Analogues of penicillin. Antibiyootikada group penicillin: muujinaya, tilmaamaha loo isticmaalo

analogues penicillin ayaa fursado cusub oo la furay, waayo, dhakhaatiirta ee daawaynta cudurada faafa. Waxay more adkaysi u ensaymes bakteeriyada iyo jawi dagaal ee caloosha ku jira, waxay leeyihiin waxyeellooyin yar.

About penicillin

Benisiliinta - waa ka antibiotics ugu da'da weyn loo yaqaano. Waxay warsan noocyada badan, laakiin qaar ka mid ah ayaa laga badiyay tacaluqa ay sabab u tahay iska caabin ah. Bakteeriyadu waxay awoodaan in ay la qabsadaan oo ay noqoto xasaas ah in ay tallaabo ka mid ah daawooyinkan. Taas ayaa ka dhigaysa saynisyahano si ay u abuuraan nooc cusub oo caaryada, analogues penicillin haysashada guryaha cusub.

Benisiliinta leeyihiin sumoobo hooseeyo si ay jidhka, ilaa xad si weyn loo isticmaalo iyo waa tilmaame fiican oo saamayn bactericidal, laakiin dareen diidmo oo xasaasiyadeed iyaga uga badan yihiin dhakhaatiirta jeclaan lahaa yihiin. Tan waxa u sabab nooca organic of antibiotics. tayada kale oo xun ayaa sidoo kale ka mid noqon kara dhib in iyaga lala daawooyin kale, gaar ahaan fasalka la mid ah.

story

Xusuuso ugu horeysay ee suugaanta ee penicillin ka dhacay 1963, in buug ku saabsan nin daawo Mareykanka Dhaladka. Waxayna ahaayeen kuwo isku dar ah ee fangaska ee ujeeddooyinka, daawooyinka. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee dunida iftiimiyey ay suurtagashay in ay hesho Aleksandru Flemingu, laakiin tani ma ahayn ujeedada, laakiin by shil, sida daahfurtay in badan oo dhan.

Ka hor dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka Mikrobiyoolojiistayaash British shaqeeya on arrinta of daawo warshadaha tiro loo baahan yahay. Dhibaatadu waxa ay isla xalin ee isku midka ah iyo Maraykanka. Laga bilaabo halkan of penicillin ahaa daroogada ugu badan. Laakiin muddo ka dib, ayaa loo aqoonsaday oo ku dhexsameeysmo kale group of antibiotics, kuwaas oo si tartiib ah u bedelay podium ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, sheyga bilaabaan in ay u muuqdaan adkaysi u daroogada, kuwaas oo adag daaweynta cudurada daran.

Mabda'a garoomada bakteeriyada

The Halabuurka derbiga unugyada bakteeriyada ka mid ah shay loo yaqaan peptidoglycan. Kooxda penicillin of antibiotics saamayn ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee borotiinka, anada formation of ay falgalka loo baahdo. noole waxaa dhimanaya sababtoo ah awood si aad u cusboonaysiiso derbiga unug.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah bakteeriyada bartay in ay iska caabin this duulaankii arxan. Waxay soo saaraan beta-lactamase, taas oo baabi'inaysa ensaymes in saameyn peptidoglycan ah. Si aad ula qabsan caqabad this, saynisyahano lahaa in la abuuro analogues penicillin in carqaladeeyo karin iyo beta-lactamase, sidoo kale.

Halista in aadanuhu

Bilowga Zaman ee antibiotics, saynisyahano ka fikirayso ku saabsan sida ay u noqdaan kuwo sun ah in jidhka bini'aadamka, maxaa yeelay, ku dhowaad dhammaan metry nool waxay ka kooban tahay borotiinada. Laakiin ka dib markii tiro ku filan oo diraasado ah ayaa lagu ogaaday in peptidoglycan in jirkeena waxaa jira in yar, oo sidaas daraaddeed, keeni karo dhib kasta oo halis ah daroogada ma karo.

spectrum ficilka

Ku dhowaad dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee benisiliinta dhaqmaan on bakteeriyada garaam-positive panulirus diphtheria Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium iyo pathogene cudurkii. Sidoo kale, in ay spectrum ee hawsha ku jira oo dhan sheyga garaam-negative, gonococci iyo meningococci, dhengedihii anaerobic iyo xataa fangaska gaar ah (tus, Actinomyces).

