Booqashada Khrushchev ee Maraykanka ee 1959. xaqiiqooyinka Historical

"Waxaan qudhiisu martiqaaday!" - la horyaal warbaahinta American sida loogu magac daray booqashadii ugu horeysay ee United States N. ka S. Hruscheva. Taariikhda ah diblomaasiyadda caalamiga ah u fiican, waayo, ninna ma xitaa markaas ka fekeri karaa in wax sidan oo kale u dhici kartaa. Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti - cadowga koowaad ee mar, diyaar u ah inuu wax baabbi'iyo kasta oo kale oo la weerarada nuclear waqti kasta. Booqashada Khrushchev ee Maraykanka (1959) si kooban la tilmaamay in mid ka mid ah lagu xukumay, hal nin show, taas oo Khrushchev ayaa door weyn ka hor dhagaystayaasha American. Waxaan ku tilmaami in faahfaahinta article our sida tan dhacay.

US iyo xiriirka Soviet ka hor booqashada

Akhristaha casriga ah waxaa laga yaabaa in aan xitaa la fahmo waxa ay ahayd booqashadii ugu horeysay ee Khrushchev Maraykanka. Year - 1959, wax yar ka hor in, at Twentieth xisbiga Congress ee 1953, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay in go'an ee dagaalkii dunida soo socda.

In 1956, Midowga Soofiyeeti ku dhawaaqday a cilmiga military cusub - isticmaalka mass of awoodaha nuclear iyo gantaalaha ee dagaalka.

In 1957, dalka waxa ay soo martay gantaalaha ballistic Intercontinental ugu horeysay ee adduunka ee. Event kaliya xun grand dunida guud ahaan iyo Maraykanka gaar ahaan: Americans ku nool yihiin qaarada kale, waxay juqraafi ahaan go'doon ka dunida inteeda kale ay yihiin, oo ay ciidanka iyo ciidamada badda kalsoonaan karo iyaga ka gardarada kasta ilaaliyaan, si lama filaan ah ee Pearl Harbor, iyada oo loo marayo, gunaanad la sameeyey, ee caadiga ah Americans ka dib guushii dagaalka adduunka II ayaa kalsooni ku qabta in qofna adduunka mar dambe uma ay halis gelin karto ammaankooda. Haa, ku USSR iyo Mareykanka ayaa hub nuclear in burburin kara dunida, laakiin waa in qaab bambooyin weyn iyo saamayn ba'an ee soo gaartay. bambooyinka Kuwan waxaa weli loo baahan yahay in la hirgaliyo diyaaradda soohdinta Maraykanka oo halkaasuu iyagii kaga tuuraan. nidaamka difaaca hawada American hufan, taas oo ay ku qaadaan saldhigyada ciidamada badda ee dalka Mareykanka ka koobnaa gantaalo, maraakiibta, diyaaradaha sidayaal, diyaaradaha dagaalka iyo kale. Dib u celi Qarax nuclear Maraykanka, waxa ay u muuqatay wax aan macquul aheyn. Markaas waxaa u timid oo dhan bogaga hore ee wargeysyada in USSR halkaas joogay gantaal aad u weyn, oo awood u leh meel kasta oo dunida ku soo gantaalay si uu wadnaha ee New York, isagoo gaaray height ah la haleeli waayo difaaca hawada. Waxaa soo baxday in an gaashaan difaaca American abuuray sannado badan, aan Maraykanka ka gardarada badbaadin doonaa. wadamada muquurtay xaalad cabsi argagax of hanjabaad "waalan Ruush" - erayadan aan loo yaqaan saxaafadda reer galbeedka ee ka dambeeya waqtiga.

