Grand ugaasyadii ee Russia. Taliyayaashii qadiimiga Russia

Kievan rus - state Dr Makumbe, oo kacday qarnigii IX ah. Ugaasyadii ugu horeysay grand kaalinta uu joogitaanka magaalada Kiev, kaas oo, sida laga soo xigtay halyeeygii hore, waxaa la aasaasay bishii VI ah. saddex walaalo ah - Kyi, Scheck iyo Xoreeb. Dawladdu waxay si deg deg ah soo galay wajigii ubax iyo booskaasi caalami ah oo muhiim ah. Tani waxaa sahashay abuuritaanka xiriirka siyaasadda iyo ganacsiga la deriska awood badan sida, Byzantium iyo Khanate Khazar ah.

Askold Board

Magaca "Ruush Land" ayaa loo xil saaray in ay gobolka ay caasimada ee Kiev inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Askold (boqolkiiba IX.). In "SHEEKADII Years teesto ah," magiciisa la Xuso ay soo socda si Dir ah - walaalkiis oday. Si aad u taariikhda, ma jiraan xog ay guddiga. Tani waxay ku siinaysaa sabab u tiro ka mid ah taariikhyahanadu (tusaale ahaan, Rybakovu B. A.) la wadaajin magaca Deer la naanaysta kale Askold. Waxaa intaa dheer, su'aal weli la xalin asal ahaan ka mid ah taliyayaasha ugu horeysay Kievan. Cilmi-Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin taliyayaal ay Varangian, qaar kalena soo dheegato asalka ah ee Askold iyo Dir berrinka (Jaaloobayn Debut) ka.

"SHEEKADII Years teesto ah" ku siinayaa qaar ka mid ah warbixin muhiim ah oo ku saabsan boqortooyada Askold. In 860, wuxuu u sameeyey olole guul si Byzantium iyo xitaa ku saabsan toddobaadkii qabtay obloge Constantinople. Sida ay legend, wuxuu ka dhigay taliyaha Byzantine in la aqoonsado Russia sida dal madaxbanaan. Laakiin in 882 uu dilay Askold, Oleg, kuwaas oo carshiga reer Kiev fadhiistay.

Oleg Board

Oleg - the Grand Prince koowaad ee Kiev, kaas oo xukumi jiray in 882-912 sano. Sida ay legend, ayuu ku heshay xoog ay ku Novgorod by Rurik in 879, sida Ninkaas ilmaha wiilkiisa, ka dibna u dhaqaaqay inuu deganaanshaha joogtada ah ee Kiev. In 885 Oleg ayaa ku lifaaqan dalkiisii kibir Radimichi Slaven Krivichy ka dibna ka dhigay safarka Ulichi iyo Tivertsy. In 907 wuxuu ka sameeyey dhanka ah Empire xoogga badan Byzantine. Guushaan ayaa cajiib ah Oleg Nestor ku tilmaamay faahfaahsan ee uu shaqada. Grand Duke March waxba uma tarin oo keliya in la xoojiyo booska uu ka Russia saaxadda caalamiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale furay helaan ganacsiga waajib-free leh Empire Byzantine ah. Oleg New guushii Constantinople in 911 ayaa xaqiijiyay in mudnaanta baayacmushtariyaal Ruush.

In dhacdooyinkan soo afjaro marxaladda of formation of gobolka cusub ee xarunta ee Kiev oo uu bilaabo muddada ay barwaaqo weyn.

Igor iyo Olga ee boqornimadiisa

Ka dib dhimashadii Oleg u yimaadeen inay xoogga ina Rurik - (. 912-945 GG) Igor. Like isaga ka horeeyay, Igor lahaa in uu amiirrada ula caasinnimada xulafaysi qabiil hoose ka qabtaan. Boqornimadiisa ku bilaabmaa kulanka Drevlyane ah, dembiile iyo Tivertsy, halkaas oo Duke Grand ku dahaadhay ka go'dayna waxay xad-dhaaf ah. siyaasad noocan oo kale ah oo lagu qeexay uu dhintay aaddan ka soo gaartay Drevlyane caasi ah. Sida ay legend, marka Igor mar kale u yimid si ay u ururiyaan gabbaro, wayna wada sujuudeen laba geed bjørk, ku xidhan dushooda cagihiisa oo sii daayay ah.

dhimashada amiirka Ka dib uguma carshiga oo uu naagtiisa Olga (945-964 GG.). Ujeedada ugu weyn ee ay siyaasadda ahaa aargoosi dhimashadii ninkeeda. Waxay iska caabiyay oo dhan niyadda antiryurikovskie Drevlyane iyo ugu dambeyntii hoos timaada ay amar. Intaa waxaa dheer, magaca Olga Great xiran baabtiiskii marka hore isku day of Kievan rus, kaas oo ahaa lagu guulaysan. Qawaaniinta diinta gobolka dhawaaqidda Masiixiga ah, sii socda ugaasyadii Grand ah.

