Formation, Sayniska
Biophysics - cilmiga Biological waa .... biophysics kelli
Mid ka mid ah cilmiga qadiimiga ah ugu waa, dabcan, bayoolaji. xiisaha Dadka ee geedi socodka ka dhaca iyaga gudaha iyo dadkuba ku xeeran asalkiisu ka soo jeedo dhowr kun oo sano ka hor inta aannu ka qabno.
Xoolaha waxaa lagu eegayaa, dhirta, hababka dabiiciga ahayd qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah nolosha dadka. Waqti ka, waxaan u ururay badan oo aqoon, hagaagay iyo in la horumariyo qaababka waxbarasho ee dabiiciga ah iyo habab ka dhaca waxa ku jira. Tani waxay keentay in ay soo bixitaanka of qaybaha badan uu ka samaysan yahay guud ahaan sayniska adag.
cilmi-Biological qaybaha kala duwan ee nolosha ka dhigi suurto gal si aad u hesho xogta cusub qiimo muhiim u ah fahamka dunida qalab dabdhaliyayaasha. Isticmaal aqoonta si ujeedooyin aadanaha wax ku ool ah (sahaminta bannaan, daawo, beeraha, warshadaha kiimikada iyo wixii la mid ah).
biology casri ah
Maanta, gaadho sayniska wajiyo badan this gaari karaan natiijooyin badan oo wanaagsan. Sidaas daraaddeed, sayniska casriga ah waxay bixisaa dhowr ah oo xal u ah dhibaatooyinka cudurka aadanaha ka saamaynta fayrusyada iyo bakteeriyada. Waxa uu noqday suurtagal ah in ay meesha bannaan oo aan dhaawac ah oo ku saabsan 3 bilood, isticmaalka oxygen sida il of sheyga ama dhirta unicellular.
daahfurtay badan oo keentay in cilmi-noolaha oo duurka ku ah qaab-dhismeedka gudaha iyo shaqeynaya dhammaan hababka ku nool. Bartay kooban kelli ah noolaha, oo ay microstructure, go'doon iyo dad badan oo ka mid ah hiddo-ee hiddawadayaasha aadanaha iyo xayawaanka, iyo dhirta bartay. The mudnaanta bayotechnoolajiyadda, gacanta iyo injineernimada hidde u ogolaan in la helo dhowr goosta halkii dhirta xilli iyo eyda bandhigay xayawaan in cuntada siiyo dheeraad ah, caanaha iyo ukunta.
Waxbarashada sheyga loo ogol yahay si ay u helaan antibiotics iyo in la abuuro tobanaan ama boqolaal tallaalada, jidaynayey inuu ku guuleysto noocyo kala duwan oo cudurro, xataa kuwa safmar hore dhawrsan sheegtay in kumanaan kun oo nolosha dadka iyo xayawaanka.
Sidaa darteed, sayniska casriga ah ee biology - waa fursadaha limitless aadanaha oo dhinacyo badan ah ee sayniska, warshadaha iyo ilaalinta caafimaadka.
Qoondaynta of Biological Sciences
Mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu horeysay waxay ahaayeen sayniska gaar ah bayoolaji. Sida cilmi barasho dhir, cilmi barasho xayawaan, anatomy iyo Taxonomy. Later waxay bilaabeen inay sameeyaan more tiirsan qalabka farsamo ee nidaamo - ayidhi, virology, jirka, iyo wixii la mid ah.
Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah sayniska dhalinyarada iyo horusocod ah, la aasaasay kaliya ee qarnigii XX-XXI oo kaalin weyn horumarka casriga ah ee biology.
Ma jiro mid ka mid ah laakiin dhowr kala saaro, taas oo lagu kaalinta kartaa cilmiga noolaha. Liiska iyaga arrin cajiib ah in kiisaska oo dhan, mid iyaga ka mid ah.
