Betelgeuse: qarax supernovaer

Inkasta oo celcelis ahaan a boqol oo sannadood ee Galaxy a waxaa jira supernovaer mid kaliya in caalamka loo arki karo, waxaa jira qiyaastii 100 bilyan oo falagyada. In ka badan 10 bilyan oo sano jiritaankeeda (in ay sax ah, in ka badan 13.7 bilyan, laakiin xiddiguhuba samaysmin ugu horeysay dhowr boqol oo milyan oo sano gudahood), sida uu sheegay Dr. Richard Mushotski Space Flight Center ee NASA Goddard, in caalamka arki karo waxaa jira hal bilyan supernovae sanadkiiba, ama 30 per labaad! Ma laga yaabaa in qaraxa ee supernovaer ah ee Betelgeuse, Rafaa cas calooshiisa Jidka, in ay soo socda?

Haddii ay taasi dhacdo ...

Qaraxa ayaa ka mid ah xiddiga ugu baaqay Betelgeuse, mid ka mid ah ugu qatarsan ee Samada, samaysaa si siman u dayaxu caddo buuxda yahay, oo wuxuu iska joogi doonaa sidaa darteed sanadka oo dhan. U ballaaran, la arki karo oo cirka qaboobaha badan dunida sida dhibic guduudan oo dhalaalaya ah, waxuu noqon karaa supernovaer ah waqti kasta ee 100,000 sano ee soo socota.

cirbixiyeyaasha badankoodu waxay aaminsan yihiin in maanta waa mid ka mid ah sababaha tahay sababta aan awood uma yeelan in la helo nolol caaqil in Caalamka, waa saamaynta dilaaga ah ee qarax supernovaer degaanka baabbi'iya oo dhan nolosha ee gobolka a Siiyey Galaxy ka.

"The gacanta al-Jawzi"

Rafaa Red Betelgeuse, mar si weyn in ay gaari karaan falagiisuu ee Jupiter, haddii ay ahaayeen in nidaamka qoraxda, waxaana nus la dhimay, inkastoo ay tahay sidii u dhalaalaya sidii abid ka badan tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay.

Betelgeuse, oo magiciisa ku yimaado ka Carabi, waxaa si cad u arkay in koox ka Oriyon. Star siiyey magaca qof ee Michael Keaton in movie Beetlejuice oo ahayd hooyo ah nidaamka Madaxweynaha Zaphod Beeblebrox taxane ah oo tixaha, "The Hitchhiker ee Hagaha Galaxy."

Kooxda Red ayaa la rumeysan yahay in ay leeyihiin nolosha gaaban, adag iyo duufaanka. Nolosha ugu badnaan dhowr milyan oo sano, ay si dhakhso ah ku gubi shidaalka hydrogen oo isu bedeli helium, carbon iyo xubno kale, waqtiyo qandaraas oo mar kale lagu nadiifiyo.

Betelgeuse: qarax supernovaer

Xiddiga Tani ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay dhammaadka jiritaankeeda la socda oo la kulmi karaan mid ka mid ah duma, kaas oo la Ulasocto bedelay mid ka mid shidaalka kale isuga.

Sababtuna waxay tahay, riixo oo aan la garaneyn Betelgeuse. Ma garato in aan ogaado oo ku saabsan falagyada iyo caalamka fog oo dhan, wax badan in aan weli u leeyihiin in ay bartaan oo ku saabsan xiddigaha. Lama yaqaan ay ka mid yihiin waxa dhacaya marka kooxda cas ayaa ku dhow dhamaadka jiritaankeeda.

Haddii qarax Betelgeuse dhacay iyo waxa ay noqotay supernovaer ah, waxa uu oggolaan in cirbixiyeyaasha si ay u dhawraan dhulka iyo physics ay in la xakameeyo nidaamka this. Dhibaatada waxa ay tahay in qofna ma oga marka ay dhici doona. Inkasta oo ay jiraan warar xan ah ay ahaayeen in 2012 Qarax Betelgeuse dhacaya marka ku qaraxday star, runtii ma oga. Taasi ma dhicin, sababtoo ah jaaniska ah sida dhacdo waa mid aad u yar. Betelgeuse qarxi kari waayay habeen danbe ama fidin ilaa 100,000 oo sano.

meel aad u fog

Inuu u keeno dhaawac la hagaajin si Dhulka, supernovaer waa in baxo gacan ka mid ah in ka yar 100 sano oo iftiin ah. Waxaa dhergiyaa xaalad haddii Betelgeuse? Qaraxa ma keento wax waxyeello ah dhulkeenna, sababtoo ah xiddiga reer waa in badan oo ka Dhawyahay ay hadda tahay. Masaafada u "gacmaha al-Jawzi" wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 600 sano oo iftiin ah.

