Dhammeystirka ay midoobeen dalalka Ruushka agagaarka Moscow. Years III iyo Ivan Basil III

dhamaadka XV iyo bilowgii qarnigii XVI - soohdinta u dhaxaysa qarniyadii dhexe iyo waqtiga New, oo loo yaqaan Renaissance ah, waxay ahayd muddada dhismaha ugu dambeeya ee inta badan dalalka Yurub. Marka marxaladdan jiro iyo dhamaystirka ay midoobeen dalalka Ruushka agagaarka kibir Moscow. In xusuusta dadka nool magacyada fikrada iyo kuwa fuliya ay. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen ugaasyadoodii grand Ivan III, kuwaas oo ka talin jiray 1462 by 1505, iyo wiilkiisa, Vasily III, kuwaas oo ahaa in awoodda ka 1505 si ay u 1533.

Features dhexe ee Western Europe iyo Russia

Waa in si deg deg ah in la ogaadaa in ee Russia iyo dalalka yurub, midowga dalkii hore ay u kala qaybsameen ka dhacay xaqiiqooyinka taariikheed kala duwan. In West ah, abuurista gobolada dhexe si ay kobcitaanka ee wax soo saarka wax, kaas oo, ee jeedo, korodhka by horumarinta xiriirka badeecadaha-lacag iyo wax soo saarka ee dhaqaalaha ka beerashada looxyada ku dhow.

In Russia, wax kasta oo uu ahaa kala duwan. Laba qarniyo ah ilkeed harqood Kobocii horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka, iyo iyadoo ay sabab u midoobidda ee rus ka dhanka ah ururka dhulgoosadka dhaqaalaha, taas oo shaki la'aan noqday caqabad ku yahay hannaanka this ka dhacay. Intaa waxaa dheer, abuurista aad ee gobolka dhexe ahayd ayaa suuragal ah keliya ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo waqooyi-bari ee dalka, iyada oo inta badan oo ka mid ah dalalkan oo koonfurta in ay qayb ka yihiin qayb koowaad ee Kievan rus, waxaa ku lifaaqan Hungary, Poland iyo Lithuania.

Qaybsanaanta - Jidka qabsaday dalalkan oo Ruush

Waxaa sugan in, sababta ugu weyn ee Russia Golden furasho Udelnaya ku Horde ahaa ay kala qaybsanaanta, oo u shaqayn kartaa sida tusaale ka mid ah madax Vladimir ah, qaybsan dhimashada ay taliye ka dib markii Prince Vsevolod ka mid ah kuwa dhaxalka leh, ka dibna noqdeen wax la dhaco fudud ee ugu guulaysannaa ah. Iyo ifafaale la mid ah ee taariikhda Russia ee muddada in la meel kasta ogan karo. Qaar badan oo ka Duchy Grand ah, ka dib markii ay isa-soociddiisa galay xer xeran yar, badiyay xoog hore oo laga badiyay awood u leh inay iska caabin ah cadowga. taariikhda National waxaa ka buuxa tusaalooyin sida.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-waxay aaminsan yihiin jiritaanka hanjabaad joogto ah oo ka Horde Golden ah, iyo Khanate oo kala duwan ka dib, taas oo iyadu la jebiyey, iyo siyaasadda dagaal badan oo ka mid ah deriska Western aad bay u dadajinaya dhamaystirka ay midoobeen dalalka Ruushka agagaarka Moscow, taas oo muhiim ah. Inta ugu badan ee credit waxaa iska leh hirgelintiisa, kor uguma carshiga ee 1462 Ivan III.

Abuuraha reer gobolka midaysan

Later noqday tiradaasi dhab ah muhiim u ah Taariikhda Ruush, taliye this, gacmahooda helay on ugu sarreeya, wakhtigaas, xukuumadda, markii uu ahaa oo kaliya laba iyo labaatan sannadood. Isagoo cadeeyay guul iyo siyaasi ka fog-arkay, wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee taariikhda dalka ayaa noqday loo yaqaan "Emperor of All Russia." Waxa ay ahayd intii uu boqornimadii noqday astaanta, oo ka mid ah gorgorka labada madax, iyo in Moscow waxaa la dhisay, kuwaas oo ka jira ilaa maantadan la joogo dhagax Kremlin.

