Benzene - a ... formula dhismaha, guryaha iyo wax soo saarka ee benzene

Xarunta A sida benzene, Ms. Chemistry on beertiisuu ayaa ugu danbeyn helay kaliya ee 1833. Benzene - xarunta a in uu leeyahay a cadho gaaban, waxaan dhihi karaa, xitaa waxyaabaha qarxa. Sida ku ogaaday?

story

Johann Glauber soo jeestay in ay xiriir ee 1649, kaas oo si guul leh, waxaa la sameeyay markii farmashiyaha ku hawlan processing ee daamurka dhuxusha uu dareenka. Laakiin waxaa ka doorteen in ay daahsoon sii.

Ka dib markii ku saabsan 170 sano, iyo in ka badan ayaa sax ah, in bartamihii-labaataneeyada qarnigii XIX ah, by fursad of ifi gaaska, kuwaas oo ka condensate bixiyay benzene ka soo soocay. Sidaas dadaalka Dadka ku leedahay in Michael Faraday, saynisyahan ka England.

burhaantiisa ee barashada afku ee benzene dhexda Jarmal Eylgard Mitscherlich. Tani waxay dhacdaa marka howsha maray ammooniya Benzosyrene acid calcium cusbada. Waxaa laga yaabaa in, sidaas darteed, waxaan ku siin xiriir magac - benzene. Weli, sida ikhtiyaarka ah, saynisyahano ah u wac baatrool. Fooxa, haddii Carabi.

Benzene qurux badan oo dhalaalaya shiday, oo xidhiidh la leh, kuwaas oo indha-indhaynta Ogyust Loran kula taliyay inuu u soo yeedho uu "timaha" ama "benzene". Bright, iftiimaya - haddii laga Greek ee la turjumay.

Iyada oo ku saleysan aragtida Linus Pauling, fikradda guud ee dabiiciga ah ee isgaarsiinta elektiroonigga ah, oo ka mid ah tayada benzene, saynisyahan a siiyey Britain xarunta sida soo socota. lixgeesle Tani. Waxaa la Isasaaray goobada. ku qorani waxay soo jeedisay in daacadnimada daruurtii electronic ah benzene, kaas oo si guul ah ku soo gabagabeeyay lix (iyada oo aan marka laga reebo) wareegga carbon ah. xiriirka binary addoonsi lagu arkay.

Iyada oo benzene hore uga soo shaqeeyay sida dareeraha ah. Iyo asal ahaan, sida ay iyagu yidhaahdaan, aan la lug, La iima lug. Laakiin waa in qarnigii XIX ah. In qarnigii XX waxaa dhacay isbadalo muhiim ah. guryaha benzene muujiyo tayada ugu qiimaha badan in ka caawiyay isaga noqday iyo aad u badan oo caan ah. Tirada falkaas The, taas oo cadeeyay sare, la siiyaa fursad loo isticmaalo sida xubno Shidaalka shiday baabuurta. Tallaabadan waxaa wadadii saarista faraha-badan ee benzene, ka fiirsato oo dhanba waxaa lagu fuliyaa sida birta sare warshadaha wax soo saarka coking.

By afartameeyaha ah oo duurka ku ah benzene kiimikada bilaabay inuu la wada baabbi'in in wax soo saarka ee walxaha in si deg deg ah qarxi. qarnigii XX qudhiisu caleemo saaray in industry turxaan ah ayaa sameeyay sida benzene, taas oo uu noqday si ay ugu deeqdo warshadaha kiimikada.

Feature benzene

Consort roodhida aad u la mid ah benzene yihiin. Tusaale ahaan, hydrocarbon ah oo taxane ethylene laftiisa tilmaamay sida shidaalka roodhida. Waxaa lagu gartaa falcelin dheeraad ah. Benzene dhaba galo dareen diidmo oo la bedelay. All mahad si atamka in ay yihiin isku diyaarad. Oo sida xaqiiqada ah - daruur electron conjugated.