| biology | sayniska ee gaarka loo leeyahay | cilmi barasho dhir | heshiisyo la daraasadda of dhismeedka dibadda iyo gudaha, habka jir ah phylogeny iyo qaybinta ee dabiiciga ah oo dhan dhirta ee hadda jira ee dunida (flora) | Waxaa ka mid ah qaybaha soo socda:
|
| cilmi barasho xayawaan | heshiisyo la daraasadda of dhismeedka dibadda iyo gudaha, habka jir ah phylogeny iyo qaybinta ee dabiiciga ah ee xoolaha ka jira dunida (dubato) | Dooyinka uu ka samaysan yahay:
| ||
| anthropotomy | Barashada qaabka, qaab-dhismeedka, meesha iyo shaqada xubnaha iyo nidaamyada in jidhka bini'aadamka | nidaamo:
| ||
| cilmiga aadanaha | tiro ka mid ah edbiyo in daraasad adag oo horumarka aadanaha iyo dhisidda jawi noolaha iyo bulshada | Forums: falsafada, garsoorka, diinta, jireed, bulsho, dhaqan, muuqaal ah. | ||
| ayidhi | baranayay noolaha yar ee dabiiciga ah, ka xayawaanka hal-unuglaha bakteeriyada iyo fayraska | Nidaamo: virology, bacteriology, ayidhi caafimaad, mycology, warshadaha, farsamada, beeraha, ayidhi aerospace | ||
sayniska Guud | Taxonomy | Hawsha waxaa ka mid ah horumarinta qaab for kala soocidda ee wax nool oo dhan on dhulkeenna ujeeddo ah si adag iyo aqoonsiga ee xubin kasta oo ka mid ah dabdhaliyayaasha | ||
| fataahadda | Description of calaamadaha dibadda, qaab-dhismeedka gudaha iyo muuqaalka guud ee dhulka ka mid ah meydadka oo dhan u khuduuca nool | Categories: dhirta, xayawaanka, sheyga, fangaska | ||
| jirka | waxbarashada ku dhegyadii of this ama in nidaamka, xubnaha ama qayb ka mid ah jidhka, farsamooyinka la xidhiidha geedi socodka in ay bixiyaan hawlaha lagama maarmaanka ah | Plant, xoolaha, aadanaha, sheyga | ||
| ecology | sayniska ee xiriirka ka mid ah waxyaabaha nool in ay midba midka kale, kuwa nool iyo deegaanka aadanaha | Geoecology, guud ahaan, bulshada, warshadaha | ||
| genetics | waxbarashada hiddawadayaasha ku sugan uxuu ku nool, ka hababka of hiddo iyo kala duwanaansho of characters sarkhaansan yihiin xaalado kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale isbedelka taariikhiga ah ee genotype lagu jiro transformations evolutionary | |||
biogeography | fiirsaneysa inay dib u dejinta iyo qaybinta noocyada xulay of xayawaankii adduunka | |||
aragti evolutionary | Waxay shaaca ka qaaday hanaanka horumarka taariikhiga ah ee nin iyo hababka kale ee ku nool caalamka. Waxa ay asal ahaan iyo horumarinta | |||
| sayniska Complex, soo shaac baxa ee isgoyska leh kasta oo kale | Kiimikada noole | barashada geedi socodka ka dhacda unugyada xayawaankii ka dhibic kiimikada ee view, | ||
bayotechnoolajiyadda | Waxaa ka fiirsanaya inuu u isticmaalay noolaha iyo alaabooyinka iyo qaybaha ama baahida aadanaha | |||
biology kelli | baranayay hanaanka la isugu gudbiyo, kaydinta iyo isticmaalka macluumaadka hidde by dadkuba ku nool, iyo sidoo kale muuqaalada iyo qaabka wanaagsan ee borotiin, DNA iyo RNA. | Studies la xiriira: injineernimada hidaha iyo gacanta, kelli genetics, bayoinformatics, proteomics, genomics | ||
biophysics | Waxaa daraasadda dhammaan hababka suurto gal jirka ku dhaca noolaha oo dhan, ka fayrusyada nin | Qaybaha anshaxa la hoos looga hadli doonaa |
Sidaas darteed, waxa aannu isku daynay si ay u daboosho kala duwan ugu weyn, kuwaas oo ah cilmiga noolaha. Liiskani waa horumarinta farsamooyinka iyo hababka waxbarasho u fidiya, aamusa. Sidaa darteed, kala soocidda hal biology kajirin maanta.
Advanced Bioscience iyo macnahooda
Waayo, kii ugu yaraa, sayniska casriga ah iyo horusocod ah biology yihiin sida:
- bayotechnoolajiyadda,
- biology kelli,
- biology bannaan;
- biophysics;
- Kiimikada noole.
