Lysosomes - cell waa "dhaqaatiirta"

cell kasta oo nool ayaa set oo ah qaab-dhismeedka in iyada la siiyo fursad ay ku tusi doono oo dhan guryaha ee u shaqeeyo nool. Si aad u fiican u shaqeyo, gacanta waa in aad u hesho nafaqo ku filan si ay u dumin iyo sii daayo ay tamarta, taas oo ka dibna sii daa on hababka taageerada nolosha.

In marxaladda ugu horeysa ee geedi socodka adag yihiin maamulka tamarta lysosomes unugyada in otshnurovyvayutsya geesaha simay taangiyada dictyosomes (Golgi).

Sidee lysosomes ah

Lysosomes - waa odnomembrannye kubka dhexroor spherical ee ka soo 0.2 ilaa 2 microns, kaas oo ku lifaaqan ee kakan ee falgalka hydrolytic. Waxay awoodaan inay ku hadhaan kasta waa polymer dabiiciga ah ama walax-dhismeedka kakan, ku dhicin gacanta sida substrate nafaqo ah ama wakiilka ajnabi ah:

• borotiinada iyo polypeptides;
• polysaccharides (noqde, dextrin, glycogen);
• acids nucleic;
• subaga.

oolnimada Tani waxay ku siin karaan oo ku saabsan 40 noocyada kala duwan ee ku jira ensaymes lysosomes furta iyo dhinaca gudaha ee xuub ee gobolka Ciqaabta.

lysosomes Chemistry

Xuub wareegsan lysosome ah, ka ilaaliya organelles iyo qaybaha kale ee gacanta ka mid ah dhismaha enzyme dheefshiidi. Laakiin in xumbo ensaymes oo dhan waxaa asal protein, sababta aan kala tagno by proteases?

Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in ensaymes lysosome gudahood yihiin gobolka glycosylated. Tani carbohydrate "Shell" iyaga ka dhigaa inay liidata garan karo in ensaymes proteolytic.

dhexdhexaad Reaction lysosomes gudahood waa imaanshada acid (pH 4.5-5), in la barbardhigo hyaloplasm ku dhowaad dhexdhexaad. Waxaa abuuraa xaalad wanaagsan, waayo tallaabada of falgalka iyo shaqeeya H ⁺ -ATPase, oo shubmo protons gudaha organelles.

lysosome hawlaha qaab beddelidda

Morphologically in gacanta jira laba nooc oo waaweyn oo lysosomes - hoose iyo kuwa sare.

lysosomes Primary - waa goobooyin yar yar, ama siman af leh, ka taangiga soocay adag Golgi. Waxaa ku jira dhowr ah ensaymes hydrolytic on xuubka granular (roughened) EPR hore sameeyey. nuugista hore lysosomes substrate nafaqo waa in foomka firfircoonayn.

Si aad u bilowdo ee falgalka lysosome leedahay si aad u hesho qayb cunto ama cabitaanno ah. Tani waxay dhacdaa laba siyaabood:

1. By autophagy, halkaas oo qayb ka yihiin cunto nuugo lysosome ka cytoplasm ku wareegsan. organelles xuub invaginates barta of xiriir la walxaha iyo foomamka vesicle ah endocytic ka dibna otshnurovyvaetsya lysosomes gudaha.
2. By geterofagii markii lysosome Galiyo la kiishka endocytic, mar cytoplasm ee gacanta ay sabab u tahay nuugista cunnooyinka adkaha ah ama cabitaanno ah ka baxsan.

lysosomes Secondary - kiishka this ka kooban ku ensaymes iyo substrate ee dheefshiidka. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa hawl hydrolytic muujiyeen iyo soo saaray iyadoo ay sabab u nuugista ee lysosome ee substrate hoose.

Iyada oo shaqo in si loo yareeyo dheefshiidka lysosomal (cholesterol) oo ah qayb ka adag iyo solutes organic, dabacsanaan geedi socodka waxaa bixiya awoodda lysosomes sare:

• darsamaan lysosomes aasaasiga ah, taas oo keeni Dufcaddii cusub oo falgalka;
• Akhristoow la Qurub cunto cusub ama kiishka endocytotic dayactirka cholesterol nidaamka joogto ah;
• darsamaan lysosomes kale sare, la xirrira dhisme weyn oo awood u aadeen organelles unugyada kale;
• nuugo kiishka pinocytic soo koraya galay meydadka multivesicular.

Dhismaha lysosomes halka aan aasaas beddelo. Sida caadiga ah waxaa kaliya koraa size.

Noocyada kale ee lysosomes

Mararka qaarkood qaybsama qabtay walxaha lysosome ma aha ilaa iyo dhamaadka. Qurub nuxurrada aan laga saaray organelle iyo isku uruursadaan waxa ku jira. Ka dib markii sahayda of falgalka hydrolytic waa dhammaaday, content is dulfuulan iyo dib, qaab-dhismeedka lysosome noqonayaa mid ka sii adag, Geedka Dhalxiga ah. Waxay sidoo kale laga yaabaa in lagu shubo walxaha Midabka. Lysosome beddelay jirka ah haraaga ah.

Ka dibna waxa kubka haraaga ah ku sii cell ama xaggeeda ka by exocytosis.

In protists unugyada waxaa laga heli karaa autophagosomes. By ay dabiicadda, waxay ka tirsan tahay lysosomes sare. Inside organelles, kuwaas oo waxaa la helay hadhaagii qaybood oo waaweyn oo ka mid ah gacanta iyo dhismayaasha cytoplasmic. Waxay waxaa la aasaasay by dhaawac cell, gabowga iyo organelles gacanta u yihiin qaybaha dib u warshadaynta ee gacanta, sii daayo monomers ah.

function Lysosome in gacanta

Lysosomes horrayn siiyaan dhismaha cell walxaha wax depolimerizuya lagama maarmaan u xanniban dhexdeeda.

burburka ee carbohydrates waa link muhiim ah shiid tamarta ee unugyada by qeybinayay substrate a for diinta ee mitochondria ah.

Lysosomes - sidoo kale waa link ilaalinta ah ee habka difaaca jirka:

1. Ka dib markii phagocytosis bakteeriyada by leucocytes, lysosomes shub waxyaabaha ay gelin saabka of vesicle ku phagocytic, oo ay baabbi'iyaan sheyga waxyeelada leh.
2. Xawilo ensaymes proteolytic in apoptosis - barnaamijkii dhimashada unugyada.
3. Wakiil ah organelles "jir koray" dhaawacan iyo unugyada.

Isku dhafan oo soo batay cell, lysosomes ka qayb-warshadaynta ee dhismayaasha kala duwan bixisaa update u shaqeeyo.