Cabirka 1 Qarni computer. Horumarinta of technology computer oo qarni computer

Computerization - ugub ah in hadda lagu arkay, malaha, dalalka oo dhan ee dunida. Heerarka waa kuwo cajiib ah. Waxa xiiso leh in loo raad raaco shuruudaha ku yaala taas oo lagu fuliyay taariikh ahaan. waxaa la odhan karaa in computerization ah - natiijada horumarinta habaysan ee kombiyuutarada iyo sii daayo software of technology iyaga? Waa maxay marxaladaha taariikhiga ah ee horumarinta farsamada kombiyuutarada?

In ka hor inta kombiyuutarada ahaa?

Waxa xiiso leh si aad u ogaato nooca qalab ayaa taariikh ka hormarey kombiyuutarka. Sidaas darteed, waxaa laga yaabaa in la ogaadaa in ee Qarnigii 17aad, saynisyahan Faransiis halyeeyga Pascal Been abuurtay, la rumeysan yahay inuu mashiinka ugu horeysay isagoo intaa ku daray, kaasoo ka hawl ku salaysan farsamo. Horraantii qarnigii 19aad ee Ingiriiska Babbage abuurtay engine ugu horeysay gorfaynta. a labaatan sano kadib, injineerka American abuuray tabulator a Hollerith - mashiinka korontada, kaas oo ay suurto gal ahayd in la xisaabiyo tirakoobka. horumar Later oo ka mid ah shaybaarada keentay in dunida jihada of abuuro qalab in ku dhow inay kombiyuutarada ee dareenka casriga yihiin, waxaa si firfircoon uga sii.

The kombiyuutarada ugu horeysay

Mid ka mid ah computer ugu horeysay adduunka ee la Been abuurtay by cilmibaadhe kale American W. Bush ee 1930. Taariikhda computer ka, waa qalab digital dhamaystiran, saynisyahano badan tirin ka 1944, markii computer Maraykan ah professor Ayknem loogu talagalay "Mark 1". Dhab ahaantii, waxa uu ahaa qalab ay lahaayeen jiilka computer 1. Maxay yihiin qaababka ay, waxaad u sheegi kartaa? First of dhan, laga yaabee, dhinacyada design ka. Cabirka 1 kombiyuutarada Generation ahaayeen fiican. Tusaale ahaan, "Mark-1" lahaa dherer ah oo ku saabsan 15 mitir, height -. About 2.5 m awooda of computer ugu horeysay digital, by heerka casriga ah, ayaa dhexdhexaad ah, laakiin ay kaalin ee taariikhda warshadaha technology computer lama quudhsan karin. In 1946, ciidamada Maraykanka ayaa dhisey computer ah "ENIAC". Cabirka 1 computer jiilka tusaale ahaan qalab this laga yaabaa in u muuqdaan kuwo ka sii cajiib ah. Computer "ENIAC" lahaa dherer ah oo ku saabsan 30 m iyo miisaamay 30 tons.

Waxaan ku mashquulsan yihiin, dabcan, ma aha oo kaliya size ka mid ah jiilka kombiyuutarada, laakiin sidoo kale astaamaha kale ee nooca kala ah mashiinka. iyaga iyo sidoo kale taariikhda ku xiga ee kombiyuutarada dheeraad ah ka fiirsada.

Features jiilka 1 computer

computer shaqeeya 1 ku salaysan jiilka of tuubooyinka electron - qalab ka shaqeeya by beddelo durdurka qayb ka cathode si anode dhaqdhaqaaqa. mabda'a aasaasiga ah ee u dhiganta dhaqdhaqaaqa - warshadu hawada thermionic. Laga soo bilaabo bilowgii, kombiyuutarada waxaa la dhisay on mabda'a of tilmaamaha macquulka ah ee qaybinta 0 iyo 1. nidaamka Tan waxaa fuliyey ilaa iyo haatan. Sidee bay u shaqeeyaan sida qayb weyn ee PC ah si ay u isticmaalaan ilayska? Mid aad u fudud. Tubada waxaa la aasaasay on danab laambadda, tusaale ahaan 2 V. saarka The - yar, sida 1 V. Shardiga ugu horeysay waxaa laga soo qoray sida laambad 1, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - sida 0. isku dhafan ee xaaladahan ku salaysan hannaanka ee tobanaan kun oo laambadaheeda qaabeeya code mashiinka.

kombiyuutarada Tube, in uu yahay, kuwa ka tirsan mid ka mid ah jiilka samayn kartaa oo ku saabsan 20 kun. Hawlgallada per labaad. badan ama aan wax badan? Wixii la barbardhigo, tiradaasi for kumbiyuutarada maanta - balaayiin hawlgallada per labaad. Laakiin dhibaatada aasaasiga ah ee sannadahaas, oo ay ku jiraan in ka howgala military, jiilka koowaad ee sifooyinka computer waxaa arrin la oggol yahay si ay u qabtaan.