Mid kasta oo ka cilmiga, kuwaas oo la aasaasay ma horaantii qarnigii XX, oo sidaas daraaddeed waxaa loo arkaa inay dhalinyaro ah, si degdeg ah horumarinta iyo ugu muhiimsan waxqabadka dhabta ah ee nin.
Ina keena aynu deggan oo kale oo ka mid ah sida biophysics. Waa sayniska, kuwaas oo u muuqday agagaarka 1945 oo uu noqday qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah nidaamka oo dhan noolaha.
Waa maxay biophysics?
Si aad ka jawaabto su'aashan, waa in aan marka hore tilmaamo ay xiriir dhow la leh ee kiimikada iyo biology. In su'aalaha qaar ka mid ah xuduudaha u dhexeeya sayniska waa sidaas u dhow in ay ahayd adag tahay in la sameeyo baxay oo iyaga ka mid ah si gaar ah oo ku lug leh mudnaanta. Sidaas daraaddeed ka fiirsada biophysics taagan sida sayniska adag in daraasaad geeddi socodka jirka iyo kiimikada qoto dheer ka dhacaya nidaamka nool at heerka u taagoo, unugyada, xubnaha, iyo heerka of biosphere oo dhan.
Like kale oo kasta, Biophysics - sayniska leeyahay wax waxbarasho, ujeedooyinka iyo ahdaafta, iyo sidoo kale natiijada hufan oo macno leh. Intaa waxaa dheer, anshaxa this ula xiran tiro ka mid ah tilmaamaha cusub.
xarumaha cilmi-baarista
Waxay yihiin, waayo, biosystem Biophysics heer urur oo kala duwan.
- Micro-noolaha (bakteeriyada, fayrasyada, fangaska unicellular iyo algae).
- Protozoa.
- unugyada Single iyo qaybo ay dhismaha (organelles).
- Geedaha.
- Xayawaanka (oo ay ku jiraan ninka).
- bulshooyinka deegaanka dabiiciga ah.
Ie Biophysics - daraasadda nool ka barta of view of habka jirka ka dhaca waxa ku jira.
ujeeddooyinka sayniska
Markii hore, hawlaha biophysicists xaqiijin jiritaanka geeddi socodka jirka iyo ifafaale nolosha waxyaalaha noolnool oo iyaga wax ka barato, aad u ogaato nooca iyo muhiimada.
dhibaatooyinka casriga ah ee sayniska this loo diyaariyey karaa sida soo socota:
- Si aad u barato qaabka hiddo iyo habab raaco ay kala iibsiga iyo kaydinta, badalaada (isbedel).
- Tixgeli qaybo badan ee biology cell (dhexgalka cell la koromosoomyada midba midka kale iyo isdhexgalka hidaha iyo geedi socodka kale).
- Si aad u bartaan taagoo polymer biology kelli adag (borotiinada, acids nucleic, polysaccharides).
- Muujin Cosmogeophysical saamaynta arrimo ku saabsan koorsada oo dhan geeddi socodka jirka iyo kiimikada noolaha.
- More si qoto dheer ugu waxyooda ah hababka of Photobiology (photosynthesis, photoperiodicity iyo wixii la mid ah).
- Hirgelinta iyo horumarinta hababka Qaabaynta xisaabta.
- Si aad u codsato nanotechnology baadhitaan ee nidaamka nool.
Laga soo bilaabo liiska this waxaa cad in badan oo biophysics daraasaad dhibaatooyinka la taaban karo oo halis ah ee bulshada casriga ah, iyo natiijooyinka sayniska this ay muhiim u yihiin ninka iyo nolosha.
taariikhda
Biophysics sida sayniska ah asalkiisu ka soo jeedo xad dhawaan - 1945, markii Erwin Schrödinger daabacay shuqulkiisa "Waa maxay nolosha ka barta of view of physics." Waa isaga kan ugu horeysay ogaaday ahaa oo tilmaamay in badan oo ka mid ah sharciyada of physics (sharciyada thermodynamic ee makaanikada galmada) waa meesha la tago waa noloshii iyo shaqadii ka mid ah noolaha xayawaanka.
