Hydrogen

Hydrogen waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in laamaha kala duwan ee warshadaha, in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee chloride hydrogen, ammonia (ammonia sii loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee Bacriminta nitrogen), in soo saaridda ee aniline, ee dib u soo kabashada ee senti bir aan ferrous. In warshadaha cuntada waxaa loo adeegsanayaa si loo soo saaro bedel waayo baruurta xoolaha (margarine). In la xidhiidha arrintan la xiriira kor ku xusan waa wax soo saarka ee hydrogen jawi warshadaha.

gaaska waxaa loo arkaa sida side tamarta mustaqbalka sababtoo ah waa a la cusboonaysiin karo, ma dhaadheer "gaaska nooluhu" CO₂ inta lagu guda jiro soo sari, soo saarta qadar badan oo ah tamar halkii miisaanka unit geedi sari iyo si fudud ayaa loo beddelay koronto ee gacanta lagu shido.

Under xaaladaha shaybaarka hydrogen inta badan laga heli by yaraynta Biraha hadhay ee taxanahan danab electrochemical, Biyaha iyo acids:
Amayno + 1HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0
2Na + 2HOH = 2NaOH + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0.

In warshadaha, rasiidka hydrogen dhacdaa inta badan by processing dabiiciga ah iyo gaasaska la xidhiidha.

1. Wareejinta methane. Geedi socodka ka kooban yahay in falcelinta ee methane la uumiga biyaha at 800 - 900 ° C, CH₄ + H₂O = CO ↑ + 3H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0. Oo ay la socdaan geedi socodka this isticmaalaya qayilo qayb ka mid ah Consort la oxygen ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen uumiga biyaha: 3CH₄ + O₂ + H₂O = 3CO + 7 H₄. Hababkaasi waxay ugu danbeyn lumiyaan muhiimadda sida kaydka shidaalka waxaa dhammaaday.

2. Biohydrogen waxaa laga heli karaa algae ee bioreactor ah. In 1990 waxaa la ogaaday in haddii baaruud diidaan algae, waxay ka-soo-saarka ee oxygen, ie. E. photosynthesis Normal ayaa udhaqaaqi doona, si ay wax soo saarka hydrogen. Biohydrogen sidoo kale la soo saaray karaa bioreactors, iyadoo la isticmaalayo, marka laga reebo algae, qashinka ee degmada. Geedi socodka dhacdaa bakteeriya oo nuugo shidaalka iyo soo saaraan hydrogen iyo CO2.

3. qaboojinta Deep ee coke gaaska foornada. In geeddi-socodka ah ee dhuxusha coking diyaariyey saddex jajab: adag a - coke, dareere - daamur dhuxusha - iyo gaaska ay ku jiraan, Consort ka sokow, hydrogen kelli (60%). jajab Tan waxaa lagu sakhiray in qaboojinta qoto dheer aalladda ka dib markii loola dhaqmo si wax gaar ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa waxaa suurto gal ah in la kala saaro hydrogen ka nijaasta ahaa.

4. Production ah hydrogen ka biyo la isticmaalayo electrolysis - habka ah in siinayaa hydrogen ku cad: 2H₂O → electrolysis → 2H₂ + O.

5. diinta carbon The. Markii hore, gaaska biyaha waa la helay ag marayo uumiga biyaha iyada oo cas-kulul 1000 ° C Coke: C + H₂O = CO ↑ + H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0, taas oo ka dibna isku qasan uumi waxaa u gudbay kulul ilaa 400 - 500 ° C Hannaan Fe₂O₃. The dhexgalka ee carbon monoxide (II) iyo uumi: CO + H₂O + (H₂) = CO₂ + 2H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0.

6. Production ah hydrogen by beddelaad ah ee carbon monoxide (CO), oo ku salaysan dareen-celin gaar ah bakteeriyada photosynthetic guduud (sheyga unicellular midabka cas ama casaan asalka ah, kaas oo la xidhiidha joogitaanka pigments photosynthetic). bakteeriyada Kuwani saaro hydrogen by reaction wareeg ah: CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂.

Aasaasidda hydrogen waa biyo, falcelinta uma baahna heerkulka sare iyo iftiiminta. Geedi socodka qaadataa meel heerkulka qolka mugdi ah.

muhiimadda Industrial maalmahan keensataa horumar ah ee hydrogen ka gaasas soo saaray intii lagu turxaan batroolka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dad badan ma oga in ay macquul tahay in la helo hydrogen guriga. Ujeedada this waxaan isticmaali kartaa xal reaction of alkali iyo aluminium ah. Qaado dhalada nus litir dhalooyinka la godka goolhayaha ah, tube ceeryaamo, 10 g oo ah naxaas sulfate, 20 g cusbo, 10 g of alumina, 200 g of buufin biyaha.

Diyaari xal of copper sulfate: 100 g oo biyo ah ayaa lagu daray 10 g oo ah naxaas sulfate.

Karinta xal cusbo: 100 g oo biyo ah ayaa lagu daray 20 g oo cusbo.

Xalku waa isku dhafan. Ku dar dar ka dhalanaya ee aluminium. Marka dhalada muuqday slurry cad lifaaq tube iyo biibiilaha ka buuxisaan hydrogen ah waxaad fartaan Wannaagga.

Waa inaad taxadar! waayo-aragnimo Tani waxay u baahan tahay oo kaliya in ay banaanka ku qaataan. Loo baahan yahay ay gacanta ku heerkulka, tan iyo falcelinta qaadataa meel la horumar kulaylka iyo ka heli kartaa out of control.

Sidoo kale waa in la sii xusuusto hydrogen in, haddii la qaso hawada, foomamka dar qarxa, oo la odhan jiray gaaska qarxiyeen (laba qaybood hydrogen iyo qayb ka mid oxygen). Haddii ey isku si u guban, waxaa qarxi doonaan.