Haddii caanaha waa la joogo in giraanta benzene ah, ka dibna mid ka iman kartaa in la soo gabagabeeyo aasaasiga ah in this - benzene, formula dhismaha ah taas oo u muuqataa si sax ah si isku mid ah.

guryaha jirka

Benzene - dareere ah in uu leeyahay midab lahayn, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay ur nasiib darro. Benzene dhalaalayaa marka heerkulku gaadho 5,52 darajo Celsius. Booguhu at 80,1. Mugga waa 0,879 g / cm ^3, tiro gaws loo siman yahay 78,11 g / mol. In sari ah loola sigaar cabba. Waxaa abuuraa xeryahooda qarxa, marka hawada guskiisa. Mawjadaha noocyada organic (benzene, ether, iwm) la maalkii tilmaamay xiran yihiin dhibaato la'aan. Waxay abuurtaa xarunta azeotropic biyo. Kululaynta ka hor vaporization dhacdaa at 69,25 darajo (91% benzene). At 25 degrees Celsius waxaa la kala diri karaa biyo 1,79 g / L.

kiimikaad

Benzene waxaa ka jawaabay acid sulfuric iyo nitric acid. Oo weliba la alkenes, halogens, chloroalkanes. reaction bedelay - in uu yahay hanti isaga u. Heerkulka saamayn ku giraanta benzene horumar degdeg ah cadaadiska taas oo Ballaariyay in a xaaladaha si caddaalad ah u adag.

Mid kasta oo isla'eg of falcelinta of benzene waxaan ka arki kartaa faahfaahin dheeraad ah.

1. bedelay Electrophilic. Bromo, iyadoo ay wada joogaan Hannaan ah, waxaa ka jawaabay chlorine. Natiijadu waxay tahay chlorobenzene ah:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCL

2. reaction Friedel-farshaxan ama alkylation of benzene. ah ee alkylbenzenes qaadataa meel ay sabab u tahay xiriir la leh alkanes, kuwaas oo taagayo halogeen:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 bedelay Electrophilic. Halkan waa falcelinta ee nitration iyo sulfonation. Fiiri isla'egta benzene waa sida soo socota:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. Benzene inta lagu guda jiro soo sari:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

Under shuruudo gaar ah, waxay muujinayaa nooca ah Consort kahaayeen soo jireenka ah. U-electron daruur, taas oo ah in qaab-dhismeedka oo ah walaxda in su'aasha, sharxayaa celintan.

By technology gaar ah ku xiran tahay noocyada kala duwan ee benzene. Sidaa sixitaanka ee benzene batroolka. Tusaale ahaan, heer sare ku daahir yeelay wuxuuna daahirinta dadka ereygu wuxuu. Waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan hoosta xarriiqno homologues ah benzene, iyo haddii la taaban karo ka - kiimikaad ay. Waxaa alkylbenzenes.

Homologues of benzene waa badan tahay in ay ka jawaabaan. Laakiin fal-celin la iibiyay ee benzene, kuwaas oo homologues la kala duwan qaar ka mid noqotay.

halogenation of alkylbenzenes

Form ee isla'egta waa sida soo socota:

S6H5-CH3 + br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

Wixii la doonayay oo ah bromine in giraanta benzene aan la arkay. Wuxuu galaa silsilad dhinaca. Laakiinse mahad cusbo Hannaan Al (+3) bromo geesinimo ee giraanta.

nitration of alkylbenzenes

Sababo la acids sulfuric iyo nitric, benzenes nitrating iyo benzenes alkyl. benzenes alkyl Waxyeelo. Laba waxyaabaha laga helay saddex soo bandhigay - para- iyo ortho-isomers. Waxaad ku qori karta mid ka mid ah qaaciidooyinka:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

qayilo

Benzene aan la aqbali karin. Laakiin benzenes alkyl dhaba fal. Tusaale ahaan, Benzosyrene acid. formula waa sida soo socota:

C6H5CH3 + [O] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene iyo benzene, hydrogenation ee

In joogitaanka kordhiyo hydrogen bilaabaa inuu fal la benzene, cyclohexane sidaas sameeyay, sida kor ku wada hadleen. Sidoo kale alkibenzoly muuqan beddelay alkylcyclohexanes. Waayo, alkylcyclohexane in la hoos geliyey wax hydrogenation benzene alkyl la doonayo. Asal ahaan waa hab lagama maarmaan u ah wax soo saarka ee wax soo saarka unalloyed. Markaasaa waxaa taas ma aha falcelinta ee benzene iyo alkyl benzene oo dhan.

Production ah benzene. warshadaha

Fundam soo saarka sida ku salaysan tahay xaqiiqada ah in qaybaha ugu recycle: toluene, daamur naphtha kaas oo la sii daayay inta lagu guda jiro arrinkaas ee dhuxusha, iyo kuwa kale. Sidaa darteed, benzene la soo saaray ee kiimikada, shirkadaha qodniinka-. Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado sida aad u heli khayroon daahirnimo benzene kala duwan, sababtoo ah mabda'a ah ee wax soo saarka iyo Noqosho waa in xidhiidh toos ah astaanta ah oo ah walaxda.

