Cycloalkanes - waxaa ... cycloalkanes: helitaanka caanaha, kiimikada iyo jirka guryaha

Cycloalkanes - waa Consort, taas oo ay ka kooban leeyihiin qaab u xiran yihiin. Ha ka fikiro si aynu sifooyinka xeryahooda, kuwaas oo, ay field of codsiga.

Features fasalka

Waa maxay cycloalkanes ah? Formula fasalka CnH2n muujinaysaa la'aanta atamka hydrogen. Xaaladdan ayaa ku lug leeyihiin laba xaaladood. Haddii kale, qaab-dhismeedka waa in ay ahaataa bond a double in Britain ay ka kooban labada dhisme u xiran yihiin. Waa maxay qaabka cycloalkanes haysaan? Formula iyaga u dhiganta kiiska labaad, in uu yahay, joogitaanka ee Britain ee qaab-dhismeedka xiran. Waa qaab dhismeedka koobnaanta ee gaar sababa guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada ee fasalka this ee Consort.

Sidee badan oo kala duwan cycloalkane dhiganta sidiisa C4H8? Si aad u hesho jawaabta su'aashan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u falanqeeyaan ah noocyada isomerism, kuwaas oo caan ku cycloalkanes. Labada isomers la kooban oo tayo iyo tiroba waxay leeyihiin waxaa laga yaabaa in qaab xilliile ah: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. ikhtiyaarka noocan oo kale ah lagu magacaabo isomers of silsilad dhinaca.

Tan iyo cyclo - this isomers interclass of olefins roodhida ka fiirsan kartaa qaaciidooyinka walxaha, oo ka kooban bond a double. laba dhismo oo ah qaab ka dib markii jira: butene-1 iyo butene-2. Ka jawaabaya su'aal ku saabsan sida badan cycloalkanes kala duwan jiraan laga yaabaa in caanaha la soo jeediyay, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo oo keliyana ma aha cycloalkanes, laakiin sidoo kale alkenes. Kaliya kiiskan waxa ay noqon doontaa suurto gal ah in ay soo gudbiyaan jawaabta saxda ah.

Sidaas daraaddeed, cyclo - waa Consort, kaas oo ay leeyihiin ugu yaraan laba nooc oo isomerism.

Features waydaarsanayeen

Magacyada Halabuurka hydrocarbon xilliile ah oo gaar ah la siiyo si waafaqsan buuxa la isku waydaarsanayeen caalamka. Waayo, saldhigyada isticmaalo tiro carbon ah Bannaanka u xiran yihiin. Next, ka fiirsan atamka xaadirka ah ee silsiladda dhinaca. Tusaale ahaan, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - yihiin xeryahooda, taas oo atamka carbon yihiin gobolka hybrid sp3, sidoo kale in Consort cokan. Habkaani wuxuu qeexayaa hababka aasaasiga ah ee guryaha diyaarinta iyo dabeecad u ah fasalka ka.

Options for helo cycloalkanes

Sidee baan ku heli karaa cycloalkanes? Tusaalooyinka reactions aasaasiga ah ayaa tilmaamaya in ay jiraan fursado badan oo ah waxbarashada. Tusaale ahaan, cyclohexane waxaa soo saaray hydrogenation ee benzene ku leedahay beduliyum. Xeryahooda la atamka carbon saddex, afar giraanta in loo diyaar garoobo laga yaabaa by cholesterol ah alkanes digalogenproizvodnyh halogeen kelli. Sidoo kale cycloalkanes helay in pyrolysis ee cusbada ee acids organic dicarboxylic. Kululaynta oo aan joogitaanka hawada keenaysaa in formation of cyclopentane iyo cyclohexane.

kiimikaad

Naphthenes kiimikaad isku mid ah si ay u Consort cokan. Dadkaas iyaga ah, falcelinta hanti la halogens nooca bedelay. Intaa waxaa dheer, wakiilada naphthenes galaan reaction kiimikada la nitric acid ah. Cycloalkanes adkaysi u xoog sulfuric acid. Iyada oo chlorosulfuric acid iyo oleum falcelinta sidoo kale waa suurto gal: dambe samaysteen xabagta baaruud (4).

Naphthenes isagoo ee u taagoo of 5 iyo 6 atamka carbon waxaa loo tixgeliyaa xarunta kiimikaad ahaan xasilloon. Laakiin markii loo feydo bromide ama aluminium chloride ah, taasu waa isomerization waxaa ku weheliyay xannibaad ama kordhin ah wareegga asalka ah.

isomerization

Tusaale ahaan, in noocyada nidaamka, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane isomerization. In saliidda laga helay noocyo kala duwan oo taagayo of cyclopentane iyo cyclohexane, wakiillo kale oo ka naphthenes waxaa jira shiidaa maqan.

The sifooyinka kala duwan ee wareegyada sare ka fiirsan awoodda si ay u sameeyaan conformation sida kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah atamka carbon waxaa dusha toos ah, oo gudaha loop ka. isgaarsiinta noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan intranulyarnymi, iyo kuwa ku yaalaan gudaha giraanta, loo yaqaan bonds ekstranulyarnymi.