Computers noocan ah aan lagu gartaa isku halaynta sare. Just, sababtoo ah laambad gubay baxay si joogto ah, waa in ay la beddelo. About size ee kombiyuutarada Rafaa, waxaan ku kor ku sheegay. Tani predetermines dhibaatooyinka aad u weyn in ay gaadiidka, iyada oo ayna ka mid ah ay goobta dhismaha. kharashka computer jiilka kowaad wuxuu ahaa mid aad u sarreeya - waxay awoodi kari waayay in ay iibsadaan shirkadaha oo kaliya waaweyn iyo hay'adaha dawladda la miisaaniyadda waaweyn. Sidoo kale kombiyuutarada tube ayaa lagu gartaa kharashka hawlgalka sare - inta badan marka la eego isticmaalka tamarta. Work iyaga on dalbaday in uu soo jiito shaqaalaha xirfad tacliin heer sare leh bixinta xiga ee mushaaraadka ay u ballaaran. Nin ogyahay ugu yaraan qalab computer ah, in aan ku xuso awood u leh inay barnaamijka computer ka, ahaa farsamo yaqaan oo caan ah oo qaali ah.

Cayimayo jiilka koowaad ee kombiyuutarada sidoo kale in mashiinada, kuwaas oo ay ku lug leeyihiin luqadaha barnaamijyada shaqsi. Intaa waxaa dheer, set oo ah tilmaamaha computer way fudud ku filan. Sida oo kale, barnaamijka - in dareenka caadiga ah - marka la isticmaalayo nooca habboon ee computer looma isticmaalo. Tan waxa u sabab ma ahan oo keliya in ay qaab suubban ee your computer, laakiin storage devices casriga ah ayaa sidoo kale aad u hooseeya - inta badan waxay ahaayeen kaararka feer iyo cajalado magnetic, kaas oo gabi ahaanba waa ma u dhigma xawaaraha caadiga ah inoo kaxeeya.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by ee ku haboonayn xusay injineerada bilaabay si firfircoon qabsado - inta badan iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta algorithms qalabaynta kala duwan la code hooyo shaqeeyaan. In kasta oo waxtar xumada jiilka koowaad ee kombiyuutarada, hufnaan ay hawlgal weli tartiib la kordhiyo.

Computer Generation 2

warshadaha computer Adduunka ka dib markii Been ku xusan ayaa sii waday in ay si degdeg ah u horumariyaan. war abuurashadoodii ah "Mark-1", "ENIAC" iyo baabuurta kale - waxay ahayd uun bilowga. 2 jiilka computer muuqday 60meeyadii hore. Ay feature ugu muhiimsan - waxay yihiin halkii transistors laambadihii la isticmaalay. Sidaas darteed, wax soo saarka mashiinka kordhay. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaannu xusuusan nahay in size ka mid ah kombiyuutarada jiilka ahaayeen cajiib ah. Mishiino for transistors, markeeda, si weyn hoos u dhacay. Sidee faa'iido cad cadaato hawlgelinta ee qaab-dhismeedka ay khuseyso kombiyuutarada xal farsamada? Waxaa ugu Filan in aan idhaahdo, transistor 1 uu karin inuu bedelo 40 laambadihii. Hagaagtay iyo sidoo kale warbaahinta. Qalabka wuxuu u yahay jiilka labaad ee kombiyuutarada noqon karo isticmaalka disk a magnetic, xiro qaabka iyo fikradda in qalabka, kuwaas oo caan ah si user casriga ah.

Marka la eego ka qayb qaadashada of warshadaha ee computer software dunida sidoo kale tallaabo qaaday weerarka, in awoodaha of nooca mashiinka kala mahad. Afka, tirsan category heer-sare ah. Barnaamijyada yeelatay turjumaanada - habka by kaas oo ah algorithms kala yihiin turjumay luqada loo isticmaalo in amarrada computer mashiinka. Waxaan sidoo kale fuliyo mabaadiida hor xaaladood software computer qaarkood. Waxaan bilaabay in ay u muuqdaan codsiga maktabadda, nidaamyada la socoshada kala duwan, taas oo ku noqotay prototypes hababka casriga ah hawlgalka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo qaar ka mid ah isku dayga in la mideeyo algorithms software hawlgelinta ee mashiinada kala duwan, kombiyuutarada kala duwan ayaa lagu gartaa waafaqid kooban. iyaga Isku, sidaas si la hadasho, shabakada hal iyo in la dhiso oo ku saleysan nidaamka macluumaadka shirkadaha ahaa mid aad u adag.