Tani waa mid ka mid ah xiddigaha dhalaalaya ugu caansan. Waa toban jeer size of The Sun, oo ay da'doodu waa 10 milyan oo sano. The xiddigii more weyn, ee ay nolosha ka gaaban. Taasi waa sababta cirbixiyeyaasha ogaaday Betelgeuse. Qarax Rafaa Red dhici doonaa waqti yar.

Supersverhnovaya SN2007bi

Dabayaaqadii 2009, cirbixiyeyaasha goob joog qaraxa ugu weynaa ee abid la duubay. Xiddiga Supergiant, taas oo tirada laba boqol jeer ka badan Sun ee ka weyn, waxaa gebi ahaanba burburiyey shaqo reaction thermonuclear, sababa wax soo saarka ee antimatter, sababta oo, ee jeedo, wuxuu ahaa shucaaca gamma ah. Tani waa tusaale ka mid ah waxa ku dhici kara inta lagu guda jiro Betelgeize burburkii. Qaraxa ayaa loo arki karaa muddo dhawr bilood ah, sababtoo ah waxa uu oodda daruur of walxaha shucaaca ka badan 50 jeer size of Qorraxda iyo shanqarta uu yahey mid ka mid ah fission nuclear, taasoo loo arki karaa ka falagyada fog.

Supersverhnovaya SN2007bi ayaa tusaale u ah burburkii of a "Labada nin-xasillooni". Its muuqaalka la mid tahay qaraxa bam ee qaaradda, huriyay riixo ee plutonium. Marka size ee ku saabsan afar megayottagrammov (laba iyo soddon-eber this) xiddigaha Rafaa waxaa la qabtaa by burburkii gravitational cadaadis ah ee shucaaca gamma ah. Bu'da kulul, sare tamarta ah gamma-rays, laakiin haddii ay qabaan tamar aad u badan, in ay yihiin awood u marayay eb ah, abuurista tamar nadiif ah ka labo-labo electron-Sawirid ah ee arrinta iyo antimatter. Taas macnaheedu waa in muhimka ah ee xiddigtii oo dhan u dhaqmo sida xawaaraha ah walxaha Rafaa.

Isuga size bam 11 shabagyada

Antimatter annihilates leh ay soo horjeeda, tan iyo markii ay u egtahay in ay, laakiin dhibaatadu waxaa weeye in xawaaraha qaraxa, kaas oo, inkasta oo ay aad u sarayso, abuurista dib u dhac maalin muhiim u ah abuurista gamma-karka, haysta xiddiga ka soo dumo. The layers dibadda SAG, compressing asaasiga ah iyo kor u heerkulkiisa. Tani waxay kordhisaa suurtagalnimada of rays gamma tamar badan, abuurista antimatter, oo si lama filaan ah xiddig oo dhan uu noqonayaa ah nuclear-nuclear la koontarooli karin, waa ka weyn yahay male. All core thermonuclear isla markiiba detonates, sida bam thermonuclear, ee mass of taas oo ka badan ma aha oo kaliya size of qorraxda - waa ka badan mass ee 11 shabagyada timaha.

Qaraxdo oo dhan. No godka madow ama xiddiga neutron, waxba daruurtii ballaarinta ee wax shucaac ah iyo meel madhan cusub halkaas oo mar ahaa shayga ugu weyn, taas oo suuragal ah keliya iyada oo aan si aan loo meel bannaan oo ku jebin laakiin weli. Qaraxa ayaa sababa dareen-celin on qiyaasta weyn, oo bedel ku soo galay wax xubno cusub shucaaca.

Star Killer

Xiddiga Qaar ka mid naadir ah - killers dhabta ah nooca 11 - waa hypernovae, ilaha dilaaga dilaaca gamma-ray (GRB). Marka la barbar dhigo qarax Betelgeuse ee sida shay sii daayo 1000 jeer tamar badan. caddayn la taaban karo GRB-model u muuqday sanadkii 2003.

Waxaa muuqatay qayb ahaanna sababtu gaadhista "deriskiisa", meesha oo la goostay by cirbixiyeyaasha via GRB Positioning network (GCN). March 29, 2003 dillaacay yimid dhow ku filan in galku ahaayeen muhiim ah in la xaliyo qarsoodiga inay Cadha daraadeed gamma-ray. spectrum The indhaha of afterglow ahaa ku dhowaad isku mid SN1998bw. Intaa waxaa dheer, daawashada of satalayt X-ray ayaa muujiyay feature isku sifo - joogitaanka "naxay" iyo oxygen "kulul", kaas oo sidoo kale ku jiraa isagoo supernovaer ah. Sayidka, cirbixiyeyaasha ay awoodaan si loo ogaado in "dareen" GRB ku yara dhow ku yaal "kaliya" laba bilyan oo sano oo iftiin ah ka Earth, garabaka supernovaer ah.