Ivan III ee, guursatay walaasha ka gooyo Byzantine, bandhigay maxkamadda maalin xaflad xaqse nolosha, ma liita kuwa qaatay at maxkamadaha Yurub. Waxa ay ahayd ka yar oo uu ku xukumay, erayga jir Russ waxaa khiyaaneeyey by hadda - Ruush. Waxa uu fuliyay dibuhabaynta xag maamul, iyo mid ka mid ah qorayaasha of Sudebnik caanka noqday - go'an sharciyada madaniga iyo dambiilaha.

Code of sharciyada Ivan III

Sida laga soo xigtay this, aad u horumar ah ee ay waqti, dukumintiga, Duma Boyar waxay ku sii dhisnaatay Duke Grand ah. wakiilada ay awood maareynta goobaha gaarka ah ee nolosha dadweynaha oo noqday guddoomiyeyaasha in khaanadaha iyo taliyayaal princely magaalooyinka.

Waxa kale oo jiray cusub ee amarada - dawladda dhexe, kaas oo madax u ah si gaar ah loo magacaabay gobta ama karaaniyaal karaaniyaal. Meelaha baadiyaha ah, si kastaba - kaniisadaha, maamulka fuliyay by loogu yeero volostelyami - maamulaya qaab dhismeedka kooban dad xor ah.

Of Law aasaasay xarunta gacanta ku adag hoggaanka oo ka mid ah boyars maxalliga ah iyo ku qeexan yihiin ciqaabta ay suurtagal tahay in ay dhacdo aan la raacayo amarada amiirka. Tiro ka mid ah articles uu ku saabsan ururka ee ciidamada. Halkii amiirradii kooxaha kala duwan hore abuuray ciidan midaysan. Sidukiinta-mulkiilayaasha Local ayaa loo baahan yahay, haddii loo baahdo, in la sameeyo diyaar u ah Duke Grand iyo kharashka isaga u gaar ah si ay u qalabayn tiro cayiman oo ka mid ah hoos u cag iyo addoommo faras. Tiradoodu ku xiran heerka uu gaarsiisan yahay milkiilaha xaafadda.

Ku biirista Moscow ku xer xeran hore madax-bannaan

Siyaasi falsan iyo mararka qaarkood mid xeelad badan, Ivan maamulo, ka fogaanaya khilaafka u furan, si ay u fuliyaan xiriir Moscow, kaliya waqooyi ee Russia. Tani waxay bilaabeen in 1468, markii amiirradii gaarka ah ee Yaroslavl, garashada maamulka sare ee Ivan, galay soo gudbinta.

Afar sano ka dib yimid qayb ka mid ah Perm Great uu kibir. madax Rostov wakhtigaas ahaa madax banaan badh keliya - qayb ka mid ah weli iibsaday labaad ka hor inta (SIC) aabbihiis Ivan III, Moscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. In 1474, macaamil la sii oo ay sabab u tahay, oo dhan dhulka haray ayaa waxaa ku wareejiyey si Russia.

Qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka kacday iyadoo goysiga ah ee Tver, hareereeyeen by giraan ah xitaa ka hor inta dhulka Moscow. gobta Her ilaa dhowaan isku dayeen in ay la Ivan ku doodi, difaacaneysa ay xorriyadda, laakiin hortiisa oo uu wefdigii waaweyn, wajiyada ay u darbiyada magaalada, waxay ahayd dood sidaas kalifaya in ay ahaayeen si degdeg ah u qaataan dhaarta ay daacad.

Geedi socodka xiga ka mid goysiga ee 1489 dalka Vyatskiye waa meel kalluumaysiga muhiim ah. Waxay buuxsameen khasnadda ka mid ah lacagaha waaweyn, tsenivsheysya suuqa caalamiga ah - dhogorta.