Tusaale ahaan, waayo cyclodecane conformation wanaagsan ugu wareegay intranulyarnyh lix iyo toban atamka hydrogen ekstranulyarnyh. Taas oo muujinaysa kala duwani kooxaha CH2, taasoo ku muuqata in tamarta bond sii kordhaya, hagaajinaysaa guryaha kiimikada ee xarunta.

Waayo, Consort isagoo 12 ama in ka badan atamka carbon, lagu gartaa dhaqdhaqaaqa conformational. Tan iyo markii ugu C-xor ah ka gashey, xiriir sida aan u maleeyeen jiritaanka qaabab trans oo CIS.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) ku jiri kara saliidda dabiiciga ah ee kala duwan ee 25 ilaa boqolkiiba 75. content The taranta iyaga ka mid ah waxay ku xiran tahay jajab miisaan ah. jajab The saliid kaas oo ay leeyihiin dhibic karaya sare, waxaa jira in la kordhiyo dhismayaasha leedahay beduliyum. Gaar ahaan wax badan oo naphthenes helay Emba iyo Baku saliid.

Tirada saamiga tirada ay yihiin ilaa 80 boqolkiiba. Xiriirka ka dhexeeya noocyada saliidda cayriin iyo qaybinta cyclo-jajab. In ka yar adkaysi thermodynamically Consort monocyclic tixgeliyo kaas oo ay leeyihiin a silsilad alkyl lateral dheer. CnH2n qaybinta dhismayaal caynkee ah waa si toos ah ee la xiriira in heerkulka loo isticmaalo ee muxaadaro batroolka.

Tusaale ahaan, ka naphthenes monocyclic lama dareemo kala duwan heerkulka of 300-350 degrees Celsius, oo xeryahooda bicyclic baaba'aan ee xad-dhaaf ah tilmaame heerkulka 400 degrees Celsius.

Astaamaha cyclopropane

C3H6 waa wakiilka ugu fudud ee naphthenes. walax Tani gaseous isagoo milmi dayac biyo. Waxaa ka mid ah guryaha kiimikada waaweyn caan xarunta organic jaraan hydrogenation horseed. wax soo saarka ee dhexgalka tani waa propane ku hydrocarbon kama dambaysta ah. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, cyclopropane, shidaalka kale ee la mid ah, waxaa ka jawaabay ogsijiin si ay u sameeyaan dioxide kaarboon, uumiga biyaha, qadar ku filan tamarta.

Gaar ahaan wakiillo ka socda fasalka

Haddii aan is barbar dhig heerkulka reflux wakiillo ka cycloalkanes fasalka la tilmaamayaasha ee alkanes isagoo tiro la mid ah atamka carbon, waxay noqon doonaan wax yar ka sareeya. Sababtuna waxay tahay qaabka meerto of class this. naphthenes cufnaanta ka badan tiradaasi for alkanes ah, laakiin wax yar ka liita garoonka.

Si aad u fahamto sida badan cycloalkanes kala duwan u dhigma hal formula, waa in aad kala duwanaansho ma aha oo kaliya isomers noocyada xilliile ah, laakiin sidoo kale la lafaha toos kooban kotorgo isku xirnaansho double. In joogitaanka substituents ee Britain ee foomka of xag shidaalka, hoos u dhac ku barta barafku ka mid ah cycloalkane ah.

Haddii aan u falanqeeyaan guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada ee fasalka this ee Consort, waxaa suurtagal ah in ay sameeyaan walxaha qeybinta shuruud ku xeryahooda la wareegga hooseeyo (saddex ama afar), heerka (shan, lix, todoba), dhexdhexaad ah (sideed iyo toban), iyo wareegyada weyn (ka laba iyo toban carbons).

Meelaha isticmaalka

Aan ka hadalno waxa isticmaalka aasaasiga ah ee cycloalkanes. Naphthenes waxaa loo isticmaalaa in daawada. Tusaale ahaan, cyclopropane waa daroogada maandooriyaha. Cyclopentane waxaa loo arkaa dareeraha wanaagsan, sida lagu sheegay in ereygu wuxuu organic. Cyclohexane waxaa loo baahan yahay in dareen diidmo Avv kiimikada ee nylon, nylon (fiiloyin polyamide soo gaaray), marka lagu daro, sida lagu sheegay in ay soo saaraan benzene. alkanes cokan iyo cycloalkanes hantidaan falcelin yar yahay. Dhab ahaantii Tani waxaa lagu sharaxi karaa polarity hooseeyo bond C-C. Intaa waxaa dheer, qadar weyn oo cycloalkanes loo adeegsado warshadaha kiimikada.

gunaanad

ANAAD of Consort shaqsi iyo naphthenes waxaa loo isticmaalaa in soosaarka saliidaha. Wakiilada of class this ee Consort awoodaan si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka shidaalka naaftada. Tusaale ahaan, cycloalkanes daro ku ool ah u kordhiyaa tirada falkaas ka, waxay kordhisaa ku nafwaayay, waxay kordhisaa kulaylka sari ee engine ah. Taasi waa sababta cycloalkanes la karantiilo alaabta batroolka la safeeyey, iyo ka tago qayb ka mid ah jajabka baatrool ah.

Xoogga naphthenes waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida qase organic. Cycloalkanes miisaanka celcelis ahaan kelli loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee saabuunta dardaro. naphthenes ku filan oo u dhaco sida shidaalka, tan iyo qadar badan oo ah kulaylka inta ay soo sari.