Seynisyahanno ku abuurta noocyo cusub oo penicillin, isku dayaya in ay ka hortagaan bakteeriyada qabsaneysa guryaha ay bactericidal, laakiin daaweynta caabuqa nosocomial , kooxdan oo ah daroogada mar dambe ma ku habboon yahay. Mid ka mid ah sifooyinka xun ee noocan ah ee antibiotics - bakteeriyada juqda, sida xiidmaha aadanaha waxaa qabsado bakteeriyada xasaasi u ah penicillin. Tani waa haboon in la xasuusnaado marka ay qaataan daawada.

Noocyada ugu muhiimsan (qoondaynta)

saynisyahano Modern bixiyaan benisiliinta casriga qeybinta afar kooxood:

1. Dabiiciga ah, kuwaas oo ku dhexsameeysmo by fangaska. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid benzilpenitsilliny iyo ilkaha. daawooyinka waxay leeyihiin spectrum cidhiidhi ah ee hawsha, inta badan ka dhanka ah bakteeriyada Gram-negative.
2. diyaarinta Semisynthetic isagoo caabiga penicillinases. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo spectrum balaadhan oo wareer ah. Wakiilada Methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Karboksipenitsilliny (karbpenitsillin).
4. daroogada group la tiro balaadhan oo ah falalka:
   - ureidopenitsilliny;
   - amidopenitsilliny.

foomka biosynthetic

Tusaale ahaan waa in ay u horseedi qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan xilligan daawooyinka ku haboon kooxda. Waxaa hubaal ah ka pennitsilinov caanka la oran karo waa "Bitsillin-3" iyo "5-Bitsillin". Waxay ku helay koox ka mid ah antibiotics dabiiciga ah iyo waxa ay hoggaamiye ay category, ayaa weli ma u muuqday foomamka ka kaamilsan daroogada antimicrobial.

1. "Ekstentsillin". Tilmaamaha Isticmaalka sheegayaa in ay tahay antibiotic beta-lactam ficilka la dheereeyey a. Tilmaamayaasha ay u isticmaalaan waa cudurro rheumatic ba'an iyo cudurrada uu keeno waxaana lays (syphilis, yaws iyo pint). Available in budada. "Ekstentsillin" diiwaanka ma ku talinaynaa isku darka daawooyinka anti-bararka non-steroidal (NSAIDs), maadaama ay tahay is dhexgalka ee tartan rasmi ah ee suurtogalka ah. Tani xun u saameyn karto oggolyahay ee daaweynta.
2. "Penicillin-FAU" waxa loola jeedaa koox penicillin ah. Waxa loo isticmaalaa daawaynta cudurada faafa ee mareenka sare ee neefsashada, maqaarka iyo xub-axaleedka, jabtada, waraabowga, teetanada. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sida qiyaas ka hortag ah qalitaanka ka dib, si ay u ilaaliyaan laabotooyinka dembidhaaf, chorea yar, endocarditis bakteeriyada.
3. Antibiotic "furuqa" waa analog ah ee Diyaarinta la soo dhaafay. Waxay ku timaadaa qaab ah kiniin ama dhagaxyada ah ee. Laguma talinayo weheliso NSAIDs iyo piller. Inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo cudurada caruurta.

foomka semisynthetic

Kooxdaan daroogada ka mid kiimikaad ahaan modified antibiotics ka soo jeeda wasakhahaasi.

1. The taribuunka ugu horeysay ee liiska "Amoxicillin". Tilmaamaha loogu isticmaalo (qiimaha - qiyaastii boqol rubles) waxay muujinaysaa in daroogada ayaa qaybaha kala duwan ee hawlaha iyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in cudurrada bakteeriyada shiidaa meel kasta. Its faa'iido waa in ay tahay mid deggan deegaanka acidic ee caloosha, iyo ka dib nuugista in fiirsashada, dhiiggu waa ka badan tahay in xubnaha kale ee kooxdan. Laakiin ma idealize ah "Amoxicillin". Tilmaamaha loogu isticmaalo (qiimaha gobollada kala duwan kala duwanaan karaan) ka digtay in daroogada waa in aan lagu soo qoray in bukaanka qaba mononucleosis, xasaasiyadda iyo haweenka uurka leh. isticmaalka muddada dheer waa wax aan macquul aheyn sababo la xiriira qadar weyn oo dareen diidmo kooxda.
2. cusbo sodium Oxacillin lagu qoro marka bakteeriyadu soo saaro penicillinase. Daawada waa acid, waxaa loo qaadan karaa afka, waxaa si fiican u nuugo xiidmaha. Waxa uu si degdeg ah saxarrada kelyaha, sidaas darteed waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si joogto ah ay u ilaaliyaan fiirsashada la rabay in dhiigga. contraindication kaliya - dareen xaasaasi ah. Waxaa la soo saaray qaab kiniin ama fijaan oo sida dareere ah la isku duro.
3. Wakiilka ugu danbeysay ee benisiliinta semisynthetic - waa trihydrate Ampicillin. Tilmaamaha loogu isticmaalo (kiniin) waxay muujinaysaa in uu leeyahay spectrum balaadhan oo ah tallaabo, saamaynaya labada bakteeriyada garaam-negative iyo garaam-positive. Si fiican loo dulqaatay by bukaanka, laakiin taxadar waa in la siiyaa kuwa qaadatid daawada xinjirowga lidka ku ah (tusaale ahaan, dadka qaba cudurada nidaamka wadnaha), sida daroogada potentiates ay tallaabo.

