Decembrists ee Russia. fulinta Decembrists ah. Location iyo taariikhda fulinta Decembrists ah

Waayo, ku dhawaad 200 oo sano, fallaago Decembrists ah ayaa soo jiitay dareenka of taariikhyahanadu. Waa qoran tahay badan oo articles sayniska iyo xataa dissertation ku saabsan mowduuca. Maxaa la xisaabay in danta this? Waxa ugu waa in, taariikh ahaan, Decembrists ee Russia ahaayeen ugu horeysay buuse joogaa, kan ay uga soo horjeedaan xoogga boqorka. Waxa xiiso leh, daraasadda of this ifafaale waxay bilaabeen inay galaan mucaaradka naftooda, waxay falanqeeyay sababaha kacdoonkii ee Senate Square oo ay soo gaartay. Sababo la xiriira fulinta Decembrists bulshada Ruush ayaa laga badiyay midabka dadka dhalinyarada ugu aqoon, sababtoo ah waxa ay asal ahaan ka soo jeeda qoysaska dadkii ku abtirsan ah, ka qaybgalayaasha quruxda badan ee Dagaalkii 1812 ahaayeen. Kac ah saamaynta on qaddar ee gabayaaga tayo leh. Sayidka, A. Pushkin, sababtoo ah xiriir la leh ka qaybgalayaasha oo ka mid ah Ururada qarsoodiga ah, oo waxaa loo diray maxaabiis ahaan.

Waa kuwee Decembrists ah

Waa kuwee Decembrists ah? Si kooban ay la gartaa karaa sida soo socota: waxay xubno ka mid ah dhowr ah bulshooyinka siyaasadeed dagaalamaya baabiiyo of serfdom iyo isbedelka yihiin dawlada. Bishii December 1825, waxay soo abaabulay kacdoonkii, kaas oo uu u cadaadiyeen.
5 qof (madaxda) ayaa u sugnaaday cadaab wax dulleeya saraakiishoodii. Decembrists, ka qaybgalayaasha ayaa musaafuriyay Siberia, qaar ka mid ah kubad ku jiray dhufayskii.

Sababaha fallaago ah

Decembrists Maxaad ka fallaagoobay? sababo badan for this. iyaga ka mid ah Chief, inay dhammaan mid ka mid, soo ciyaaray inta lagu jiro imtixaan ee qalcadda yihiin - ruuxa fikirka free, aaminsan yahay in xoogga dadka Ruush, daal Dulmiga - oo dhan ku dhashay ka dib markii ay guul cajiib ah ka gees ah Napoleon. Lama filaan ma aha 115 qof oo ka mid ah Decembrists ah - ka qaybgalayaashu of War ka Patriotic ee 1812. Indeed, inta lagu guda jiro ololaha military, la xorayn, dalalka Yurub, weligoodna ma kulmay savagery of serfdom. Tani waxay keentay in dib ay ka aaminsan tahay dalka, "addoomo iyo sayidkooda."

Waxa ay aheyd wax iska cad in serfdom laftiisa ayaa ka nolol dambeeyey ay faaiidada. Dagaal dhinac dadka, hadalka iyaga, Decembrists mustaqbalka in fikradda ah in dadka mudan qaddar ka fiican yahay jiritaanka slavish yimid. Beeralayda, sidoo kale, ayaa rajo ka qabay in dagaalka ka dib, xaaladda beddeli doonaa wanaagsan, sababtoo ah waxay daadiyaan dhiig ay aawadood oo ah hooyo. Laakiin, nasiib daro, ku gooyo iyo in ka badan kuwii gobta ahaa si adag u qabtay in qalcaddii la geeyo. Taasi waa sababta ka 1814 in 1820 sano, dalka ka dhacay in ka badan laba boqol oo ifbixii ridayeen. apotheosis waxa uu ahaa fallaago ah oo ka dhanka ah Colonel Schwartz Semenovski ilaalada ee 1820. Uu cadaawadda askartii fudud dhaafto oo dhan gudbee. Dhaq dhaqdhaqaaqa Decembrist, Sergey Muravev-Apostol iyo Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, goobjoog dhacdooyinkan, sida shaqeeyay guutada this.