Oo kanu waa waqti aad looga cabsado, waayo, dunida reer galbeedka daabacay warbixin in ugu dhakhsaha badan ku dhici doona booqashadii ugu horeysay ee saaxiibtinimo ee Khrushchev Maraykanka. Taariikhda waxaa loo arkay sida fasax ah, taas oo siisay rajo malaayiin Maraykan ah in laga yaabaa Ruush oo aadan ahaan sida "waalan" sida ay wakiil saxaafadda ka hor, oo aan wada baabbi'in doonaa West hal gool nuclear gantaalaha ballistic.

martiqaad

Khrushchev ayaa booqasho ugu horeeyay ee USA ka dhacay mahad martiqaad ka mid ah Madaxweynaha Maraykanka Eisenhower. Last uu ka ogaaday in hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti uu xiiseynayo dhaqanka reer galbeedka iyo dhaqaalaha, sida horay u arkay farqiga dhaqaale ee la Maraykanka Midowga Soofiyeeti.

cadowtinimada ah ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, warbaahinta reer galbeedka qaaday wax yar ka hor waqtiga. Khrushchev ee sannadaha hore ee boqornimadiisa uu isku dayayaan si aad u hesho oo ay la socdaan dalalka raasammaaliyade, doonayay in "si nabad ah la saanqaadi iyaga la." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa macquul ah dagaalka ah dunida cusub, oo ah xoghayaha guud ayaa weli ayaan meesha ka saarin, sida ka fog doqon ahaa, oo si wanaagsan u soo xusuustay casharada taariikhda, iyo sidoo kale khiyaano diblomaasiyadeed Western.

Ujeeddada martiqaadka

Madaxweyne Eisenhower doonayay in lagu xalliyo xaaladda Berlin, sida madaxda Soviet waxaa mar dambe sii socotay inay u dulqaadan ah "aaga shaqo" ee magaalada. From Zone Soofiyeeti ee Germany ayaa abuuray xaalad cusub - Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Jarmal ah - ay caasimadda ee Berlin. Adkaysan magaaladan, "joogitaanka dhacay," our hoggaanka ma doonayaan in ay. In guga iyo xagaaga ee 1959, wadahadalo la qabtay wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda ee Geneva, laakiin ay ku guuldareysteen.

martiqaad Personal booqashada Khrushchev ee Maraykanka of America waxaa loo keenay ka Wasiirada xigeenka Guddoomiyaha USSR ee Frol Kozlov, u baxay furitaanka bandhiga ah Soviet.

"Waxaan qirayaa, marka hore ma aan rumaysan. xiriirka Our ayaa si cidhiidhi ah in martiqaad ay u booqasho saaxiibtinimo madaxa dawladda Soviet iyo Xoghayaha koowaad ee golaha dhexe CPSU ka ahaa la aamini karin! "- Nikita Khrushchev dambe dib loogu soo yeeri.

sidoo kale saxaafadda American ma waxay rumaysan kari waayeen, laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan halkaas joogay faahfaahinta in waxkasta ay meesha: Madaxweyne Eisenhower baray shaqaalaha ee Wasaradda Arrimaha Gudaha (Wasaaradda Mareykanka ee arrimaha dibadda) Robertu Merfi mari Kozlov martiqaad booqashada Khrushchev ee Maraykanka. Booqashada shuruud ahayd in ay noqdaan waxa ay madaxda Midowga Soviet heshiiyeen heshiis Geneva ee ku saabsan xaaladda mustaqbalka ee Berlin on shuruudaha American. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Murphy u halmaanteen la xuso oo ku saabsan xaaladan, oo Khrushchev si lama filaan ah xataa Eisenhower aqbalay casuumaad.

Haddii aan ka afka diblomaasiyadeed si caadi ah u turjumaan, ka dibna waxaan heli soo socda: Americans u baahan yihiin inay ilaashadaan degaanka ee Berlin, laakiin Geneva, diblomaasiyiinta our ayaa diiday soo jeedinta oo dhan. Ka dib markii in, wuxuu isku dayay inuu diyaarin hoggaamiye US Khrushchev, Xaamid samaynta tilmaam in Xoghayaha Guud ee our, ku Wareerisay saaxiibtinimo booqasho. In macnaha guud ee dagaalkii soo socda Cold, martiqaad noocaas ah waa in loo diiday, hase ahaatee qaar ka mid ah dheecaan waa in ay dhacaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Khrushchev waa la saadaalin karin iyo muujiynta labadaba siyaasadda gudaha iyo dibadda. Waxa uu aqbalay casuumaad uu ereyada: "Waa hagaag, ka dibna waxaa jira waxaan joogi doonaa todobaad ama laba." Eisenhower lahayn doorasho laakiin in ay ku heshiiyaan in ay.