Svyatoslav Board

Svyatoslav - ina Igor iyo Olga - xeerarka in 964-980 sano. Waxa uu firfircoon siyaasadda gardaraale shisheeye iyo ku dhowaad ma daryeeli ku saabsan dhibka gudaha gobolka. First, intii uu maqnaa, maamulka ku hawlan Olga, oo intuu dhintay ka dib seddex qeybo ka mid ah arrimaha gobolka (Kiev, Drevlyansky dalka iyo Novgorod) waxaa madax u ah amiirradii Ruush weyn Jaropolk, Oleg iyo Vladimir.

Svyatoslav sameeyey olole guul ka dhanka ah Khanate Khazar ah. Ka hor inta wefdigiisa aan karin sida qalcaddayda awood leh sida Samandar, Sarkel Itil. In 967, wuxuu bilaabay olole ka Balkan. Svyatoslav qabsadeen dhulal in qeybaha hoose ee Danube, qaaday Pereyaslav oo halkaas lagu beeray ku xigeenkiisa. duulaan soo socda si Balkans uu ahaa awoodaan in ay ku hoosaysiiyo xaqiiqda oo dhan Bulgaria. Laakiin xulka jidka Svyatoslav guriga ka adkaadeen Pechenegs, meel ku qaaday gelin in lala gooyo Byzantine. iyo Duke Grand ku dhintay obloge.

Vladimira Board Velikogo

Vladimir ahaa wiilkii sharci darrada ah ee Svyatoslav, sida ka Malusha dhashay - nadiifiya Princess Olga. Aabbaha mustaqbalka taliyaha weyn saaray carshiga ku Novgorod, laakiin dirir uu u suurtagashay in ay la wareegaan carshiga Kiev. Marka xoog, Vladimir dardargelisay maamulka dhulalka iyo rujiyey dhulka qabiil hoose wax calaamado ah oo ku abtirsan deegaanka. Taasi markii la bedelay horyaalka qabiil ee Kievan rus dhuleed.

Marka dalalkan United Vladimir deggan kooxaha iyo dad badan oo qowmiyadeed. Xaaladahan oo kale, taliyaha ahaa adag tahay in la sii jiritaanka soohdimaha gobolka, xataa xoog hubka. Tani waxay keentay in loo baahan yahay ee xaq ku fikirka ah xuquuqda Vladimir on qabiilooyinka reer binu maamulka oo dhan. Sidaa darteed, oo amiir u go'aansatay in ay dib u habeeyn jaahilnimada by gelinaya in Kiev, meel u dhow in guri ku Palace ee ugaasyadii Grand ah, oo sanamyada ilaahyada Slavic ugu qadarin.

rus baabtiiskii

Isku day in wax laga beddelo jaahilnimada ahaa lagu guulaysan. Ka dib markii Vladimir in yeedhay taliyayaashii xulafaysi qabiil kala duwan, anfici Islam, yahuuda, masiixiga, iyo D. sidaas on. Ka dib markii la dhageysto talooyin ku saabsan diinta cusub ee gobolka, oo amiir u soo diray inuu Chersonese Byzantine ah. Ka dib olole guul, Vladimir dhawaaqay inuu doonayo inuu guursado amiirad Byzantine Anna, laakiin tan iyo markii ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn, sida uu qirashadeeda jaahilnimada, Prince la baabtiisay. Ku soo noqoshada Kiev, taliyaha wargeeyayaal u magaalada amarka of deggan oo dhan maalinta ugu iman Dnieper soo diray. January 19 988 oo qof ilaa webiga, halkaas oo ay la baabtiisay wadaaddadii Byzantine yimid. Dhab ahaantii, baabtiiskii rus ahayd xoog.

iimaanka cusub ma si degdeg ah dalka oo noqday. First, Masiixiyada madaxyo simanna leh dadka degan magaalooyinka waaweyn, iyo markay kiniisadaha joogaan ilaa qarnigii XII ah. waxaa jira meelo gaar ah oo baabtiiska dadka waaweyn.

Taasoo la micno ah diinta lagu dhawaaqo gobolka

korsasho ee kiristaanka saamayn weyn ku saabsan horumarinta dheeraad ah ee gobolka. First, waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in amiirradii Ruush weyn ku adkaynay amar ay qabiilooyinka burbursan iyo dadyow kale. Second, kordhay doorka dawladda ee saaxadda caalamka. korsasho ee kiristaanka caawiyay Abuuran links dhow la Empire ee Byzantine, Czech Republic, Poland, Empire Jarmal ah, Bulgaria iyo Rome. waxa ay sidoo kale qayb ka ah ololaha militari ee ugaasyadii Grand ee Russia waxaa mar dambe loo isticmaalaa sida habka ugu weyn ee hirgelinta qorshayaasha siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda.