Computer Generation 3

Story 3 farcankii kombiyuutarada bilaabmaa mashiinada, dhismaha oo waxay bilaabeen inay in la isticmaalo wareeggeedii dhafan, mid kasta oo taas oo, sida ay uga leexatay, yaabaa inuu bedelo oo ku saabsan 1,000 transistors. waxqabadka kombiyuutarada ayaa si weyn u koray. Hadda waxaad la socon kartaa on computer ah dhowr algorithms software isku mar. Waa maxay ASIC? Tani crystal ee Silicon, taas oo uu leeyahay meel ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 10 sq. mm. In la eego waxqabadka, waxa lagu qiyaasay, in fact, mid IC waa loo siman yahay si ay kombiyuutarka "ENIAC". Waxaa ka mid ah kombiyuutarada 3-Qarni ugu caansan - computer ee ay IBM - mishiinka System 360.

Computers noocan ah waxaa lagu gartaa shahaado weyn ee interoperability badan qalabka, kor ku xusan waxaan ka wada hadalnay, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa ku jira dhinaca software ah. In kombiyuutarada ee jiilka kowaad 3 nidaamyada hawlgalka buuxa ayaa laga fuliyay, oo awood u leh fulinta hawlaha duwan oo isku mar. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah muuqaalada hardware ayaa bilaabay wareejiyay lakabka software ah.

KOMBIYUUTARADDA 4 ab ka

In 70 sano oo baaxad weyn oo ay wareeggeedii wax-u-dhafan ayaa la rido-soo-saarka mass. Waa maxay nooca sifooyinka in la ogaadaa karaa? First of dhan, mid ka mid ah oo u dhigma waxqabadkooda ku saabsan 1000 wareeggeedii isku dhafan ee caadiga ah. Sidaas darteed, warshadaha ee computer caalami ah uu awood u leeyahay in uu soo saaro qalab, xajmiga iyo qaab u dhigma kuwa taas oo aan la caadaysteen in ay maanta.

By horumarinta wax soo saarka ee khadadka warshad wax soo saarka ee baaxad weyn oo wareeggeedii isku dhafan iyo waxyaalo kale oo computer muhiim ah, kombiyuutarada si tartiib tartiib ah u noqday jaban. Haddii kombiyuutarada jiilka kowaad iyo labaad (ee 50s iyo 60s) ahaayeen heli karaa, sida aynu kor ku xusan, ugu horrayn oo kaliya in ay ganacsi weyn iyo qaab-dhismeedka dawladda, 1970 computer ayaa lagu firfircoon uga iibsan muwaadiniinta caadiga ah.

arrimaha computerization

Computerization ayaa noqday arrin mass, gaar ahaan dhalashada ee internet-ka ee 80s soo daahay. heerka Her ahaayeen xitaa more firfircoon ka badan qiimaha noqday qalabka hoos - ay size. Sayidka, PC ugu horeysay, siyaabo badan, iyo qaab-dhismeedka farsamada la mid yihiin kuwa la yaqaan noo maanta, u muuqday in bartamihii 70s-iyo bilowgii 80meeyadii. Waxaa ka mid ah qalabka kuwa - IBM PC, taas oo noqday noocooda ah ee madal Kombuyuutarada ugu baahday maanta. Waxa ay noqon tartan ugu dhow PC in si firfircoon soo saaray by Apple. Farqiga maamulaha u dhaxeeya - in fikradda IBM ee furfurnaan iyo soo dhawaataan mid ah madal Apple ah. Laga soo bilaabo aragtida ah ee qaab-dhismeedka software iyo hardware ah farqiga u dhexeeya nooc PC guud ahaan yar. Qaab dhismeedka IBM-madal wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybaha soo socda ee muhiimka ah sida processor, RAM ah, drive adag, video iyo kaarka codka, motherboard. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa lagu bedeli karaa iyada oo dadka kale - sida kale, wax soo saar badan.

jiilka hadda jira kombiyuutarada

reserve tignoolojiga, taas oo la aasaasay by injineerada in 70s ee, ayaa si weyn horumarinta dheeraad ah oo khubaro computer iyo falanqeeyayaasha tilmaamay qaadashada meel gudahood qarnigan la mid ah 4-tii. Taasi waa kumbiyuutarada-dhamaadka sare casriga ah ku shaqeeya, guud ahaan, mabaadi'da la mid ah sida qalabka 40 sano ka hor. In dhinacyada qaar ka mid ah, sida, tusaale ahaan, size of computer ka, kombiyuutarada casri ah xaqiiqo ah arkay badan oo dheeraad ah teknoolajiyada hormartay. In qalab la size yar oo awood Kombuyuutarada ah buugga taam fog iyo aad u kuwii la jiray, tusaale ahaan, in computer ugu horeysay ka Apple in 70s.

