Biraha Alloyed: Liiska description iyo qaababka codsigaaga

horumarinta waxaa lagu tilmaamay kaamil ah. Hagaagtay fursadaha warshadaha iyo reerkii isticmaalo iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab la sifooyinka horusocod ah. Tani, gaar ahaan biraha doped. Ay kala duwanaanta waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa awoodaha saxo Halabuurka tayo iyo tiro ahaanba qaybaha alloying ah.

steel Dabiiciga-daawaha

First uu birta la shubay, oo wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin kala duwan oo ka soo qaraabada, waxa uu ahaa dabiiciga ah-doped. The bir meteorite innoo dhalaaliyaa ku jira kordhay xaddi of nickel. Waxaa laga helaa xabaalaha Masaarida qadiimiga 4-5 tobankii BC. e., dhisey of taallo naqshadda dhismaha isla Qutab Minar ee Delhi (V c). seefo barkimaheeda Japanese bir ah, molybdenum cokan oo Dimishaq steel ku jira tungsten, caadiga ah ee xawaaraha sare ee casriga ah. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen Biraha, ore, kaas oo ahaa miino meelaha qaarkood.

Alloys ee wax soo saarka casriga ah ku jiri kara qaybaha dabiiciga ah ee macdan ah oo asal ahaan nonmetallic, oo ka muuqda sifooyin iyo guryaha.

Jidka taariikhiga ah

Aasaaskii ee horumarka ah ee ay qorayeen waxaa la aasaasay hab barafku Weelka cudurdaar steel Yurub ee qarnigii XVIII ah. In version a more heer hoose ah crucibles loo isticmaalo in wakhtiyadii hore, oo ay ku jiraan for dikhaw Dimishaq iyo Dimishaq steel. Qarnigii hore 18, technology ayaa wanaajinta heer warshadeed, iyo oggol yahay in ay qabsato ka kooban oo tayo leh ee wax upka.

• Furitaanka isku mar ah xubno ka kiimikada cusub iyo aad u badan, riixay cilmi si tijaabo dikhaw tijaabo ah.
• saamaynta xun ee copper on tayada birta.
• naxaas Open oo ka kooban 6% birta.

Tijaabo ayaa la sameeyay in la eego saamaynta tayo iyo tiro ahaanba daawaha bir ah tungsten, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, Cobalt, chromium, platina, nickel, aluminium, iyo kuwa kale.

wax soo saarka ugu horeysay ee warshadaha ee steel alloyed la manganese, aasaasay bilowgii qarnigii XIX ah. Waxa kale oo uu sameeyay tan iyo 1856 oo qayb ka ah geedi socodka Bessemer ee dikhaw.

Features ay qorayeen

Tilmaamo Modern u ogolaan in dhalaali Biraha alloyed of Halabuurka kasta. The mabaadiida aasaasiga ah ee technology this:

1. qaybaha Alloying waxaa loo arkaa oo keliya haddii ay soo bandhigay oo si gaar ah content ee mid kasta ka badan 1%.
2. Baaruud, hydrogen, fosfooraska tixgeliyo nijaasta ahaa. The inclusions nonmetallic waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida boron, nitrogen, Silicon, dhif - fosfooraska.
3. dawooyinka Volume - waa hordhaca ah ee ka kooban galay walax la shubay gudahood warshadaha ee qodniinka-. dusha sare waa hab ka mid ah lakabka dusha u damaysay sida- xubno ka kiimikada lagama maarmaan marka heerkulku sare.
4. In habka daro ah, wax ka beddelo qaab-dhismeedka crystalline ah "ilmaha" mid ah waxyaabaha la soo. Waxay abuuri karaan ama la baabi'iyo wax lays of xal iyo kaalinta at xuduudaha dhismeedka macdan iyo non-macdan ah, abuurista isku dar ah si farsamaysan ee badar. door badan oo halkan ciyaaray by heerka uu milmi ee canaasiirta in kasta oo kale.

qaybaha alloying

Sida laga soo xigtay qoondaynta guud, oo dhan biraha kala qaybsan yihiin madow iyo midabka. Si ka mid ah birta madow, chrome iyo manganese. Midab kala qaybiyey khafiifa (aluminium, magnesium, potassium), culus (nickel, zinc, copper), oo sharaf leh (platina, lacag, dahab ah) ah, biraha madax adkaadeen (tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium), sambabada, dhulka dhif iyo shucaac ah. By alloying biraha waxaa ka mid ah noocyo kala duwan oo la taaban karo iftiinka, culus, sharaf iyo madax adkaadeen non-ferrous oo dhan madow.