Sidaas darteed of dhexe ee siyaasadda Ruush, taas oo si joogto ah u eryadeen Ivan III ee, marka lagu daro koritaanka joogta ah ay dhaqaalaha iyo awood military, iyo kordheen sharafta ee gobolka. Taasi waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in in sanadaha hore, waxaa iman doona qarnigii XVI tiro badan amiirrada Ruush, ka soo jeeda gobollada galbeed ee dalka yimid, laakiin sababo kala duwan in ay dhacday in hawshii taliyayaashii Lithuanian, ku soo laabtay dalkooda.

musiibadii Novgorod

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee la dhameystiro ay midoobeen dalalka Ruushka agagaarka Moscow ay ku dhacday si habsami leh. Tusaale ahaan of this waa dhacdooyin aad u waaweyn in biloowday agagaarka Novgorod, nagaanin ilaa haatan madax bannaan Boyar Republic. In waxa natiijada dib u habaynta maamulka, fuliyey ee 1410, xoogaystay xoogga ku abtirsan oligarchic, oo amar ah Basil Dark ka 1456, siiyey amiir dawlada hoose garsoorka ugu sareeya.

Cabsi laga (iyo si hagaagsan sidaas) in ay lumiyaan qayb muhiim ah oo mudnaanta ka dib markii hoos jooge Novgorod in Moscow, hogaaminayo ku boyars, madax carmal Posad Marfoy Boretskoy, si ay caawinaad ka Prince Lithuanian ku Casimir doondoonaan, oggolaan in ay vassalage in ay dhacdo taageerada ay dagaalka kula Ivan III. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo, ee Moscow oo amiir u soo qaaday Tallaabooyin xooggan oo sabab u ah taas oo 1471 u guuray magaalada ciidan midaysan caasiyoobay, oo ka kooban kooxaha oo dhan madaxda u jideeyey, Moscow.

Doodda ugu muhiim ah, taas oo loo ogol yahay Ivan III in muddo gaaban si ay u soo ururiyaan sida ciidan cajiib ah Novgorod ahaa si ay u tagaan ka amar taliyaha Catholic, oon wax sabab ah si ay u ashtakeeyaan ee doonaya in ay is dhaafsadaan iimaanka Orthodox ee "Laatiin". Marka la barbardhigo Moscow ee iskaa wax u qabso, Mucaaradka ka soo ururiyeen aad u weyn, laakiin ciidamo hubeysan oo layli ah oo liidata. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka kama dambaysta ah, kaas oo ka dhacay on Shelon webiga, iyaga looga adkaaday iyo kala eryeen.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo ay guul darro dibadda ee Novgorod ahaa awoodaan in ay la xaajooto oo amiir, iyo bixinta qaansiin a culus markii qaar ka mid ah si loo badbaadiyo haraadiga xornimada hore. Ugu dambeyntii, Novgorod la LABAGEEDI OO in Moscow ee 1478. Tilmaam A calaamad laalista xaq u leedahay in aayo-ka ahaa qabsashada Novgorod ay dawan kiniisadda, waqti ka xusuusan isugu iyaga by si wax looga qabto arrimaha hadda muhiim ah.

Ka dib soo gudbinta of Novgorod Prince of Moscow ahayd in qabsashadii of kibir Tver xajisto ilaa haatan madax-bannaanida. Halkan, si gaar ah u soo noqnoqda sheeko la mid ah sida in Novgorod. amiirka Tver, Mu'minaadka ah in uusan karin ciidamada ka xoogbadan, ee Moscow, ka codsaday gargaar u taliyayaal Lithuanian la mid ah sida Novgorod, iyo iyada oo sababtu tahay ay la kulmaan isla masiirkaa oo kale.

Inta lagu jiro oo dhan saddex iyo afartan sannadood oo boqornimadiisa, Ivan III eryadeen hal gool - Midaynta dalalka Ruushka kala duwan. Waayo, kanu wuxuu galay taariikhda qaranka sida "ururinta dalalka Ruushka." Waxa uu jebiyey badan oo hore madax banaan Grand Duchy.

End of harqood ilkeed ah

Laakiin, wax kale, ay guddiga oo xusay dhacdo sida muhiim ah sida dhammaadka muddada harqood ilkeed, taas oo astaan u guul oo ka mid ah ciidamada of Moscow amiir u taliya ee guutooyinkiisii of Ahmad Khan on dhex River Ugra ah ee 1480. Waxaa la gaaray Fadilmo military oo aan si ka badan sidii diblomaasiyadda caqli badan, taas oo keentay in Ivan III ahaa awoodaan si ay u sameeyaan xulafo la ah Crimean Khan, kii Colka qadhaadh ee uu soo horjeeda ee hadda, iyo waqti isku mid ah si ay uga takhalusi lahaayeen tallaabada of Ahmed Khan, Waliyeelata, Lithuanian King. Sidaas darteed, ogaaday rajo dagaalka ugu, Tartars lahaa ka baxsaday oo ay iyo gurteen.