Sidoo kale waa in la ogaadaa in ruux ka mid ah fikirka free Ruhbaaniyad inta badan ka qaybgalayaasha in Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, waayo, tusaale ahaan, ka qalin ay ahaayeen Leo I., V. Kiichelbecker, iyo gabayo xoriyadda jecel by Pushkin isticmaalo fikradaha sida adkaa.

Southern Society of Decembrists ah

Waxaa la fahamsan yahay in dhaqdhaqaaqa Decembrists ma kici soo baxay meel, iyana way kortay ka mid ah fikradaha kacaan adduunka ee. Pavel Pestel qoray in fikirrada sida tagaan "mid ka mid ah dhammaadka Europe inay Russia ka", oo daboolaya xataa kuwa ka soo horjeeda in ay maskaxda Turkey iyo England. Dhaqan shuqulka oo ka mid ah fikradaha oo ka mid ah Ururada qarsoodiga ah Decembrist. marka hore iyaga oo ka mid ah - Ururka Badbaado (St. Petersburg, 1816) iyo Ururka Daryeelka (1918). labaad ayaa ka dhacay ku saleysan ugu horreeyey, waxay ahayd in ka yar qarsoodi ah oo ka mid ah tiro badan oo ah xubnaha. In 1820 oo u kala diray sababtoo ah kala ee views.

In 1821, urur cusub oo ka kooban laba bulshooyinka: Waqooyiga (ee St. Petersburg, wuxuu ahaa madaxa Nikita Muravev) iyo koonfurta (ee Kiev, wuxuu ahaa madaxa Pavel Pestel). bulshada Southern ahaa views more socodnimo: in la dhiso jamhuuriyad, waxay u bixiyeen boqorkii dilaan. Southern Society dhismeedka wakiil saddex kontaroolada: marka hore ka, oo ay la socdaan Pestel P. A. Yushnevsky si toos ah iyo, labaad - S. Ants-Apostol, saddexaad - Davydov iyo S. Volkonskiy.

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel

Hogaamiyaha Society koonfurta, Pavel Ivanovich Pestel, waxa uu ku dhashay 1793 in Moscow. Waxa uu helay waxbarasho heer sare ah ee Europe, iyo uu ku soo laabtay Russia uu bilaabo inuu u adeego ee Corps of Pages - gaar ahaan kuwii gobta ahaa mudan. pages waa shakhsi aqoon u leh dhammaan xubnaha qoyska boqortooyada. Waxa ugu horeysay muujiyey Ragooda xoriyadda jecel Pestel dhallinyarada. Xaliyay ka qalin Corps ah, isagoo weli in ay u adeegaan in ciidankii Lithuanian la darajo ah calan Life ilaalada.

Inta lagu jiro dagaalkii of 1812 Pestel waxaa si xun u dhaawacmay. Daaweyn, celinta adeega, dagaalama xoog leh. By dhamaadka dagaalka Pestel abaalmarino badan top, oo ay ku jiraan a dahab hub premium. Ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, ayuu wareejiyo si ay ugu adeegaan in Ciidankii fardooley ah - waqti goobaha ugu qiimaha badan.

Iyadoo in St. Petersburg, Pestel ogaato oo ku saabsan bulshada qaar ka mid ah si qarsoodi ah (badbaadinta Midowga) iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan yimaado u galay. Paul bilaabmaa nolol kacaan. In 1821 wuxuu madax bulshada Southern - in this ayaa loo caawiyey by codkarka qurxoon a, sirdoonka ganaax iyo awoodaha qancinta. Sababtoo ah oo ka mid ah tayada uu waqti uu gaaro midnimada views oo ka mid ah Koonfurta iyo bulshooyinka Waqooyiga.