dareeraha

Benisiliinta waxaa lagu gadaa farmashiyaasha sida budada ah ee la isku duro. Sidaa darteed, maamulka mudayo sinta ama xidid, waa in la kala diri ee dareere ah. In deegaan guri loo isticmaali karaa biyo arimaha debeda la isku duro, isotonic xal sodium chloride ama novocaine laba-boqolkiiba. Waa in la xusuusnaado in dareeraha ah waa in aanay noqon mid aad u diiran.

Tilmaamayaasha, sababo iyo waxyeelo

Ififaalaha loogu daweeyo antibiotic waa cudur: lobar iyo pneumonia lobular, empyema, sepsis iyo septicaemia, endocarditis bakteeriyada, meningitis, osteomyelitis. In talaabo qumanka bakteeriyada, diphtheria, qandho iyo casaan, anthrax, jabtada, waraabowga, cudurada maqaarka purulent dayrta.

Sababo in daaweynta group penicillin xoogaa ah. Waa midda koowaade, joogitaanka diidmo u daroogada iyo taagayo ay. Second, asaasidda cudurka qalalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa wax aan macquul ahayn inay soo bandhigto daroogada galay column dhabarta. Sida for uurka iyo nuujinta, haddii ay taasi ku lacagta laga filayo waa in si xooga badnayn halista ay suurtogal tahay, maxaa yeelay ka celiyaha mandheerta kaasi waa permeable in benisiliinta. Inta lagu guda jiro soo dhaweynta, daawada ilmaha si ku meel gaar ah loo wareejiyay jid kale ee quudinta, tan iyo daroogada galo caanaha.

Dhibaatooyinka ay keento dhici kara heerar dhawr ah.

waxyeelo habdhiska noqon kartaa lallabo, matag, caro, meningismus, qalal iyo xataa kooma. dareen diidmo oo xasaasiyadeed waxaa muujiyey sida nabarada maqaarka, qandho, xanuun wadajir ah iyo barar. Waxaa jiray kiisas of shoog iyo dhimasho. Sababtoo ah ee ay suurtagal tahay tallaabo bactericidal candidiasis siilka iyo afka iyo dysbacteriosis.

isticmaalka muuqaalada

Taxadarka waa in la siiyaa bukaanka qaba cagaarshowga daciif ah iyo shaqada kelyaha marka lagu rakibay wadnaha. Ma loo baahan yahay in ku talinaynaa isticmaalka dadka u nugul dareen diidmo oo xasaasiyadeed, iyo sidoo kale kuwa ay leeyihiin dareen ah adkeeyay in cephalosporins.

Haddii shan maalmood ka dib bilowgii therapy waa wax badalina uma xaaladda bukaanka ee uma aan iman, analogues markaas penicillin waa in loo isticmaalaa midkood bedeli group antibiotics. Isla la ballanta, tusaale ahaan, walaxda "Bitsillin-3", waxaad u baahan tahay in ay is ogow ah ee ka hortagga ah superinfection fangas. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, la qoro antifungals.

Ma u baahan tahay sharaxaad si ay u sharxaan bukaanka in daawada aan la dhexgelin sababta ay sabab u Niemeeyo sheyga iska caabin ah. Iyo in ay ka gudbaan waxa ay u baahan tahay daawooyin awood badan oo keena waxyeelo daran.

analogues penicillin ayaa noqotay lagama maarmaan in daawada casriga ah. Inkastoo ay tahay koox horrayn furan of antibiotics, waxaa weli ku habboon oo lagu daweeyo meningitis, jabtada iyo waraabowga, ayaa qaybaha kala duwan ee ku filan tallaabo oo waxyeelo fudud, sidaa darteed waxa loo isticmaali karaa in caruurta. Dabcan, sida wax daawo ah, in benisiliinta leeyihiin sababo iyo waxyeelo, laakiin ay kabayso by fursado codsiga.