Boqortooyada Yaroslava Mudrogo

Yaroslav Mudry of Kievan rus mideeysan oo uu ku xukumay 1036 sannado badan oo dagaal sokeeye oo taliye cusub u lahaa in la ansixiyo mar kale dalalka ka dib. Waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in ay soo noqdaan magaalada Cherven, aasaasay magaalada dhulka St. George Chudskoy oo ugu dambeyntii ku garaacday Pechenegs ee 1037-m. In sharaf of guushii ay ka gaareen isbahaysiga Jaroslav ku amray inay kaniisadda ugu weyn - St. Sophia Cathedral.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa uu ahaa ururinta koowaad ee sharciyada gobolka - "Xaq Yaroslav". Waa in la ogaadaa in isaga taliyayaashii qadiimiga Russia (Grand ugaasyadii Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir) sheegay ay awood xoog, oo aan xaq iyo sharciga. Jaroslav ku hawlan dhismaha kaniisadaha (St. George ee keniisad, St. Sophia Cathedral, ka keniisad Kiev-Pechersk) oo ay taageerayaan maamulka awoodda amiirka weli waa urur kaniisad halkii daciif. In 1051 waxaa loo magacaabay horeysay Metropolitan ee rus ah - Hilarion. maamulka The Grand Duke hadhay 37 sano oo ku dhintay 1054.

Yaroslavichy Board

Ka dib dhimashadii Yaroslava Mudrogo dalka ugu muhiimsan ee ay gacmaha wiilashiisa ka weyn - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav iyo Vsevolod. Markii hore, ugaasyadii grand garoomada gobolka arrin si habsami leh. Waxay si guul la diriray qabiilooyinka Turkic ku hadla ee Torquay, laakiin 1068 on webiga Alta guuldarro burburiyo oo dagaalka ku jira la Polovtsy ah. Tani waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in Izyaslav laga eryay Kiev iyo Polish boqorkii Boleslav II orday. In 1069 wuxuu ahaa iyadoo la kaashanayo ciidamada huwanta mar kale qiyaas qaadeen magaalada.

In 1072 Grand ugaasyadii reer Russia soo ururay Chamber ee Vyshgorod, halkaas oo code caanka ah ee sharciyada Ruush "Xaq Yaroslav" la ansixiyay. Ka dib markii this bilaabmaa muddo dheer dagaalo sokeeye. In 1078 carshiga Kiev qaaday Vsevolod. uu dhintay ee 1093 ka dib, ayuu u yimid in ay awoodda Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, iyo laba wiil, Vsevolod - Vladimir Monomakh iyo Rostislav - bilaabay inuu u taliyo in Chernihiv iyo Pereyaslav.

Boqortooyada Vladimira Monomaha

Ka dib markii dhimasho Svatopluk ee 1113, ayuu lagu casuumay si ay carshiga Kiev Vladimir Monomakh. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee siyaasadaheeda, wuxuu arkay dhexe ee awoodda dawladda iyo in la xoojiyo midnimada Russia. Si uu u adkeeyo xiriirka nabad amiirrada ula kala duwan waxa uu u adeegsaday guurka saldanadii. Hufan, taas aawadeed, iyo fog arkay siyaasadda gudaha, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay si guul leh u xakameeyo territory ugu badan ee Russia 12 sano. Intaa waxaa dheer, guurka saldanadii midoobeen gobolka Kievan la Byzantium, Norway, England, Denmark, Empire Jarmal ah, Sweden iyo Hungary.

Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh in ay qalabeeyaan caasimadda ah ee Russia, gaar ahaan, waxaa la dhisay buundada guud ahaan Dnieper ah. Taliye ku dhintay 1125, ka dibna wuxuu bilaabay inuu muddo dheer hoos u dhaca iyo kala qeybsanaan ka mid ah gobolka.

amiirradii Great ee qadiimiga Russia ee muddada tafaraaruqa

Maxaa dhacay? Inta lagu jiro kala qeybsanaan ka dhulgoosadka 6-8 sano oo kasta, beddelo taliyayaashii qadiimiga Russia. Grand ugaasyadii (Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl, Rostov-Suzdal, Smolensk) diriray carshiga grand ee hubka. The Svyatoslav gobolka ugu dheer garoomada iyo Rurik, kuwaas oo iska lahaa Olegoviches jir ah ugu saameynta badan oo Rostislavovich.

