Baridda nidaamka waxbarashada guud, ujeedooyinka iyo himilooyinka

nidaamka waxbarashada Didactic waa qaab isku dhafan oo ka kooban ujeeddooyin gaar ah, mabaadii'da ururka, hababka iyo noocyada tababarka.

noocyada

cilmi Modern kala saaro saddex hababka didactic ugu weyn in ay leeyihiin farqi weyn oo u dhaxeeya,

• Didactics Herbart.
• nidaamka Dewey.
• Ra'yiga Perfect.

Aan isku dayno in la aqoonsado dabeecadaha mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah, si aad u hesho muuqaalada la mid ah oo kala.

didactics Herbart

Faylasuuf Jarmal Gerbart I. F. falanqeeyay iyo koobnay class-cashar foomka macalinka Polish Yana Kamenskogo. Herbart ayaa sameeyay nidaamka gaarka ah ee habka waxbaridda didactic, ku salaysan bir ah guulaha afka baarkiisa ah ee cilmi nafsiga iyo anshaxa ee 18-19 qarniyo. natiijada u dambaysa ee habka waxbarasho ee waxbarashada macalinka Jarmalka oo dhan loo arkaa ruux xoog badan oo ah nin awood u leh si ay ula qabsadaan Dhibaato kasta. Ujeedada wayn ee nidaamka didactic waxaa loo aqoonsaday in formation of tayada moral ee qofka.

fikradaha anshaxa ee waxbarashada Herbart

Ka mid ah fikradaha ugu muhiimsan ee uu soo jeediyay in la isticmaalo geedi socodka waxbarashada, u istaagaan soo baxay:

• hadafka beerta kaamilka ah ee ilmaha, jihada search of koritaanka moral ah.
• Niyadsamida, taas waxay xaqiijin doontaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya iyaga siday doonayeen iyo danaha dadka kale.
• Justice in ay mag-cay oo dhan, iyo si ay ula qabsadaan cidhiidhi.
• xorriyadda Inner, taas oo suurto gal ah in u dhigma ka aaminsan yihiin iyo waxay doonayeen of nin.

Anshaxa iyo macallinka nafsiga lahaa dabeecad metaphysical. Uu nidaamka didactic ku salaysan yihiin falsafad ku salaysan German. Ka mid ah ku soo koobin ugu muhiimsan gerbartovskoy didactics muhiim ah in la ogaado daryeelka dugsiga ee dhismaha aqooneed ee carruurta. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo waxbarashada shaqsiga, ka dibna xilkaan loo xilsaaray qoyska Herbart. Waayo, formation of xoog, damiir, qof ka mid ah ardayda, waxa ay soo jeedinaysaa in la isticmaalo anshaxa adag. From uu dhibic of view, macallimiinta lahaa si ay u noqdaan tusaalooyin dhab ah daacadnimo iyo hufnaan leh ardayda.

gaarka ah The didactics Herbart

Hawsha hoggaanka dugsiga waa in la hubiyo shaqo joogto ah loogu tala galay ardayda, abaabulka tababarka, fulinta la socodka joogtada ah ee ay horumarka aqooneed iyo jirka, ardayda dunda si aad u dalbato iyo anshaxa. Si aad dugsiga ma ay fowdo, Herbart soo jeediyay inay soo bandhigto xayiraad iyo reebay qaarkood. In the case of xadgudubyada khatarta ah ee xeerarka guud ahaan aqbalay, oo xataa wuu ogol yahay isticmaalka ciqaabta jirka. iyaga ugu bixiyey noocyada casharadii laga bartey in nidaamka didactic ka dhigan tahay isticmaalka ugu badan ee hawlaha wax ku ool ah. macalin Jarmal bixisay in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee doonistiisa, dareenka, aqoonta, anshaxa iyo amarka fiiro gaar ah.

Taasoo la micno ah fikradaha didactic

Waxa uu ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee tababarka ma gooni ah iyo waxbarashada la soo jeediyey, loo arkaa labo ka mid ah macallimiinta muddada kaliya in wadar ahaan labada lug ku. tabarruc ugu weyn ee uu nidaamka tababarka didactic ayaa qoondaynta of dhowr heerarka waxbarashada. Waxa uu soo jeediyay qorshe by taas oo caddayn u ah ururka maray, ka dibna nidaamka, ka dibna si hababka. nidaamka waxbarasho, uu dhisay oo ku saleysan Wakiilada, kaas oo si tartiib ah u lahaa si ay u tagaan xirfadaha akhriska. On xirfadaha wax ku ool ah in fikradda horumariyo by Herbart, ka mid ah su'aasha. Waxa uu rumeysan yahay in ay muhiim ahayd in ardayga la siiyo aqoon, laakiin haddii uu isagu ama isticmaali doonaa in nolol maalmeedka doonaa, waxa macno ah ma dugsiga.