Sidee si loo sugo ammaanka?

Booqashada socda Khrushchev ee Maraykanka soo baxday in madax xanuun dhab ah ee booliska qarsoodi ah Soviet. Waxay ahaayeen awoodaan si loo hubiyo in ammaanka madaxda sare ee dalalka saaxiibtinimo ee Midowga. Laakiin waxa la sameeyo dalka colaadeed, halkaas oo haadka kasta oo noqon kara meel khatar ah? Iyagu ma ay yaqaaniin, sababtoo ah ma jirto waayo-aragnimo ku habboon.

Xubno ka tirsan wafdiga Soviet jeclaan lahaa in aad weydiisato Maraykanka in ay kor u saaray trellis a askari oo hubaysan American jidka Khrushchev ka Airporka milatariga ee deggenaanshaha la qoondeeyey.

Qaar kale waxay diiday sababtoo ah qiyaas taasi ma baabi'iyo isku day ah, haddii siyaasiyiinta reer galbeedka go'aan inay disho hoggaamiyaha ee USSR. In dhamaadka, waxay go'aansadeen in ay tahay lagama maarmaan in la aamini ilaalinta hay'adaha sirdoonka Mareykanka, iyo in ay aaminsan yihiin ku hagayey siyaasada ammaanka.

Sidee loo helaa Maraykanka?

Waxaa hadda lagu duulaya ka mid ah dalka in kale waxaa loo arkaa mid caadi ah, iyo konton sano ka hor waxaa jiray diyaarad ma sida ee dalka, kuwaas oo awoodi doonaan in ay dhammayn oo aan shidaal kaga duulimaadka ka Maraykanka si USSR. Oo waxaa loo baahan yahay in wax kasta oo jiray si ay u muujiyaan West ah in dalkeena uu leeyahay technology ugu dambeeyay ahaa. Sidaas awgeed, waxaan go'aansaday si aad u hesho diyaaradaha tu-114 - oo keliya waqtiga model waa awood si ay u sameeyaan diyaarad aan joogsan ee dalka ee Washington. Dhibaatada waxa ay tahay in model la aan weli si buuxda loo baaro, sidaas darteed qofna ma damaanad qaadi karin ammaanka oo ka mid ah dadka ugu horreeya ee gobolka, marka laga reebo hal qof - naqshadeeye Andrey Tupolev model ah. Waxa uu balan qaadayo isku halaynta ee diyaaradda, iyo caddayn in erayadiisii soo jeediyay in xubnaha shaqaalaha ee wiilkiisa u gaar ah Alexei. Doorashada waxaa loo sameeyey ay guushu ku-Tu 114.

Maxaad Khrushchev isku raacay safar?

Waayo, wax alla sabab, wuxuu qaaday booqasho Khrushchev ee Maraykanka? Maxaad hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti ku heshiiyay safarka? Dhab ahaantii, Khrushchev ku kalsoon yahay in faa'iidooyinka nidaamka hantiwadaag oo la rumaysan yahay in guusha taariikhiga ah ka badan shuuciyad soo gabagabeeyo. Horeba cilmiga gobolka loo sameeyay, sida laga soo xigtay oo "waxaa ka soo bixi doona wadaag ee qarnigan." Fariimihii of hab fool ah "janno" xitaa hollowed soo dhagxantii iyo taxadiri. Laakiin sida had iyo jeer, cilmiga this laakiinse ma ay iman run, iyo fariimihii oo dhan si dhakhso ah tirtirayaa ee ku tiris ah oo qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo aan weli la yaqaan, iyo hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti doonayay inuu arko "decadent West" la isaga.

Xoghayaha Guud ee sida basaas?