Kulaigye waxaa uu la sameeyo dib u habaynta kuusha horseed kaustobiolitnoy qayb kariyey baxay at 65 digrii, taas oo saameyn ku of muxaadaro laga soosaaray la dimethylformamide.

Marka ethylene iyo propylene waa la helay waxyaabaha dareeraha ah oo loo sameeyay inta lagu jiro suuska ee xeryahooda ka imanba iyo organic, sarkhaansan yihiin kulaylka. Kuwaas oo kala ah, benzene iyo go'doon. Laakiin, nasiib daro, wax xumu for version-soo-saarka ee benzene ee ma aha wax badan. Maxaa yeelay, waxaannu ku mashquulsan yihiin walax ka toobad bixiyay. By habka noocan oo kale ah u kordhiyaa qadarka benzene.

By dealkylation at 610-830 degrees calaamada lagu daray, iyadoo ay wada joogaan oo ah uumiga sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro karkaraya oo ka mid ah biyo iyo hydrogen, waa la diyaariyey ka toluene, benzene. Waxaa jira khiyaar kale - Hannaan. Marka joogitaanka zeolites dhacaan, ama haddii kale, Xoojiya xabagta, maado si heer kulka 227-627 degrees.

Waxaa jira mid kale, ka weyn, benzene horumarinta hab. Iyada oo nuugo ka soo jeedo organic quustay waxaa la go'doonsan ka natiijada kama dambaysta ah ee dhuxusha coking. Shayga waxaa la hoos geliyey uumi-gaas iyo pre-qaboojinta. Tusaale ahaan, in koorsada oo saliid ah bilaabin, isha taas oo ah saliid ama dhuxusha. Marka muxaadaro waa la fuliyay oo la uumi, absorber ah soocay. Hydrotreating of benzene cayriin ka caawisaa lacag la'aan ah ka walxaha aan loo baahnayn.

daamur dhuxusha alaabta ceeriin

In metallurgy isticmaalayo dhuxul ah, iyo haddii loo tijaabiyo - ay muxaadaro qalalan siiyey coke. Inta lagu guda jiro nidaamka this, ku koobnayn sahayda hawada. Ha illoobin in si heer kulka ah ee 1200-1500 Celsius dhuxul kulul.

Carbon Chemistry benzene u baahan nadiifiskeeda u dhamaystiran. Waxaad u baahan tahay in laga takhaluso khasab ka cyclohexane methyl iyo Saaxiibkiis of n-heptane. Consort cokan waa in sidoo kale la saaro. Benzene in ay geedi-soociddiisa, oo daahirinta, oo waxaa lagu fulin doonaa ka badan hal mar.

Habka kor lagu sharaxay, da'da weyn, laakiin muddo ka dib waxaa lumiyo booska sare.

jajab petroleum

0.3-1.2% - tirooyinka kuwanu waxay ahaayeen geesi naga saliidda ku daaweyn. waxqabadka ku gataan si ay u maal iyo maal ciidamada. Waxaa aad u fiican in la isticmaalo geedi warshadeed ee nidaaminta jajabyada saliid. Taasi waa horseed u habaynta. In joogitaanka kordhiyo aluminium-platina-rhenium helaya boqolkiiba kordheysa ee carbohydrates udgoon, iyo kordhisaa muuqaalada tilmaame qeexaya ma aha is-shidid shidaal inta lagu jiro ay riixo.

cusbi pyrolysis

Haddii aan soo saaro batroolka aan cayriin adag, kuwaas oo ay pyrolysis taasoo keentay in soo saarka ee propylene iyo ethylene, in habkan uu noqon doono ugu habboon. Si aad u noqoto dhabta ah, benzene ka pyrocondensate sii daayay. daatay ee saamiyada qaar waxay u baahan tahay hydrotreating. Marka nadiifinta baaruud iyo dar roodhida ganaax. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay hore ee ku jira xusay xylene, toluene, benzene. Iyada oo driving of taas oo ekstaktivnym, BTK-group waa la helay iyo kala benzene.

hydrodealkylation of toluene

Primary is biirsaday habka Heroes socodka hydrogen iyo toluene lagu quudiyo galay nuclear-ka kulul. Toluene la ansixiyay iyada oo lakabka Hannaan ah. Inta lagu jiro habkan, koox methyl laga soocay si ay u sameeyaan benzene. Halka ay ku habboon si gaar ah isdaahirinta. Natiijadu waxay tahay walax-khayroon daahirnimo sare (nitration).

disproportionation toluene

In cawaaqib fasalka diidmada methyl wuxuu ka kooban yahay benzene abuurka, xylene waxaa oxidized. In habkan, waxaa la arkay transalkylation. tallaabo waa ay sabab u tahay catalyzing palladium, platina iyo neodymium, kuwaas oo ku alumina ah.