Dastuurka Pestel ee

In 1923, waxaa qaadanay barnaamij of Society koonfurta, ururisey Pavlom Pestelem. Waxaa si wadajir ah qaatay dhamaan xubnaha ururka - ay Decembrists mustaqbalka. Si kooban waxa ku jira waxyaabaha soo socda:

1. Russia waa jamhuuriyad ah, mid ka mid ah iyo kala qaybin, oo ka kooban 10 degmo. Maamulka Guud lagu qaban doonaa Golaha Shacabka (sharci dejinta) iyo difaacaneysa Duma (fulinta).
2. In ka qabashada arrinta serfdom Pestel soo jeediyay inay si deg deg ah u baajiso, qaybintii dhulkii ay laba qaybood: yaroow iyo mulkiilayaasha ee. Waxaa loo maleeyey in dambaysta ah waxaa u kiraysan doonaa, waayo, beeraha. Cilmi-waxay aaminsan yihiin in haddii dib u habaynta ee 1861 on baabiiyo of serfdom by Pestel tegey si ay u qorsheeyaan, dalka ugu dhakhsaha badan bilowday lahaa ganacsade ah, dhaqaale ahaan jidka tartiib ah horumarinta.
3. baabiiyo ee fasalada machadka. Dadka oo dhan oo dalka waa in loo gudbiyaa sida muwaadiniinta, oo ay leeyihiin isla siman yihiin sharciga hortiisa. xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed dhawaaqay oo lama taabtaan ah qofka oo xaqiiq ah.
4. Dowladda Saarka aslanba ma qaadi Pestel, sidaasi darteed waxa uu dalbaday in burburinta jirka ka mid ah qoyska reer boqor oo dhan.

Waxaa loo maleeyey in ay "Xaq Ruush" dhaqan geli doona sida ugu dhaqsaha badan kacdoonkii. Waa sharci aasaasiga ah ee dalka.

Northern Society of Decembrists ah

Northern Society yimaado jiritaanka in 1821, guga. Asal ahaan qayb ka mid ah waxaa ka mid ah ka koobnaa labada kooxood, ka dib midoobeen. Waa in la ogaadaa in kooxda kowaad wuxuu ahaa more xagjirka ah, ka qaybgalayaasha la wadaago aragtida Pestel oo si buuxda u aqbalay "Xaq Ruush".

Dhaq of Society Northern waxay ahaayeen Nikita Muravev (madaxa), Kondraty Ryleev (xigeenka), Prince Obolensky iyo Trubetskoy. Ma aha doorka ugu yaraan bulshada ciyaara Ivan Puschin.

Northern Society dhaqmeen inta badan ee St. Petersburg, laakiin uu lahaa laan in Moscow.

Way inay ku midoobaan hay'adaha waqooyiga iyo koonfurta ayaa muddo dheer ah oo aad u xanuun badan. Waxay lahaa khilaaf aasaasiga ah arrimaha qaarkood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, at Congress ee 1824, waxaa la go'aamiyay inuu ku soo bilowdo geeddi-socodka ah ee midnimada ee 1826. kacdoonkii ee December 1825 halaagnay qorshayaashaas.

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev - waxay ka timaaddaa sharaf qoyska ka mid ah. Wuxuu ku dhashay -1795 ee St. Petersburg. Waxaan ka helay waxbarasho weyn ee Moscow. The War of 1812 isaga ku darajo ah ee diiwaan-Collegiate ee Wasaaradda Caddaaladda helay. Dagaalka, wuxuu guriga ka maqnaato waddaa, samaynta mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed cajiib ah intii lagu jiray dagaalo.

Ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka shaqo ka bilowdey oo qayb ka ah Ururada qarsoodiga ah: Ururka Badbaadada iyo Midowga Welfare. Intaa waxaa dheer, ayuu qoray charter ee ugu dambaysta ah. Ayaa aaminsan in ay jiraan waa in la aasaasay foom Jamhuuriga ee dawladda, waxa ay kaa caawin karaan oo keliya inqilaab military. Intii lagu guda jiray safar xagga koonfureed oo la kulmay P. Pestel. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay qabanqaabisaa ay qaab-dhismeedka - Society Northern ah, laakiin adherent ah ma dildillaacsan, laakiin on lid ku ah, waxaa si firfircoon iskaashi.