kuwa raacsan Herbart

Xertiisii iyo kuwo ka mid ah macalinka Jarmal bilaabay T. Ziller, Rein B., F. Dörpfeld. Waxay ahaayeen awoodaan si ay u horumariyaan iyo casriyayn fikradaha uu macallin, isku dayeen in ay uga takhalusi ay nidaamka of formalism didactic iyo unilateralism. Rein shan marxaladood oo tababar la soo bandhigay, oo loo qoondeeyay content kasta, Ujeedooyinka ugu waaweyn, hababka soo jeediyay ee lagu gaarayo ujeedooyinka. In unit uu nidaamka maldahan wax cusub, isuduwidda macluumaadka aqoonta in ardayda la siin hore, sidoo kale ereygu iyo imtixaanka xirfadaha helay.

Marka la barbardhigo dhowr fikradaha didactic

Macalimiinta ma in xidhhidha la hoggaansamaan dhammaan tallaabooyinka rasmi ah oo tababar ah, waxay la siiyey xaq u leedahay in la diyaariyo habab lagu horumarinta fikirka carruurta, ay helaan waxbarasho buuxda. Nidaamka noocan oo kale ah geedi socodka waxbarashada didactic jirey ilaa bartamihii qarnigii la soo dhaafay ee Europe. psychologists casriga ah waxaa ka dhaadhacsan in fikradda ah saamayn taban ku leh shaqada ee dugsiyada. Muddo dheer oo dhan nidaamka didactic diiradda on iibsiga ee macalimiinta ardayda aqoonta diyaar. Midkoodna kuwaas oo formation of xaaladaha is-xaqiijinta, daliilka ee hal-abuurka, ka mid ah su'aasha. Qof xer ah lahaa si dagan u fadhiisanayaan fasalka, dhagayso si taxadar leh uu mentor, si sax ah oo si dhakhso ah u qabtaan tilmaamo iyo talooyin ku jiray oo dhan. caajisnimo ardayda keentay in xaqiiqda ah in ay aad u jecel lahayn si ay u bartaan aqoonta, tiro badan oo ardayda ma doonayaan in ay helaan aqoon, inuu seegi doono dugsiga, ayay dhiirigeliyeen marks lagu qancin. Ma jirin macalimiinta iyo fursado loogu talo galay muujinta iyo horumarinta ardayda xariifnimada iyo hibada. Nidaamka celcelis ahaan waxaa la wareegay iyo raad guulaha shakhsiyeed ee arday kasta. Ogsoonow in aan didactics Herbart, waxaa jiri doono isbedel wanaagsan ee nidaamka waxbarasho, kaas oo ka dhici dhamaadka qarnigii la soo dhaafay oo socota illaa maanta.

Didactics Dzhona Dyui

baraha American iyo cilmi nafsiga Dzhon Dyui horumariyo farqiga u dhexeeya macalimiinta model dowladihi Herbart. shuqulladiisa u noqday miisaan dhab ah in fikradaha waxbarasho ee hadda jira. baraha American sheegay in nidaamka waxbarashada aasaasiga ah oo isaga ka horreeyey ee hadda jira, hogaaminayo oo kaliya in ay waxbarashada dusha ah ee dugsiyada. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in xoogga ugu weyn ee la saaray kala iibsiga ee aqoon, waxaa jiray farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya xaqiiqada dhabta ah. Ardayda "cufan" macluumaadka ma isticmaali karto aqoontooda nolol maalmeedka. Intaa waxaa dheer, in carruurtu hesho "aqoon diyaar-dhigay" a, iyagu ma ay u baahan tahay in dadaal dheeraad ah sameeyaan si ay u madax banaan ka raadin macluumaad gaar ah. Waa in nidaamka waxbarasho ee Jarmal iyo hadalka ee dalabaadka ka diiwaan gashan iyo baahida carruurta, danaha bulshada, horumarinta shakhsiyadeed ma uu tegin. Dewey, uu tijaabo ugu horeysay bilaabay dugsiga Chicago ee 1895. Wuxuu u abuuray Eebe file card kulan didactic loogu talagalay in kor loogu qaado waxqabadka carruurta ah. Macallinku wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si ay u horumariyaan fikrad cusub oo ah "Fikirka dhamaystiran". views Psychological iyo falsafada ah qoraaga, ilmuhu wuxuu bilaabaa in ay ka fekeraan marka ay jiraan qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka isaga ka soo hor. Waa in habka of caqabadaha soo kabsaday, ilmuhu wuxuu bilaabaa in ay ka fekeraan. "Fal Full" fikirka ah Dewey ku lug tallaabooyin gaar ah:

