihiin nooc dhismeedka daaqaddii crystal kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale guryaha magnetic kala duwan.

kiimikaad

Sida kor ku xusan, xarunta a birta fudud muujinayaa falcelin sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaab jar kala qaybsan yahay oo awood u degna u guban hawada iyo oxygen saafi uu qurbo jooga biraha laftiisa.

awoodda daxalka waa heer sare ah, sidaas darteed Alloys ku qariyeen by this walax xeryahooda alloying. Iron waa inay awoodaan inay la macaamilaan:

• acids,
• oxygen (oo ay ku jirto hawada);
• baaruud;
• halogens;
• marka kululaynta - nitrogen, fosfooraska, carbon iyo Silicon;
• cusbada leh biraha yar Waxyeelo, iyaga celinta in walxaha fudud;
• uumi ba'an;
• la cusbada oo bir ah ee gobolka lagu qayilo +3 ah.

Waxaa cad, soo bandhigeen hawlaha, waa inay awoodaan inay u sameeyaan xeryahooda biraha kala duwan oo kala horjeeda kala duwan ee guryaha. Oo sidaas daraaddeed waxay dhacdaa. Iron iyo xeryahooda ay tahay mid aad u kala duwan oo loo isticmaalo beeraha kala duwan ee sayniska, technology, hawlaha warshadaha aadanaha.

Qaybinta ee dabiiciga ah

xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee ay bir yihiin wax caadi ah, maxaa yeelay, waa element labaad ee ugu badan dhulka ka dib markii aluminium. In saafiga ah foomka of biraha waa mid aad u dhif ah in meteorites, taasoo muujinaysa rucubyadii waaweyn waa in meel bannaan oo. Inta badan ka kooban waxaa ku jira senti, dhagaxyada iyo macdan.

Haddii aan ka hadlo boqolkiiba element ah ee dabiiciga ah, waxaa suurtagal ah in tixraacaan tirooyinka soo socda.

1. The nuclei ka mid ah meerayaasha jidhadhka dhulka - 90%.
2. The Earth ee qolof - 5%.
3. In dhulka go'iisii - 12%.
4. core dhulka ee - 86%.
5. Biyaha webiga - 2 mg / L.
6. In badda iyo badda - 0.02 mg / l.

Qaabka ugu badan bir ah biirey macdanta soo socda:

• magnetite,
• limonite iyo limonite;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• pyrite;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• loellingite;
• mispikel;
• milanterit iyo kuwa kale.

Waa Fogtahay waxa aan dhamaystiran liiska, maxaa yeelay, waxay run ahaantii waa mid aad u badan. Intaa waxaa dheer, Alloys ballaaran oo kala duwan in ay yihiin abuuray by nin. Tani waxay, sidoo kale, xeryahooda sida bir ah, iyada oo aan taas waa ay adag tahay in la qiyaaso dadka casri ah nolosha. Waxaa ka mid ah laba nooc oo waaweyn:

• bir ah ku tuura;
• steel.

Sidoo kale, waa intaas dheer a qiimo leh oo bir ah in Halabuurka ee Alloys badan nickel.

xeryahooda birta (II)

Waxaa ka mid ah kuwa ku jira kuwaas oo gobolka lagu qayilo waa +2 la xirrira element. Waxay ku filan tiro badan yihiin, maxaa yeelay, waxay ka mid ah:

• xabagta,
• hydroxide,
• xarunta binary,
• cusbada adag;
• xeryahooda adag.

The qaaciidooyinka ee kiimiko ah oo soo bandhigid ayaa sheegay in gobolka lagu qayilo birta ee fasal kasta ee qofka. Tixgeli kuwa ugu muhiimsan oo caadi ah.

1. xabagta Iron (II). Budada madow, beelaya biyo. nooca xidhiidhka ka - aasaasiga ah. si dhakhso ah oxidize karaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyo hoos u dhigo inay maal fudud ayaa sidoo kale si fudud u awoodo. Waxay u kala diray in acid si ay u sameeyaan cusbo u dhigma. Formula - Feo.
2. hydroxide Iron (II). Waa soo dadajin amorphous cad. Cusbada sameeyey by reaction la saldhigyadii (alkali). Muujinayaa guryaha aasaasiga ah daciif ah, oo awood u leh si degdeg ah oxidized hawada si xeryahooda birta waa +3. Formula - Fe (OH) _2.
3. Cusbada element in lagu qayilo yiri. Waxay sida caadiga ah waa xal cirro-cagaaran si fiican u oxidized xataa hawada, helitaanka midabka madow cawlan iyo gudbiso 3. cusbo bir ah ayaa kala diri ee biyaha. Tusaalooyinka xeryahooda: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (NO _{3) 2.}

Muhiimadda la taaban karo ka mid ah walxaha ku tilmaamay leeyihiin xeryahooda ka badan. First, chloride birta (II). Waa qeybiyaha weyn ee udhigo ee jidhka bini'aadamka, anemia bukaan-socodka. Marka cudurkan waxaa lagu gartaa in qofka bukaanka ah, ayuu qoray diyaar garowga adag, kaas oo ku salaysan yihiin xarunta su'aasha. Sidaas waxaa jira badalkooda ee birta ee jirka.