Qaar ka mid ah u muuqdaan in ay aaminsan yihiin in booqashada Khrushchev ee Maraykanku in uu "hadaaqda" nidaamyada ku tartamaya, sidii aad maskax ahaan u caddaatay in West ka teknoolajiyada ina hor bilaabo. Yurubta Bari waxaa hore u ogaa boqolkiiba boqol, iyo in 1956 waxaa jiray kacdoonkii ah ee Hungary soo horjeeday taliskii shuuciga. Taageerayaasha oo ka mid ah "fikrad of Qishka" sida dood keeni in Khrushchev la ma bixinta si been abuurtay xaadirka ah, taas oo uu muujiyey siyaasiyiinta reer galbeedka, oo isku dayday in ay "dhuumaalaysiga" wax "qarsoon" maxaa yeelay, wuxuu u maleeyey in wax ku cad Americans ma aha oo xiiso gaar ah fiiro. Sidaas daraaddeed, our hogaamiyaha "eygaaga qarsoon oo" hamburger, qofood, adeegga is-adeeg, kaydinta cell garoonka diyaaradaha iyo xarunta tareenka iyo hadhuudh.

All this yimid ka dib, iyo in Midowga Soofiyeeti. Hamburger oo eey kulul sababo dhinaca fikirka, waxaa magacooda loo baxshay "ayuu doofaarro in bustayaal" iyo "garoocad in baaritaanka," iyo dadka Soviet ahaayeen hubiyo in aan been abuurtay. Iyo hadhuudh waa hogaamiyaha ugu dambeyntii "jacayl", fikirka in ugu danbeyn helay El Dorado ah, qarsoon oo guul dunida raasammaaliyade on beer ku taal Iowa. In "Story hadhuudh" intii ay safarka ku abuuray quraafaad ah in ay jiraan Khrushchev la sheegay in go'aansaday uu ku tijaabiyaan dhaqanka this. Dhab ahaantii, oo ku saabsan mass beerista xilli beeraha galayda ahaa hadal ka hor safarka. Khrushchev qudhiisu jeclaa inuu u soo yeedho "corncob" xitaa ka hor inta uu magacaabayo xilka ugu sarreeya ee hoggaaminta dalka iyo waxaa inta badan soo bixiyey mashaariicda kala duwan ee hordhaca mass ee dhaqanka this. Sababta tani "jacayl" in khudradda this ahaa xaqiiqada ah in 1949 badbaadiyey hadhuudhka Yukreeniyaan Soviet Republic ka "abaar" ee soo socda marka Khrushchev ahaa boostada ah ee Xoghayaha Guud ee xisbiga ee dalka. In gobollada kale ee USSR weli lahaa gaajo ah sababtoo ah dalagga iyo la'aanta kaydka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, booqashada Khrushchev ee Maraykanka ee 1959 si qeexan rujin in uu iimaanka in dhaqanka tani waa baahi degdeg ah inay soo bandhigto in USSR. Later, our beeraha ku bixiyay waayo tijaabo la khudradda this, iyo dadka Soviet habaaray Xoghayaha Guud ee jikada, munching kibis hadhuudh Sarreenka meeshiisii. Fair in la yidhaahdo maanta in Wasaaradda Ruush ee Beeraha ansixiyey tijaabo ah Nikita Khrushchev on hordhaca ah ee galleyda ee dhaqaalaha dalka, sida u kordhiyaa wax soo saarka ee hilibka lo'da iyo caanaha xoolaha. Laakiin sidoo kale uu qirtay in "ma loo baahan yahay, dabcan, dalka oo dhan inay hadhuudh ka ku beeran."

la yaab leh ugu horeeyay ee

Booqashada Khrushchev ee Maraykanka ka dhacay 1959 iyo la socday noocyo kala duwan oo curiosities. Mararka qaarkood waxaa soo baxday in hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti, iyo waqti isku mid ah oo isku dayaya inay kala gartaan waxa qarsoon ee West ah, iyo waqti isku mid ah si ay u muujiyaan in ay ka sarreeyaan dhaqanka, qudhiisu ha xaalad xun.