Bedelka ganacsiga aabbihiis

In 1505 Moscow carshiga grand ina Ivan III, Vasily III, tan iyo wakhtigii aad ugu horeysay ee xafiiska cadeeyay bedeli ganacsiga aabbihiis. Sida KT run ah, wuxuu qabtay oo kaxeeyey siyaasad adag, ujeedada taas oo ahayd in la burburiyo nidaamkii hore ee madaxda iyo lifaaq Moscow weli lahaa waqti in madaxda madax banaan rus.

Fair oo u sheegay in dhallinyarada amiirku waa inuusan ahaa liita inuu aabbihiis ama go'aan ka soo baxay falalkiisa, mana awood u leh inay doortaan iyaga daqiiqad ku wanaagsan ugu. Marka tan la eego, u hogaansanaanta arrin caadi ah in madax Moscow ee Pskov, kuwaas oo ahaa ilaa markaas by Lithuania gacanta. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, Basil dumaalay daciifaan sababa duulaankii ee tataarka Crimean ah.

Isagu ma uu ahaa wax garad lagu daabacay iyo soo jireenka ah inuu aabbihiis. Tusaale ahaan, in 1509 Basil 3 amray in ay ka hor tageen, iyadoo si Novgorod, Pskov wakiilada keedana Canmex, iyo sidoo kale dhammaan kuwii ku qanacsanayn inuu doonayo inuu keeno Pskov ee hoos timaad maamulka Moscow ayaa iman. All yimid amarkiisa, oo uu ku eedeeyey la'aanta ah ee isku halleeyeen isagii, oo intooda badani waa in la dilaa.

Guddiga Basil 3 joojiyo magaaladii hore ee Independence. Ka dib markii fulinta wakiilada dayidiisii of Pskov, ee la soo dhaafay in ay taariikhda, golaha, kaas oo qaatay go'aan ku saabsan gudashada aan shuruud lahayn oo dhan looga baahan yahay amiirka ah. Pskov Veche dawan, uu la shaqayn jiray sidii Novgorod, ayaa la toogtay oo si joogto ah laga saaro magaalada ka.

In mustaqbalka, si ay isu yimid mucaaradka suurto gal ilaaliyo by lifaaqaaya magaalada in uu hantidiisa, dhallinyarada amiirka Bixiyey waxaa saddex boqol oo qoysaska ugu taajirsan iyo degeen meeshoodii tiro isla'eg oo cad isaga daacad u yihiin dadka ka soo meelo kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fikrad taasi ma isagaa iska leh, oo waa inuusan aabbihiis Ivan III ee, kaliya qorto markii ay sabab u tahay dadka hodanka ah ee Novgorod ku guulaystay. Markuu tirtirtay nidaamka hore Pskov Veche, Basil 3 aaminay gacanta ku taliyayaal uu.

Sii socodka ah ee isku dalka

Afar sano ka dib, sii wadaan inay dabagal ururka of Russia, Vasily III biiray uu kibir ah Smolensk, waxaa reconquered ee 1514. Lithuanians. xusuustiisu dhacdadan waxaa lagu derdertay by abuurka ee Moscow Novodevichy Convent. Waxaa markhaati furtaa wareejiyo Smolensk Icon oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah, aqoonsaday mucjisada ah, oo wuxuu caabuday oo soohdintooda gargaare qiraysaa of Russia.

Buuxinta kama dambaysta ah ee ay midoobeen dalalka Ruushka agagaarka Moscow ayaa waxaa soo gaadhay ka dib ee 1521 ee gobolka galeen madax Ryazan ah. Waxaa ka hor ku tiirsanaanta gaar ah oo ku saabsan amiirradii Moscow ahaa, laakiin hayn xornimada qaar ka mid ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu ahaa Warega ee deggan Ryazan iyo noqdaan muwaadiniin reer Moscow.