Iyada oo ku xidhan saamiga ah ah walxahaasi iyo Massey biraha salka la soo dhaafay qaybsan low-daawaha (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) iyo sare (ka badan 10%).

steels alloyed

Teknoolajiyada, habka uu yahay mid sahlan. kala duwan waa mid aad u ballaaran. Ujeedooyinka ugu weyn ee ay steels soo socda:

• Kordhi xoogga.
• Hagaagtay natiijada processing kaamerada.
• Kororka iska caabin ah daxalka, caabiga kulaylka, caabiga kulaylka, caabiga kulaylka, caabiga xaaladaha hawlgalka dagaal badan, nolosha adeeg.

Tiirarka ugu muhiimsan - daawaha ferrous iyo biraha madax adkaadeen, oo ay ka mid CR, Mn, W, V, Ti, Mo, iyo midab Al, Ni, CU.

Chromium iyo Nikkel - qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee qeexaya ahama (X18H9T) iyo madax adkaadeen, oo xaalado shaqo oo lagu gartaa heerkulka sare iyo xamuulka lama filaan ah (15H5). In qadar ah ilaa 1.5% waxa loo isticmaalaa saa'idka iyo qaybo ka mid khilaaf (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - qayb asaasiga ah ee steels Duugga u adkaysta (110G13L). Xoogaa yar kor u deoxidation, yareeyo fiirsashada of fosfooraska, iyo baaruud.

Silicon iyo vanadium - canaasiirta in xaddi gaar ah oo barti kordhay iyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saaridda of ilo (55S2, 50HFA).

Aluminum ku haboon yahay birta la iska caabin weyn oo koronto (H13YU4).

dabeecad A weyn ee content tungsten ee deggan-xawaaraha sare ee qalabka steels (P9 R18K5F2). daloolin Alloyed for bir ah wax ka badan ayaa wax soo saar iyo adkaysi u socod badan qalab la mid steel carbon.

steel Alloyed in isticmaalka maalin walba. Isla yaqaan wax-u Alloys leh guryaha la yaab helay sida hababka ay qorayeen. Sayidka "bir ka samaysan alwaax" waxaa ku jira 1% chromium iyo 35% nickel, taas oo ay go'aamiso ay conductivity kaamerada sare, dabeecad u ah qoryo. Diamond sidoo kale ka kooban yahay 1.5% carbon, 0.5% chromium iyo 5% tungsten, taas oo calaamad u ah sida a gaar ahaan adag, ka dhigan in diamond.

daroogo isticmaalaan bir

birta ku tuura steels ka duwan content muhiim ah carbon (ka 2.14 in 6,67%), qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed sare iyo iska-caabbinta daxalka, laakiin xoog u hooseeyo. In si loo balaadhiyo kala duwan ee guryaha iyo codsiyada mudaaharaad, waxaa la doped la chromium, manganese, aluminium, Silicon, nickel, copper, tungsten, vanadium.

Maadaama uu sifooyinka gaarka ah ee wax bir ah iyo dawooyinka - habraac ka sii dhib badan waayo steel. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah qaybaha ugu saameeyaa beddelidda ee foomamka carbon waxa ku jira. Tan iyo manganese kordhinayaan in formation of the "xaq" ee graphite, taas oo soo hagaagaysa ka cimri dherer. Hordhac of carbon kale ayaa sidoo kale waxay leedahay saameyn ah ee guurka gobolka oo aan waxtar lahayn, caddeeyo bir iyo yaraynta hantida farsamo.

technology ayaa ah mid qasan heerkulka barafku hooseeyo (celcelis ahaan ilaa 1000? C), halka inta badan xubno alloying ah oo aad uga badan heerka this.

Inta badan wax ku ool ah waayo alloying adag bir ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, waa inaad tixgelisaa kordhaya suurtagalnimada of kalasaar of castings, arrinkaas halis ugu ridaya cilladaha. Si loo fuliyo geedi socodka ku ool ah in electromagnetic iyo Foornooyinka induction. xigxiga Qasab tallaabooyinka waa daaweyn kulaylka tayo-sare ah.

birta Chromium kabka waxaa lagu gartaa iska caabin ah ay xirtaan sare, xoog, caabiga kulaylka, caabiga gabowga iyo daxalka (CHH3, CHH16). Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in injineernimada kiimikada iyo wax soo saarka ee qalabka qodniinka-.