• Xaaladan oo ah dhibaatooyin.
• Dareemida dhibaatooyinka.
• Dejinteedu fikradaha.
• Qaadashada xaqiijinta macquulka ah ee la xiqiijiyay in bandhigi ah.
• Falanqaynta natiijada tijaabo iyo indha indheyn.
• Ka gudbitaanka caqabadaha.

gaarka ah The didactics Dewey

File abuuray by qoraaga of kulan didactic jeedo "waxbarashada dhibaato ku salaysan." Habkan arrin deg deg ah ka helay taageerayaasha ka mid ah cilmi-nafsiga Yurub iyo barayaasha. Marka la eegayo codsiga nidaamka American dugsiyada Soviet, waxaan la soco in isku daygii ahaa, laakiin iyadu ma ay madaxa loo saaraa taaj guusha. Interest in didactics noocan oo kale ah u muuqday in Russia oo kaliya at bilowgii qarnigii 21aad. muhiimadda ay leedahay fikradaha ah suurtogalnimada American Dewey of hab kala tababarka iyo waxbarashada ee arday kasta. The qaab-dhismeedka cashar marxaladda la joogo oo ah la qeexo dhibaatada, samaynta fikradaha, isku geynta search of falalka, daraasadda, falanqaynta natiijada, samaynta of gunaanad, si loo xaqiijiyo waafaqsanaanta la xiqiijiyay in la ballamay.

Marka la barbardhigo nidaamka dhaqanka iyo fikirka ah Dewey

American noqday innovator ah oo run ah geeddi-socodka waxbarashada. Waxaa halkii "waxbarashada buugga" la siiyaa ikhtiyaar u ah helitaanka firfircoon ee aqoonta iyo xirfadaha. foodda The madax banaan hawlaha fahamka ee ardayda, macalinka u noqday ku xigeen u ahaa arday uu. Macallinku wuxuu ku Hanuuniyaa ilmaha, ka caawiyay isaga in ay ka gudbaan dhibaatooyinka, in ay ku riday la xiqiijiyay in gebagebo natiijooyinka ka helay. Halkii manhajka classical bixiyey qorshe shaqsi American, oo aad aqoon u leh heerar kala duwan soo heli kartaa. Laga soo bilaabo tan bilaabin sheekada ee edbinta kala duwan iyo khusuusiga ah, unit ka mid ah barnaamijyada on heerarka aasaasiga ah iyo khaas ah. dareenka badan waxaa la siiyaa fikrad ay dhaqanka Dewey, si uu dugsiga mahad muuqday madax banaan hawlaha cilmi dugsiga.

gunaanad

nidaamka iskuulka waxaa si joogto ah la casriyeeyay, ka adag, in barnaamijyada cusub ee ay cilmi-nafsiga iyo barayaasha mahad. Waxaa ka mid ah fikradaha badan didactic in lagu abuuray labadii qarniyo soo dhaafay, muhiimad gaar ah uu yahay habka classic of Herbart, barnaamijka cusub Dewey. Waa iyada oo shuqullo kuwan ayaa u muuqday in meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee waxbarasho, kuwaas oo loo arki karaa in dugsiyada maanta. Falanqaynta isbeddellada cusub, waxaan la soco waxbarashada "iyada oo loo marayo furitaanka" la soo jeediyay by baraha American Jerome Bruner. Qoraalkan waxaa noo muuqata in looga baahan yahay in ay ka qalin dugsiga hoose ee GEF ah. Ardayda waxaa looga baahan yahay in ay bartaan shuruucda aasaasiga ah iyo ifafaale ee dabiiciga ah, koobnaanta nolosha bulshada, faqri ay cilmi u gaar ah, ka qayb mashaariicda wadar iyo shaqsi.

The abuuray jiilka labaad ee cusub ee heerarka gobolka loo isticmaalo in ay shaqada, dhowr fikradaha waxbarashada, doorashada ugu fiican ee fikradahaan. Of muhiimadda gaarka ah ee nidaamka didactic casri la siiyo formation of qof habboonaanta oo kibir leh ee uu Fatherland, ogyahay oo ixtiraamaya oo dhan dhaqanka dadka uu. Si ay u qalin jebiyaan dugsiga ayaa lagu dabaqaa xaaladaha casriga ah ee nolosha, muhiimad gaar ah la siiyo horumarinta is. macalinka The ma aha a "kaligii taliye", wuxuu uun u dirayaa ardayda uu, waxay ka caawisaa si ay ula qabsadaan caqabadaha soo baxaya.