Thanks to shaqo ee biophysics sayniska aadanaha bilaabay dhinaca horumarinta degdegga ah. Laakiin xitaa ka hor, in 1922, Institute of Biophysics, abuuray ee Russia, kaas oo madax u P. P. Lazarev. Waxaa ka noqday door aasaasi ah ee waxbarasho ee dabiiciga ah ee excitation of unugyada iyo xubnaha. Natiijada waxa ay aheyd aqoonsiga ee qiimaha udhigo ah ee geedi socodka.
Markaas taxane ah oo daahfurtay of saynisyahano kala duwan oo noo ogolaadaa in la fahmo in biophysics ah - waa complete, capacious oo adag sayniska loo baahan yahay si ay u fahmaan oo dhan geeddi socodka ka dhacda nidaam nool.
- Galvani furmay korontada iyo muhiimada uu unugyada nool (bioelectricity).
- A. L. Chizhevsky - aabbihiis dhowr nidaamo waxbarashada saamaynta Cosmos ku biosphere ah, iyo sidoo kale shucaac ionization iyo elektrogemodinamiku.
- Dhismaha faahfaahsan u taagoo protein ayaa lagu bartay oo kaliya ka dib helitaanka hab diffraction X-ray (falanqaynta X-ray). Tan waa la sameeyey by saynisyahano Perutz iyo Kendrew (1962).
- Isla sanadkaas, furan qaab-dhismeedka saddex geesood ah ee DNA (Moris Uilkins).
- Neher iyo Zachman Framework ee 1991 ay awoodaan si ay u horumariyaan hab ka mid ah qamaar iman kara korontada deegaanka.
Tiro ka mid ah daahfurtay in kale awood biophysics sayniska koraan casriyeynta u daran iyo horusocod ah ee horumarinta iyo dhismaha.
Forums Biophysics
Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah nidaamo uu ka samaysan yahay sayniska this. Tixgeli ugu aasaasiga ah iyaga ka mid ah.
- Biophysics nidaamyada adag - fiirsaneysa oo dhan habab adag oo is-sharciyeynta of noolaha multicellular (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, sinergogenez). Sidoo kale anshaxa this waxaan ku baran qayb jirka ka mid ah ontogeny iyo geedi socodka horumarka evolutionary, heerka abaabulka ee noolaha.
- Bioacoustics iyo biophysics nidaamka dareen - waxbarashada ee noolaha nidaamka dareenka (aragga, maqalka, soo dhoweynta, hadalka, iwm), hababka warbaahinta ee calaamadaha kala duwan. Waxyooday ah hababka of Isbadal tamarta ee aragtida ah noolaha saamayn dibadda (meersan).
- Biophysics af - waxaa ka mid ah tiro ka mid ah podnauk ku hawlan barashada thermodynamics ee bayoolajiga, dhismaha daydo xisaabeed oo ka mid ah qaybaha dhismaha ee noolaha. Sidoo kale waxa ay geedi socodka ogeed.
- biophysics kelli - fiirsaneysa habab qoto dheer ee ururka dhismaha iyo shaqada biopolymers sida DNA, RNA, borotiinada, polysaccharides. Waa dhismaha lagu daydo iyo muuqaallo kale ee u taagoo kuwan, oo saadaaliyay dhaqanka ay formation in nidaamka nool. Sidoo kale, anshaxa waxaa loo dhiso nidaam supramolecular iyo submolecular si loo ogaado dhismaha oo ka mid ah hab iyo ficil of biopolymers in nidaamka nool.
- Biophysics Cell. Baadhintaan hababka gacanta ugu muhiimsan: kaladuwan, kala qeybinta, isku buuqsanaanta iyo kartiyo runta ah ee qaab-dhismeedka xuub. fiiro gaar ah waxaa la siiyaa ah hababka gaadiidka xuub walxaha, farqiga iman kara, guryaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka of xuub iyo qaybo ka mid ay ku hareereysan.
- Dheef-Biophysics. Main wada hadleen geedi socodka: photosynthesis, solarization iyo la qabsashada of noolaha in ay, hemodynamics, dheef kulaylka heerka, saamaynta ionizing shucaaca.