Tuuray birta alloyed la Silicon, waxaa lagu gartaa iska caabin ah daxalka sare iyo caabiga saamaynta kiimiko ah dagaal badan, inkastoo guryaha farsamo lagu qanci karo (CHS13, CHS17). qaybo Form of qalab kiimiko, tuubooyin iyo bambooyin.

Tusaale ka mid ah alloying aadka u adag yihiin birta kabka kulaylka u adkaysta. Waxaa ku jira in Halabuurka iyo alloying madow biraha sida chromium, manganese, nickel. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa iska caabin ah daxalka sare, xirtaan iska caabin iyo caabiga walaaca sare hoos jira xaalad kuwaas oo saameyn sare - qaybo ka mid ah marawaxadaha, bambooyin, matoorrada, qalabka warshadaha kiimikada (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

component muhiim ah waa copper ah, kaas oo ku lug leh oo adag leh biraha kale, sifooyinka loo shubay ee daawaha koror ah.

daawaha copper

Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ay foomka saafi ah oo ka kooban Alloys copper kaas oo ay leeyihiin kala duwan taas oo ku xidhan ratio oo ka mid ah xubno waaweyn iyo alloying, naxaas ah, oo naxaasta ahayd, nickel lacag ah, iyo nelziybery kale.

Nadiifi naxaas - daawaha zinc - ma doped. Haddii ay ka mid kooban ee alloying Biraha non-ferrous in xaddi gaar ah - waxa la arkaa in ay multicomponent. Bronze - waxaa Alloys la waxyaalo kale oo macdan ah, waxay noqon kartaa qasacad ama qasacad-ka kooban, doped kiisaska oo dhan. Hagaagay tayada adigoo isticmaalaya Mn, Fe, amayno, Ni, SN, mawqif, Iska, Al, P, Si.

content The Silicon xeryahooda copper hagaajinaysaa ay iska caabin ah daxalka, xooggayga iyo barti, qasacad, iyo alxan, - go'aaminta sifooyinka wanaagsan oo tayo leh iyo antifriction machinability qaraabo; nickel iyo manganese - qaybood, waxa loogu yeero Alloys deformable oo kale oo ay leeyihiin saamayn togan ku caabin daxalka ah; bir hagaajinaysaa guryaha farsamo iyo zinc - technology.

Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in injineernimada korontada qalab aasaasi ah sida xawliga ah u soo saaridda of noocyo kala duwan oo silig ka dhigeen, wax a for soo saarta qaybaha muhiimka ah qalabka kiimikada, dhismaha injineernimada iyo qalab farsamo, in tuubooyinka iyo exchangers kulaylka.

dawooyinka aluminium

Loo isticmaalaa sidii loo shubay ama Alloys shaqeeyey. Biraha Alloyed waxay ku salaysan waxaa jira xeryahooda oo naxaas ah, manganese ama magnesium (duralumin, iwm), dambaysta ah - xiriir la leh Silicon, silumin waxa loogu yeero oo dhan fursado ay suurto gal yihiin doped taasi oo ka CR, mg, amayno, Co, CU, Si.

Copper kordhisaa plasticity; Silicon - guryaha is beddelid iyo shubay oo tayo leh, chromium, manganese, magnesium - hagaajiyo xoogga, guryaha processing iyo machinability cadaadiska iska caabin ah daxalka. Sidoo kale sida qaybaha alloying qayb caabiga gabowga iyo xaaladaha hawlgalka dagaal badan la qaatay waxa laga yaabaa B, mawqif, Zr, Ti, Bi.

Iron - qayb aan loo baahnayn, laakiin tiro yar oo loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee aluminium bireed. Silumin loo isticmaalaa in lagu tuuray qeybo ka mid muhiim ah iyo guryo kale ee injineernimo. Duralumin iyo feeray Alloys aluminium ku salaysan ah - qalab muhiim ah sida xawliga ah u soo saaridda ee xubno qolof, oo ay ku jiraan qaab-dhismeedka ciidamada dhismaha diyaaradaha, Dhismaha maraakiibta iyo mashiinka.

Biraha Alloyed ay ku lug leeyihiin dhammaan meelaha warshadaha ee sida kuwa ku soo hagaagtay sifooyinka farsamo iyo farsamada, sida marka la barbar dhigo waxyaabaha la bilaabo. kala duwan ee xubno alloying iyo fursadaha of teknoolajiyada casriga ah u ogolaan in la sameeyo hab doorinta kala duwan in la kordhiyo awoodda ee sayniska iyo farsamada.