In Chernigov-Seversky Monaco xoogga ahaa ee gacmaha O. Davidovich iyo guri ammaan. Tan iyo dalalkan oo soo gaadhay in ka badan ballaarinta wax taliyayaashii Polovtzy u suurtagashay in ay ku jiraan ay Fatxi marayo samaynta guurka saldanadii.

Pereyaslavl kibir , xataa muddada qaybsanaanta ahaa gabi ahaanba ku tiirsan Kiev. ubax ugu sareeya ee deegaannada la xidhiidha magaca Vladimir Glebovich.

Xoojinta of kibir Moscow ee

Ka dib Kiev hoos doorka weyn ee ay leeyihiin madax Moscow. taliyayaashii Its u amaahannay horyaalka ee oo ahaa amiirradii grand of Russia.

Xoojinta of kibir Moscow la xidhiidha magaca Daniel (wiilkii yaraa ee Aleksandra Nevskogo). Waxa uu u suurtagashay in ay magaalada ka mid ah Kolomna, iyo kibir Pereyaslavl Mozhaisk hoosaysiiyo. Iyada oo goysiga ah ee dambe muhiim ah wadada ganacsiga iyo biyo mareen p ah. Moscow ahaa dhulka ee Daniel gudahood.

Boqortooyada dalkaasi ka Ivan

In 1325, waxaa yimid si ay awood, Prince Ivan dalkaasi. Oo wuxuu kaloo sameeyey safarka Tver oo u adkaaday, sidaas ay ka saareen oo uu soo horjeeda xoog leh. In 1328, uu ka calaamad Khan ee Mongoliyaan ee kibir Vladimir helay. Inta lagu guda jiro boqornimadiisa Moscow si adag u sii adkaynayo ay Fadilmo ee Russia North-Eastern. Intaa waxaa dheer, waqtigaan la joogo waxaa la aasaasay ururka u dhow oo ka mid ah masuuliyiinta Grand iyo kiniisadda, taas oo door muhiim ah in la dhiso dowlad dhexe. Metropolitan Peter dhaqaaqay uu deganaansho ka Vladimir in Moscow, kaas oo noqday goob lagu cibaadeysto oo muhiim ah.

In xiriirka la Mongol Khan Ivan dalkaasi ka eryadeen siyaasad ah bixinta Marba iyo dhibaato ah ee ka go'dayna waxay. Ururinta leh dadka la qabtay la rigidity appreciable taas oo horseeday in raasamaal ee gacmaha oo ahaa taliyihii Xoolo badan. Waxa ay ahayd inta lagu guda jiro aasaaskii kibir Moscow awooda dalkaasi la dhigay. Wiilkiisa Simon ayaa sheegay in horyaalka ee "Grand Prince of All Russia."

Isku dalalkii ku wareegsanaa Moscow

Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Ivan dalkaasi Moscow u suurtagashay in ay ka taxane ah oo dagaalo sokeeye soo kabsado, iyo aasaaska nidaamyada dhaqaale iyo dhaqaale wax ku ool ah jiifay. awood waxa lagu taageeray dhismaha Kremlin ee 1367 sano, taas oo ahayd qalcadda a military daafaca.

In dhexe ee qarnigii XIV ah. halganka sarraynta ee dalka Ruushka ka mid ahaa Prince of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod iyo kibir Ryazan. Laakiin cadowga ugu weyn ee Moscow Tver weli. Dadka ka soo horjeeda ee madax ka awood badan inta badan ka doondooneen taageero ka Mongol Khan ama Lithuania.

Midaynta dalalkan oo Ruush agagaarka Moscow ku xiran yahay magaca Dmitriya Ivanovicha Donskogo, kuwaas oo hareereeyey Tver oo ku guuleystay aqoonsiga awoodeeda.

dagaalka ee Kulikovo

Intii lagu guda jiray qeybtii labaad ee XIV. ugaasyadii grand Ruush xooggaaga oo dhan si ay ula dagaalamaan Khan Mongol ku Mamai toosin. In xagaagii 1380, isaga iyo ciidankiisii in soohdimaha koonfureed ee Ryazan yimid. Marka la barbardhigo isaga si, Dmitry Ivanovich saaray 120,000th kooxda, kaas oo u dhaqaaqay dhinaca of Don ah.
September 8, 1380 Ciidamada Ruush qabsadeen jagooyinka duurka Kulikovo ah, oo isla maalintaas, oo dagaalka ku qiyaano - mid ka mid ah dagaallada ugu waynayd taariikhda Dr Makumbe.

guuldaradii dag burburkii Golden Mongol ku Horde oo wuxuu u xoogaystay qiimaha Moscow sida xarunta of midoobidda dalalka Ruushka.