Warshadda, IBM waa hogaamiyaha hadhay jalaq u sheyga, saftay dhan oo muujinaysa in aanu, sidoo kale, wax kasta oo uu jiro. Xusuustaa ee 1959 waxaa jiray ugu horeysay adduunka ee kombiyuutarada on heerka transistor sare ee isku halaynta iyo waxqabadka in Air Force Maraykanka helay suurto gal ah in loo isticmaali xitaa habka digniinta ugu horayso difaaca hawada. Khrushchev ma aha gaar ahaan wacdaro, sida shaqada muu haysan karin on horumar ah ee kombiyuutarada la sameeyay ee dalkeenna, iyo "corncob" si ay u fahmaan hal-abuurnimo ku kacaan, sababtoo ah aqoon la'aanta hoose ee ku yaala goobahan. Taasi waa, been abuurtay this ayaa u ogolaaday IBM si ay u noqdaan hogaamiye dunida ee technology computer.

Laakiin Khrushchev la dhacay abuurtay kale - is-adeeg qolka lagu qadeeyo. Dabcan, Xoghayaha Guud waayeen inay muujiyaan inuu la yaabay oo joogto ah ku dooday in "in USSR ka fiican." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dad badan oo ogaaday in Khrushchev disingenuous.

In Hollywood

Booqashada Khrushchev ee Maraykanka ee 1959 iyo calaamadeeyay uu yimid in Hollywood. Shirkadda Film "Twentieth Century Fox" diyaarin oo lagu sharfayo hoggaamiyaha qado weyn our waayo, 400 oo qof. Yididiilo ahaa sida in uu ku casuumay dadka caanka ah oo keliya oo aan toortaha labaad ay, sida doorashada loogu talo galay dadka aan haysan ku filan.

Hollywood wakhtigaas ayaa ku dhaawacmay "ugaarsi saaxirad" - dagaalka ka dhanka ah dacaayad ee shuuciyiinta ee dalka Mareykanka, si dad badan walaac koobi martida. . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku dhowaad dhammaan si fiican u yaqaan jilayaasha, agaasimayaal, siyaasiyiinta, curiya iyo kuwa kale oo ka qayb qaatay qadada: Bob Houp, Francis Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, Dzhon Kennedi , iyo kuwo kale oo badan.

Qaar ka mid ah, sida Bing Crosby iyo Ronald Reagan, oo calaamad u ah soo horjeedo taliskii hantiwadaagga faasiqiin diiday casuumad. Qaar kale waxay si fudud u cabsan halkii ay ku dambeeyeen, oo waxba ma ay shir tagaan, sida ka dhanka ah iyaga waxay ahayd mar hore in Guddiga oo Wax soo baara on Hawlaha Un-American. dadkaas ka mid ahaa Abwaan caan ah labada Arthur Miller, laakiin waa inuu naagtiisa, Marilyn Monroe ayaa waxaa si gaar ah wakiil madaxda Soviet.

Khrushchev on filimka

Ka dib markii martida qadada ku go'aansadeen inay muujiyaan toogashada ee filimka "Cancan". qaabiyayaasha ayaa si ula kac ah u doortay a filimada mustaqbalka jab gaar piquant. music cod dheer ku orday cayaarey oo bilaabay in aad la dheesho cajiib ah, daraftiisa sare u qaadaya. Later, suxufiyiinta ma seegi fursad ay ku weydiin hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti uu ka fikirayo goobaha sida. sifayn Tan waxaa our hogaamiyaha loo yaqaan "fisqi", oo uu sida la sheegay ma hagaajin ay fiiro iyaga on. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, toogashada suxufiyiinta in ay lid ku ah.