Marka labaad, sulfate birta, i.e. sulfate ferrous (II), la copper waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo dilo cayayaanka on dalagga. Habka daliil u noqon wax ku ool ah ma aha darsin ka sano ee ugu horeeya, sidaasi darteed waxa aad u mahadnaqayo by beeralayda.

cusbo Mohr ee

Xarunta Tani, taas oo ah sulfate a birta biyuhu iyo ammonium. Formula uu duubay sidii FeSO ₄ * (NH _{4) 2} SO ₄ * 6 saac ₂ O. Mid ka mid ah xeryahooda birta (II), kaas oo la wada isticmaalo ee dhaqanka. Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee la isticmaalo waa in ay ninka.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. cilmiga Sayniska iyo falanqaynta titrimetric shaybaarka (si loo ogaado waxa ku jira chromium, -KP, vanadium).
3. Medicine - sida daro ah in cunto hoos yaraanta birta ee jirka bukaanka.
4. Waayo, dahaadhida ee alaabta alwaax, sida cusbo Mohr ee ka ilaaliya geedi socodka suuska.

Waxaa jira meelo kale, taas oo ah walaxda loo isticmaalo. Its magaca waxaa la magacaabay ka dib markii farmashiyaha Jarmal, marka hore laga helay guryaha muujiyey.

Muqaadaraadka la degree ah lagu qayilo oo bir ah (III)

The guryaha xeryahooda birta ah oo muujinayaa degree ah lagu qayilo ee +3 ah, waa xoogaa ka duwan kuwa kor loo arkaa. Sidaas darteed, nooca xabagta u dhigma iyo hydroxide ma aha aasaasiga ah iyo amphoteric muujiyay. Ina keena aynu ku tilmaami walxaha asaasiga ah.

1. Iron xabagta (III). Powder ganaax-grained, midabka guduudan oo brown. The biyo beelaya, guryaha shows imaanshada acidic more amphoteric. Formula: Fe ₂ O _3.
2. Iron hydroxide (III). walax A in dadajin inta lagu guda jiro tallaabo ee alkalis u dhiganta cusbada oo bir ah. dabiiciga ah ee uu amphoteric dhawaaqaa, brown-brown midabka. Formula: Fe (OH) _3.
3. Cusbada oo ka mid ah waxbarashada Fe ^3+. hannaanka noocan oo kale ah loo qoondeeyey, carbonate marka laga reebo, sida hydrolysis dhacdaa oo soo saarta carbon dioxide. Tusaale ahaan qaar ka mid ah cusbada formula: Fe (NO _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (SO _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, iyo kuwa kale.

Ka mid ah tusaalayaasha marka la eego wax ku ool ah waa crystalline sida muhiim ah sida FeCL _{3 *} 6 saac ₂ O, ama hexahydrate chloride ferric (III). Waxa loo isticmaalaa in daawada si loo joojiyo dhiigga iyo badalkooda of udhigo birta ee jirka ku jira in xaaladood oo dhiig yari.

sulfate birta Nonahydrate (III) waxaa loo isticmaalaa daahirinta dadka biyo la cabbo, sida ugu dhaqmayaan sida coagulant ah.

xeryahooda birta (VI)

kiimiko ah Formula bir ah, halkaas oo ay u muuqato xaalad gaar ah lagu qayilo +6, waxaa loo qori karaa sida soo socota:

• K ₂ Feo _4;
• Na ₂ Feo _4;
• MgFeO ₄ iyo kuwo kale.

Dhammaantood waxay leeyihiin magac caadi ah - ferrates - oo ay leeyihiin guryaha la mid ah (wakiilada yaraynta xoog leh). waxay sidoo kale ay awoodaan in ay mayrtaan, iyo leeyihiin saamayn bactericidal. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa isticmaalka lagu daaweyn jiray biyo la cabbo oo heer warshadeed.

xeryahooda adag

Aad u muhiim ah in chemistry gorfaynta, iyo ma aha oo kaliya ay yihiin walxo gaar ah. qaab noocan oo kale ah in xal cusbo aqueous. Xarunta Tani adag oo bir ah. The ugu caansan oo si wanaagsan u-bartay oo ka mid ah waa kuwan soo socda.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) potassium K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. waa magac kale oo xiriir ah - cusbo dhiig huruud ah. Waxa loo isticmaalaa go'aan ka tayo of ra'iyi bir ah in xal Fe ^3+. Sidaas darteed xalka noqdo qurux midabka buluug dhalaalaysa ayaa la sameeyey by adag kale - Prussian buluug KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Tan iyo markii aan wakhtiyadii hore u isticmaalay sidii a dheeh for maro.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) potassium K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. magac kale - cusbo dhiigga cas. Waxaa loo adeegsaday sida a udhigo tayo bir reagent go'aan Fe ^2+. Natiijadu waxay tahay dadajin buluug ah isagoo buluug magaca turnbuleva ah. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida dheeh ah ee marada.

Iron waa qayb ka mid ah walxaha organic

Iron iyo xeryahooda ay yihiin, sida aan soo aragnay, waxaa ka mid ah muhiimadda ay leedahay wax ku ool weyn ee nolosha dhaqaale ee qofka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka lagu daro, doorkeeda noolaha ee jirka waa in aan ka yareyn weyn, ka gees ilaa xad ah.

Waxaa aad muhiim u ah xarunta organic, protein ah, taas oo ka mid ah element firfircoon. hemoglobin Tani. Waa in isaga socday gaadiidka ee ogsijiin iyo dhigtay labis iyo is-dhaafsiga waqtigii of gaasas mahad. Sidaa darteed, doorka bir ah in geeddi socodka muhiim ah - neefsashada - waa weyn.

Just gudaha jidhka bini'aadamka ka kooban oo ku saabsan 4 grams oo bir ah, oo waa in si joogto ah u buuxiyey cunto ku baabba'saday.