nuclear waa adkaysi u formation of Hannaan iyo hydrogen waxaa bixisey taluol. Goolkiisii - si ay u sii dhigaalka ah on Hannaan diinta shidaalka ee diyaarada ka. durdur ah in baxo nuclear la qaboojiyey iyo hydrogen dib loo waxaa si ammaan ah laga saaro. Maxaa ka tagay, waxaa debeda, saddex jeer. Marka marxaladdan noqday xeryahooda hore in ay yihiin kuwa aan udgoon. Shirka labaad ee lagu soo saarta benzene, iyo tallaabada la soo dhaafay - qoondeynta ah xylenes.

trimerization of alxamaad

Sababo la xiriira shaqada ee farmashiyaha jirka Faransiis Marcellin Berthelot ka alxamaad benzene steel saaridda. Laakiin waxaa taagnaa is biirsaday culus ee xubno kale oo badan. Su'aashu waxay ahayd sida loo yareeyo heerkulka falcelinta. Jawaabta waxaa laga heli kaliya ee afartameeyaha dabayaaqadii qarnigii XX ah. W. Reppe helay Hannaan ku haboon, waxaa cadaatay in ay nickel. Trimerization - waa ikhtiyaarka kaliya si ay u bartaan ka benzene alxamaad.

formation benzene kaaga dhuxusha firfircoonaan. At heerka sare ee kulaylka badan dhuxusha waa soo gudubtaa alxamaad. Benzene la sii daayo haddii heerkulka uu yahay ugu yaraan 410 digrii. Sayidka weli dhashay Consort leedahay beduliyum kala duwan. Sidaa darteed, waxaad u baahan tahay qalab wanaagsan, taas oo awood u alxamaad tayo cad. In geeddi-socodka sida waqti lumis ah sida trimerization ee alxamaad baabbi'iyey badan. Si aad u hesho 15 ml of benzene, 20 litir waa la qaatay alxamaad. Waxaad ka arki kartaa sida ay u egtahay in ay caanaha (alxamaad, benzene), falcelinta aanu muddo dheer ma qaadan.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky isla'eg).

3CH → CH = (t, Kat) = C6H6.

Halkee si ay u isticmaalaan benzene

Benzene - waa chemistry maaxdey arrin caan ah. Gaar ahaan inta badan waxaa la arkay sida benzene helay adeegga ee soo saaridda of cumene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene. In la abuuro ethylbenzene styrene ma aan samayn karo aan lahayn. Qoraalkani wuxuu ku bilaabin si ay u soo saaraan caprolactam waa cyclohexane. By samaynta cusbi u thermoplastic isticmaalo waa caprolactam. Qeexaa walax lagama maarmaan in soo saaridda ee rinjiga kala duwan, varnishes.

Sidee khatar ah benzene

Benzene - walax sun ah. Muujinta dareenka qidmeyntii, kaas oo la Ulasocto lallabo iyo wareer - calaamad u ah sumowga. Waxaa la ma laga saaray xitaa dhimasho. Dareen ah farxad Maamulka Kililka - waa tii qaylo dhaan aan ka yarayn in kiiska sumowga by benzene.

dareere Benzene keenta maqaarka cuncun. lamaane Benzene si fudud u geli xataa maqaarka dhawrsan. At badan la xiriir muddo gaaban la walaxda in qiyaas yar, laakiin si joogto ah, cawaaqib xun Waqti badan kuma qaadan in ay sugaan. Tani waxay noqon kartaa kansarka dhuuxa lafta iyo dabeecadda ba'an ee noocyada kala duwan.

On top of walax waa la qabatimo in aadanuhu. Benzene u dhaqmo sida daroogada ah. Laga soo bilaabo qiiqa sigaarka jirsado saarka joog. wuxuu bartay code ka, ka dibna garawsannay in content ee ugu dambaysta ma aha ammaan aadanaha yimid. Waxa la ogaaday in lagu daro joogitaanka nicotine iyo xitaa joogitaanka leedahay beduliyum benzopyrene nooca carbohydrates. Astaamaha benzpyrene waa kansar. Saamaynta ay leeyihiin mid aad u waxyeelo leh. Tusaale ahaan, waxay keeni kansarka.

Habase yeeshee qorani, benzene waa wax-upka soo saarka ee dawooyinka kala duwan, bacyaal, caag synthetic iyo, dabcan, pigments. Tani waa ilmaha ugu badan ee kimisteriga iyo xarunta ah leedahay beduliyum.