Ugu kulan la qaatay ururada shaqaalaha ganacsiga, Khrushchev sameeyey dhirifkiisa is muujin ah ee xaqiiqada ah in "aktarada daacad ah" waa in ay guushu "darafkii kor loo qaado" "dadweynaha musuqmaasuq." Oo markaas our hogaamiyaha ma seegi fursad in ay xoogga saaraan in "waxaan u baahan nahay oo kale" xoriyada "ma loo baahan yahay" oo aan "door bidaan in ay si xor ah u maleynayaa", oo aan "u daawato aad dameer." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, at hogaamiyaha this Soviet in aanu ku qancin, wuxuu bilaabay inuu parody qoobka ka filimka, tiriska dameerkeedii ee dadweynaha. Ugu yaraan, sidaas darteed waxaa la qoray by mid ka mid ah saxafiyiinta American - Sol Bellou, kuwaas oo daboolay booqasho Khrushchev ee Maraykanka. Year isaga u ahayd si dhab ah xusuus, oo marar badan wuxuu u maleeyay oo ku saabsan dhacdooyinka noloshooda oo dhan.

Booqashada Khrushchev ee Mareykanka, kulan la ururrada shaqaalaha

niyad A dhabta ah ee our hogaamiyaha waxaa la kulmay ururada urur shaqaale oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Waxa uu soo jeediyay in iyadii, uu la sokeeye uu dagaalka ka dhanka ah dunida raasammaaliyade kulmi doono. Dadka oo dhan, laakiin si fudud "shaqaalaha adag" waa neceb "dulma iyo enslavers." Laakiin waxa uu khalad ahaa, oo amiir u ahaa ururka ugu weyn ee ganacsiga Uolter Rayter dhaleeceeyay nidaamka oo dhan hantiwadaagga ee USSR. Khrushchev isku dayeen in ay soo xirteen oo isaga lagu eedeeyey in ay "khiyaanay ee fasalka shaqada", laakiin in wejiga Reiter sheegay Nikita Sergeyevich in uusan dagaalamaya hantiwadaagga ee dalka, oo u adeegtaa kaliya si loo horumariyo nolosha shaqada.

Later, markuu arkay dakhliga Reiter Khrushchev Tilmaam in dhacay, laaluushay dhammaan madaxda urur shaqaale oo dalka Mareykanka ah.

"Cat dhintay Dhimatay"

Guud ahaan, booqasho Khrushchev ee Mareykanka (1959) waxaa la socday falal badan oo ka xanaajiyey, sarbeeb, maldahaad on qayb ka mid ah bulshada Maraykanka. Su'aalaha ugu xun ahaayeen for our hogaamiyaha, kuwa ay saameeyeen kacdoonkii Hungarian. Kuwaas oo uu ku tilmaamay in "cat dhintay dhintay", isagoo alleefaya xaqiiqada ah in dhacdooyinkan ay muddo dheer ee la soo dhaafay, laakiin saxafiyiinta weli kor this topic.

safarka labaad

Khrushchev booqashadii ugu horreysay ee Maraykanku waa taariikh xusuus leh, laakiin ma ahan safarka kaliya ee hoggaamiyaheena "cadaawadaha fekerka". Waxay u egtahay in ka dib markii hoggaamiyeheenna Maraykanka ee la soo gudbiyay 1959-kii, uusan u badneyn inuu halkaas tago. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sannadkii 1960-kii, wuxuu ka hadlay Golaha 15-aad ee Qaramada Midoobay ee New York, halkaas oo uu ku dhaleeceeyay ballaarinta caasimadda ee galbeedka Afrika. Dhanka kale, wuxuu balanqaaday inuu dunida oo dhan u muujinayo "hooyka kuzkina." Dadka Maraykanka ah ee cabsida leh ayaa tarjumay ereyadan "waannu ku siinaynaa," iyo hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeetka ee indhaha caalamka reer galbeedku u beddelay kaligii taliye aan ku filnayn, oo diyaar u ah inuu burburiyo dunida oo idil. Dabadeed, booqasho kale oo saaxiibtinimo oo Khrushchev ah oo Maraykanku (1961) ka dhacay ma aysan dhicin, iyo dhawaaqa "hooyada waqkina" waxay billaabeen inay magacawdo "bam-qarxinta" ee ay USSR la kulmeen Golaha Guud.