Daabacaaddii koowaad ee uu version Dastuurka ku qoray 1821, laakiinse iyadu ma ay helin jawaab ka xubnaha kale ee bulshada. Wax yar ka dib, wuxuu dib u lahaa aragtidiisa iyo waxa uu sii daayay barnaamij cusub oo loogu deeqay by Society Northern ah.

Muraveva Dastuurka

Dastuurka Murav'ev ka mid ah waxyaabaha soo socda:

1. Russia waa in ay noqdaan boqortooyo distuuri ah, sharci-dejinta - Duma Sare, oo ka kooban laba gole, fulinta - Emperor ah (isku dhafan - Taliyaha ugu sarreeya). Dhanka kale, waxaa ku xusan in uu xaq u leeyahay inuu ku soo bilowdo iyo soo afjaro dagaalka on iyaga u gaar ah lahayn. Ka dib markii ugu badnaan saddex akhrinta gooyo lahaa in uu saxiixo sharciga. Diidmada qayaxan uu Xaq u lahayn, dib u dhigto oo kaliya saxiixa wakhtiga.
2. Marka la baabiiyo of serfdom xuquuqda dhulka ee dadka dhulka leh tago milkiilayaasha iyo beeralayda - goobaha ay, oo lagu daray dar 2 acres Guri walba.
3. Xaq u leeyahay inuu codeeyo - oo kaliya in ay milkiilayaasha dhulka. Haweenka, reer guuraa iyo non-milkiilayaasha waxaa ka mid ah waa la joojiyey.
4. Joojin hay'adda fasalada, dhammaan heerka by mid ka mid ah magaca, muwaadin ah. Nidaamka garsoorka waa mid ka mid ah oo dhan.

Ants ogaadaan in uu version of dastuurka la kulmi doonaan iska caabin kulul, sidaa daraadeed waxa uu ina siiyay hordhaca ah ee adeegsiga hubka.

Diyaarinta kacdoonkii ah

Ururada qarsoodiga ah, sida kor lagu sharaxay, oo socday 10 sano ka hor kacdoonka ka bilaabay. Waa in la sheegay in go'aanka ka soo baxay caasinimo tahay arrin lama filaan ah.

Iyadoo in Taganrog, dhinto Alexander I. Maqnaanshaha dhaxla gooyo soo socda waxaa la filayey inay Constantine, walaalkiis of Alexander. Dhibaatadu waxay ahayd in uu mar qarsoodi casishay. Iyadoo la raacayo, guddiga in walaalkiis yaraa, Nicholas maray. Dadka la wareersan tihiin, iyagoo aan ogayn renunciation. Laakiin Nicholas go'aansado inuu December 14, 1925 in ay qaataan dhaartii.

Dhimashada Alexander noqday barta laga bilaabo mucaaradka ah. Waxay fahmaan in ay tahay wakhtiga aad shaqayn lahayd, inkastoo ay kala aasaasiga ah ee u dhexeeya Koonfurta iyo bulshooyinka Waqooyiga. Waxay ahaayeen ogyahay in markii si fiican loogu diyaar garoobo kacdoonkii ay aad u yar, laakiin waxay dareemeen in inuu seego dhibic this - dembiyeed. Waxaa qoray Ivan Puschin in saaxiibkiis Aleksandru Pushkinu lyceum.

Ka dib markaan la kulmay habeen ka hor December 14, mucaaradka diyaariyo qorshe hawleed. Waxaa hoos u karaysa in qodobbada soo socda:

1. Taliyaha magacaaban of Prince Trubetskoy.
2. Qaado Palace Winter iyo Peter iyo Paul qalcadda. Mas'uuliyadda this magacaabay Yakubovich iyo Bulatov.
3. Nicholas lahaa in ay dilaan Lieutenant P. Kakhovsky. tallaabo Tani waa in signalka for garoomada mucaaradka.
4. Samee shaqada dacaayad askartii ka dhex kacday oo iyaga ka dhaadhiciyo dhinaca mucaaradka.
5. Inay ka dhaadhiciso Senate ku dhaarto daacad u ashtakooday aaminay in Kondrati Ryleeva iyo Ivan Pushin.