Maydadka ugu weyn ee maamul

Ugu kulan this dalalka Ruushka waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey gobolka hal, taas oo noqotay weyn ee Europe, oo wuxuu u yeedhay tan iyo markaas Russia. Laakiin habkan meelaha waqooyi-bari iyo waqooyi-galbeed Russia kaliya taabtay. Keenida hoosaysa oo ay isku usha madaxda of Moscow, ku yaal dhulka koonfurta-galbeed iyo sii wadaan in ay noqon oo hoos timaad maamulka Hungary, Poland iyo Lithuania, waxa ay ahayd arrin mustaqbalka.

Dhammeystirka ay midoobeen dalalka Ruushka agagaarka Moscow dalbaday abuurista qalab ah oo awood u leh in ay bixiyaan maamulka dhexe ee gobolka dhawaan la abuuray. Waxay noqday Duma Boyar ah. In hore iyo waxaa ka mid ahaa wakiillo ka socda labada fasalada sare waqtiga ugu boyars oo ka timi, laakiin ka bartamihii qarnigii XV ay ka kooban ku daray in ay amiirradii dalkii ku lifaaqan Moscow, daacad u ah taliyaha ugu sarreeya ayaa iyada. Boyar Duma waxaa u diiday, sharci-dejinta iyo lahaa qof jidhka ah deliberative.

Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Basil 3 laba hay'adaha gobolka, aasaaskii ku dhigay sameeyay danbe nidaamka mandative ayaa waxaa la aasaasay. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen wax-u Palace iyo Maaliyadda. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u si ay u gudbiyaan maamulka dalka, iska leeyihiin Duke Grand ah, iyo in anshaxa ee labaad waxay ahaayeen maaliyadda, archive iyo shaabaddii gobolka.

Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi badan, dhamaystirka ay midoobeen dalalka Ruushka agagaarka Moscow ayaa waxaa inta badan mahad gaaray in doorka ka ciyaaray by Church Orthodox Ruush ee geedi socodka. In kor loo qaado qiimaha xallinta arrimaha qaranka degdeg ah ka qayb qaatay dhismaha ee 1448 at carshiga Metropolitan ee Ryazan Metropolitan Jonah. Tan iyo waqti in, kiniisadda ee Russia helay xaaladda autocephalous ah, waa in gaar ah oo ka madax banaan kale kaniisadaha deegaanka, iyo si firfircoon saameyn ku yeelan karo siyaasadda gudaha iyo dibada ee gobolka.

Diblomaasiyadda heer cusub

Muscovy ee qarnigii 16aad oo uu soo sameeyay iyada oo ku biirto dalalka hore kala duwan helay xaaladda gebi ahaanba kala duwan ee arrimaha siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda. Haddii hore ay ahayd oo kaliya sababtoo ah xiriirka la Khan ee Horde Golden iyo kala duwan ee kooban oo amiirradii, ka dibna ka dib markii dalka bilaabay si ay u matalaan urur ee Qaranka Ruush ah Great iyo taliye in loogu yeedho madax bannaan, waxa uu qaaday ay meel loo eeliyaa ee Europe.

diblomaasiyadda Ruush in ay gabi ahaanba ka duwan yimid. Ka dib markii la dhameeyey xoojinta dalka ka mid ah Russia North-Eastern, ee Moscow, safaaradaha ajnabiga ah ee jeer oo hore ay bilaabeen in ay aan iman inaan riski si ay u tagaan ka expanses Ruush on Novgorod. Dabcan, tani dhibaato, sida horay u lahaa in kaliya la amiirradii dhulgoosadka macaamiloon, anfici iimaanka isku mid ah iyo ku hadla luqad isku mid ah. Haddaba, inta lagu guda jiro wada xaajoodka lahaa inay tixgeliyaan sifooyinka of diimaha kale iyo in ay isticmaalaan turjubaano, oo mar dambe by luqadaha barashada.

The mudnaanta labadii amiir oo reer Moscow Ivan III, iyo sidoo kale wiilkiisa iyo bedelka Arrimaha Vasily III dafiri karin. Iyada oo ay qoraallada, waraaqaha, dibadda u soo diray, ayaa tan iyo markii uu u saxiixay horyaalka "Prince of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia." Taasi waxay keentay in Russia oo dhan la xidhay si monolith in sii wadi karo inuu u adkeysan tijaabo kasta.