Lama oga in hypernova kasta la xidhiidha GRB. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida laga soo xigtay cirbixiyeyaasha lagu qiyaasey in keliya mid ka mid ah 100,000 oo soo saarta supernovae hypernova. Waxay ku saabsan tahay mid ka dilaaca gamma-ray ah maalin kasta, taas oo loo arkay in xaqiiqada.

In hubaal si weyn u yahay xaqiiqda ah in muhimka ah ee cidda ka qayb formation of hypernova, ayaa tiro ku filan si ay u sameeyaan god madow halkii xiddiga neutron ah. Sidaas darteed, mid kasta oo arkay GRB waa "qaylin" ee godka madow dhashay.

cilin cad in nidaamka T Compass

Seynisyahanno ku heshiin in indhaynta cusub ee T Compass in koox Compass isticmaalaya satellite International Ultraviolet Explorer ayaa tilmaamaya in cilin cad waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka binary iyo saaro 3260 sano iftiin ka Earth in uu yahay wax badan u dhaw in ay qiyaasta hore ee 6,000 sano oo iftiin ah.

cilin A cad waa cusub oo soo noqnoqda. Taas macnaheedu waa in ay qaraxyo thermonuclear xiddigaha la qabto 20 sano oo kasta. The dhacdooyin la garanayo ee ugu dambeeyey ku jiray 1967, 1944, 1920, 1902 iyo 1890 siday u kala horreeyaan. Kuwani qaraxyo cusub, ma supernovaer ah ayan ku baabbi'in, oo ay leeyihiin saameyn ah kuma laha dhulka. Cirbixiyeyaasha Ma garanayo sababta bareeg u dhexeeya dillaaca ayaa kor u kacay.

Qubarada badankooda ayaa aaminsan qaraxyo waa natiijada kordhinta cusub ee miisaanka markii xiddiga cilin doorteen gaaska hydrogen-hodan ka ay Saaxiibkiis. Markay miisaanka xad go'an waa cusub flash a. Lama yaqaan, kordheen ama miisaanka oo hoos u muddada wareegga shubto iyo qaraxa, laakiin haddii uu soo gaadho waxa loogu yeero xadka Chandrasekhar, waxaa cilin doonaa 1a nooca supernovaer. Xaaladdan oo kale, kii cilin ah ihin doonaa oo flash awood badan, taas oo keeni doonta in ay baabba 'dhammaystiran. Noocan ah supernovaer soo bandhigtay tamarta 10 milyan oo jeer in ka badan hal cusub.

tamarta ee a shabagyada timaha kun

Aragtida cilin cad inta lagu jiro dillaacay cusub ayaa soo jeedinaya in korodhka mass, iyo xogta of xoqad ah "Hubble" ee wax laga eryo inta lagu guda jiro qarax oo hore, xaqiijin view this. Daydo qiyaaseen in mass ee cilin cad ka gaari karin Yaree Chandrasekhar ee 10 milyan oo sano ama ka yar.

Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano, supernovaer ah waxay keeni doontaa in shucaaca gamma, tamarta kuwaas oo u dhiganta 1,000 isku mar sii daysa qoraxda. Waxaa ka khatar badan tahay qaraxa of Betelgeuse. Marka ay timaado rays gamma dhulka ku, waxaa halis ku soo saarka ee oxides nitrogen, kaas oo dhaawici kara oo suurto gal ah baabbi'in Lakabka Allena. supernovaer A waa sida u dhalaalaya sidii dhammaan xiddigaha kale ee wada Jidka calooshiisa ka. Mid ka mid ah cirbixiyeyaasha ah, Dr Edward Sion oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Villanova, ku dooday in ay qarxi karaan mustaqbalka dhow in qiyaasta waqtiga loo isticmaalo by cirbixiyeyaasha iyo Haseyeeshee ah, laakiin waa qof waa mustaqbalka fog.

fikradaha kala duwan

Cirbixiyeyaasha rumaysan supernovae in fogaan ah in ka yar 100 sano oo iftiin ah ka Earth noqon lahaa musiibo, laakiin natiijadu waxay sii caddeyn oo ku xirnaan doontaa sida awood qaraxa uu noqon doono. Koox ka mid ah cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa sheegtay in cudurka dillaacay tahay wax badan u dhow oo xoog badan qaraxa of Betelgeuse. Marka ay timaado in, waxaa lama yaqaan, laakiin dhulka la dhab ah dhaawacmi doona. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi kale sida Alex Filippenko of University of California at Berkeley, khabiir ku ah supernovae, falagyada firfircoon, godadka madow, inay Cadha daraadeed gamma-ray, iyo ballaarinta caalamka, ma ku raacsan tahay xisaabinta iyo waxay aaminsan yihiin in cudurka dillaacay, haddii ay dhacdo, waxay u dhowdahay waxyeelladayda meeraha .