- Applied Biophysics. Waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr nidaamo: bayoinformatics, astaan, biomechanics, daraasadda of hababka evolutionary iyo ontogenesis, bahal (caafimaad) biophysics. Waxyaabaha waxbarasho Applied Biophysics - nidaamka muruqyada, jidadka dhaqaaqaan, dadka aqoonsado qaababka sifooyinka jirka. fiiro gaar ah waa in ay ahaataa biophysics caafimaad. Waxay u aragtaa habka cudur ee jirka, sida dib u dhiska ah ee goobaha ay waxyeello ah u taagoo ama dhismayaasha ama magdhow. Waxay bixisaa wax for bayotechnoolajiyadda. Waa muhiimad weyn in ka hortaga cudurada, gaar ahaan nooca hidaha ee ay baabi'inta iyo sharax habab of talaabo.
- Biophysics degaanka - barashada saamaynta jirka ee labada degaanada degaanka oo dhul socoda iyo saamaynta maadooyinka meel dhow iyo kuwo fogba. Sidoo kale ka fiirsan Edmilson, saameynta xaaladaha cimilada iyo beero noolaha walaxda. Samaynta hababka tallaabooyin si looga hortago saamaynta xun ee xaaladaha deegaanka.
Taacliinta oo dhan waxay ka dhigayaan kuwo kaalin wayn garaad hawsha muhiimka ah ee nidaamyada ku nool, ka hababka saamaynta iyaga on of biosphere iyo shuruudaha kala duwan.
Hormar ay dhowaan
Waxaan magacaabi karnaa dhowr dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee la xidhiidha guulaha baafinta:
- Mashruucyada loogu talagalay xayawaanka noolaha ayaa la helay;
- Tilmaamyada isbeddelka iyo doorka nitric oxide ee nidaamka nolosha ayaa la darsay;
- Isku-xirnaanshaha qiyaasta yar-yar ee RNA-da ayaa la aasaasay, taas oo mustaqbalka u oggolaan doonta helitaanka xalka dhibaatooyin caafimaad oo badan (ka takhalusidda cudurrada);
- Dabeecadda jireed ee autowaves waa la ogaadaa;
- Thanks to shaqada loo yaqaan 'biophysicists molecular', qaybo ka mid ah DNA-ga iyo dib-u-samaynta, oo keenay suurtogalnimada in la abuuro daawooyin cusub oo loogu talagalay cudurro halis ah oo adag;
- Hababka kombiyuutarka ee dhammaan dareen-celinta oo la socota geeddi-socodka sawirradu waa la sameeyay;
- Hababka baaritaanka ultrasound ee jirka ayaa la sameeyey;
- Isku xirnaan ayaa la sameeyay intii u dhexaysay hababka cosmogeofismka iyo habdhiska biyogelinta;
- Isbedelka cimilada ee caalamka;
- Soo helitaanka muhiimada ugu weyn ee urukentiga enzme ee ka hortagga cudurrada isnadaamiska iyo ka takhalusidda cawaaqibta ka dambeeya stroke;
- Dhawr ka mid ah helitaannada ayaa sidoo kale lagu sameeyey habka borotiinka, habka wareegga, iyo qaybaha kale ee jirka.
Machadka Biophysics ee Russia
Wadankeena waxaa ku yaal Jaamacadda Gobolka Moscow. M.V. Lomonosov. Iyada oo ku saleysan hey'addan waxbarasho waxay ka shaqeysaa Kulliyadda Biyofiziga. Waa kan u diyaariya khubaro takhasus u leh inuu ka shaqeeyo arimahan.
Aad bay muhiim u tahay inaad bilowdo tayo sare oo xirfadlayaal mustaqbalka ah. Waxay sugayaan shaqo adag. Biyofizikistu waxaa waajib ku ah inuu fahmo dhammaan waxyaalaha ku saabsan geeddi-socodka ee ku dhaca noolasha. Intaa waxaa dheer, ardaydu waa inay fahmaan iyo fiisigaba. Ka dib oo dhan, waa sayniska adag - biophysics. Mabaadi'daha waxaa loogu talagalay si habsami ah oo loogu dabaqo dhammaan farsamooyinka la xidhiidha iyo samaynta bifo-yaqaanka, iyo inay daboolaan tixgelinta su'aalaha labadaba labadaba.
Similar articles
Trending Now