Nasiib darro, ma aha oo dhan fakaray Decembrists mustaqbalka. Taariikhda ayaa sheegay in xadgudbayaasha ka mid ah deegaanka la sameeyey denunciation ka mid ah Nicholas kacdoon aaddan in ugu dambeyntii isaga ku qanceen in uu magacaabo dhaar Senate xafiiska aroor hore on 14 December.

fallaago The: waxa la qabtay

kacdoonkii ma tagaan sida uu script ah, oo waxaa loogu tala galay mucaaradka. markii Senate ku dhaarto daacad u ashtakooday boqorka ka hor buuqa.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, gadhi askari iyadoo Jilib Xidhan, si dagaalka ee Square Senate, qof walba waxa uu sugayaan go'aan ku saabsan qayb ka mid ah maamulka.
Ivan Puschin iyo Kondraty Ryleev soo laaban oo waxaad ku tidhaahdaa in imaanshiyaha dhaw ee amarka, Prince Trubetskoy. Arintaan, by beddelo Jamhada soo buuxiyay boqorka Shaqaalaha Guud. Waxa uu ku fashilmay in ay ogaadaan in tallaabo adag in loo baahan yahay isaga.

In dhamaadka, kacdoonkii la baabi'iyay.

Xariggan iyo barxaddii

In St. Petersburg, wuxuu bilaabay inuu mari xadhiga hore iyo fulinta Decembrists ah. Dhab ahaantii xiiso leh waa in maxkamadda ee maxaabiista ku lugta leh ma Senate, sida la filayo, iyo Maxkamadda Sare si gaar ah ogranizovanny Nicholas I for munaasabadda. The ugu horeysay, ka hor kacdoonka ka, on December 13, oo uu ku qabtay Pavel Pestel. Xaqiiqada ah in wax yar ka hor dhirifka, wuxuu qaaday xubin ka mid ah Koonfurta Society ah A. Mayboroda, kuwaas oo u soo jeestay khaa'in. Pestel in Tulchin xidho ama lagu geeyo Peter iyo Paul St. Petersburg ee Fortress.

Mayboroda qoray denunciation iyo N. Muraviev, oo la xiray xaafadda uu.

Under baaritaan ahaayeen 579 oo qof. 120 oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa loo musaafuriyay shaqada adag ee Siberia (iyaga ka mid ah, Nikita Muravev), oo dhan ayaa la gadoontaan celiyay darajooyin. Shan Ka Tirsan Jabhada ayaa lagu xukumay dil.

dil

maxkamadda jidka macquulka ah ee fulinta Decembrists ku hadlaya, Nicholas sheegay in waa in aan la daadin dhiig. Sidaas darteed, waxay, geesiyaal dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, waxaa lagu xukumay in ay deldelaadda oo caan.

Yaa la toogtay Decembrists? Magacyadooda waxay kala yihiin sida soo socota: Pavel Pestel, Peter Kakhovsky, Kondraty Ryleev, Sergey Muravev-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Xukunka ayaa la akhriyey on July 12 oo iyaga sudhay July 25, 1926. fulinta Decembrists dheer qalabaysan dhisay meeshii deldelaadda la farsamo gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aan pads, saddex nin baa ku dhacay off birihii ay, waxay lahaayeen in ay mar kale u dhegaysanayay.

Place ee Peter iyo Paul ee qalcadda leh, halkaas oo Decembrists ee la dilay - waxay crownwork. Waxaa halkaas tiir xusuus ah oo wakiil ka ah obelisk iyo dhagax adag ka kooban. Waxay astaan geesinimada ah oo u diriray hadafyada ay toogasho Decembrists. magacyadooda waxaa lagu xardhay mashearulxaraam.