fikradaha sii

Laakiin fikir PC ah in aan maanta u isticmaalaan, ka shaqeeya dhismeyaasha waxay horseedday in computer 4 ka ab. Ma jiraan wax shuruudo cad, taas oo u oggolaan lahaa in la yidhaahdo in, ilaa xad hadlayay, ee laptop horeysay IBM PC iyo iMac casriga ah - computer waa jiilal kala duwan. Performance ballaaran kala duwan, laakiin fikradda guud ahaan waa isku mid.

On ku salaysan madal ay bixiyaan IBM ah, dhaqan inta badan maanta desktops, laptops, AIO. By shuruudaha badan, iyo sidoo kale qalabka mobile - casriga ah iyo kiniiniyada - waa inay waafaqsan yihiin-IBM madal, kaas oo u muuqday in 70s ee. Sidaas darteed, in kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah, sida in PC ah, waxaa jira a processor, xusuusta, kaydinta qalab - analog ah disk adag.

Waa adag tahay in xitaa ay sheegayaan in aasaas ahaan kordhay heerka raaxada isticmaalaya kombiyuutarada, hadii aan is barbar 4 ab ka koowaad ee naqshado PC iyo qaababka casriga ah. kontaroolada hardware computer aasaasiga ah - keyboard, mouse - asal ahaan, aan beddelay sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Waxaa jiray, dabcan, dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee screens taabto, qaab dhawaanshaha iyo xal kale oo qalaad. Laakiin oo dhan users ma iska leh isaga inay wax ku filan wanaagsan.

Hagaagtay, dabcan, iyo xal software - nidaamka qalliinka (ee 4 ab ka koowaad ee kombiyuutarada ahaayeen baarka, ka nidaamyada hawlgalka line amarka gacanta ayaa maanta waxaa ka mid ah interfaces user garaafyada functional), noocyada software codsiga. Noocyada ugu horeysay ee barnaamijyada la xiriira in 70s waxay ahaayeen mid aad u fudud in qaab-dhismeedka.

Maanta, waa qalab awood ah xaqiijinta hawlaha wax soo saarka. Haddii aan ka hadlo kulan, farqiga u sidoo kale waa dareemi. In 70s ee waxay ahayd oo kaliya Arcade ah, ayaa maanta ay u oggolaadaan in la sameeyo immersion xiiso gelin meesha bannaan ee la taaban karin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kulan ayaa la abuuray, nidaamka qalliinka iyo software codsiga ku algorithms mid ah sida ay xal u dhigma ee sannadaha hore ee qarnigii 4aad ee horumarinta computer, inta badan ah oo ku saabsan luqadaha barnaamij la mid ah.

Marka la barbardhigo dadka qarniyada computer

Isku day in aad arki sifooyinka isbarbaryaal ee qarnigan kombiyuutarka. Sidee this waxaa la samayn karaa? Waa doorasho wanaagsan - a barbardhig miiska qarnigan kombiyuutarka. Waxaa loo soo bandhigi karo in qaab, dabeecad u ah oo muraayad u ah furaha computer - saarka iyo saldhig farsamada, taas oo ku salaysan xisaabaha lagu sameeyaa.

Kuwanu waa sifooyinka barbardhig qarnigan kombiyuutarka. Waxaan u aragnaa sida ay si degdeg ah horumarinta technology computer. Computers ah jiilal kala duwan - tusaalooyin cad ah oo ka mid ah soo bixitaanka iyo sal-dhigida guulaystay in wax soo saarka ee fikradaha ugu cusub iyo injineernimada teknoolojiyad sare - labada heer qayb hardware ah, iyo sidoo kale in software.

Dhinaca mid, waxaannu ku tirinnaa karaa computerization in - ugub ah ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u horumarsan, iyadoo kor u correlative in qaab PC, iyagu waa isticmaalka jaban iyo fududahay. Laakiin waxaa jira hal dhibic of view, kaas oo habka su'aasha ah waxa lagu gartaa muddo of 2, xawaaraha markii uu dhab ahaantii qablamaya, oo waxay u noqotay ka dib markii muuqaalka kore ee computer 4 ka ab, iyo ka dib isbadal ah ee Internet galay shabakad caalami ah. Labadan arrimood, oo waxay noqotay, sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah cilmibaadhayaasha, darawallada muhiimka ah ee computerization.