"East" - suunka. gantaalada ugu horreeya "Vostok"

Dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, marka lagu daro waxa keenay tiro aad u badan oo dhibanayaal xad-dhaaf ah iyo burburka uu keeno in kacaanka sayniska iyo warshadaha iyo farsamada. The qeybinta post-dagaal dunida dalbaday in tartanka ugu weyn - ka USSR iyo Maraykanka - si ay u horumariyaan tiknolojiyada cusub, si ay u horumariyaan sayniska iyo wax soo saarka. Horeba in 50-mada ay aadanaha hadhay bannaan, October 4, 1957 ugu horeysay pride la magac rayadka "Sputnik 1" wareegay caalamka, Darteed bilaw u yahay marxalad cusub. Afar sano ka dib, cosmonaut ugu horeysay ku riday bilaabay kastana falagiisuu dhex gaariga "Vostok": Yuri Gagarin noqday guulayste ee Cosmos ee.

prehistory

Dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, inkastoo rabitaanka malaayiin dad ah, dunida aan ku dhamaaday. Waxaa bilowday iska hor imaad ah ee reer Galbeedka (hogaaminayo Maraykanka) iyo Eastern unugyada (Soviet) - koowaad ee xukunkiisa in Europe ka dibna dunida oo dhan. Waa inay Cadha daraadeed waxa loogu yeero "dagaal qabow", waqti kasta leexdo galay marxalad kulul.

Iyadoo abuurka hubka nuclear ahayd su'aal ah oo ku saabsan jidka ugu dhakhsaha badan ee bixinta badan masaafo dheer. Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka ayaa isku hallaysay horumarinta gantaalaha nukliyerka ah oo awood u leh in dhowr daqiiqo illaa dhufan soo horjeeda waa kan on dhinaca kale ee Dunida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isku midka ah oo dhanka aannaan qorshaha hami si ay u horumariyaan meel u dhow-Earth. Sidaas darteed of gantaal ah "Vostok" waxaa la abuuray, Gagarin Yuriy Alekseevich noqday cir ugu horeysay oo Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa hogaanka gudbikaraa gantaal ah.

Space Race

Bartamihii 1950 gantaalada ballistic "Atlas" waxaa la abuuray ee Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti - P-7 (mustaqbalka "East"). gantaal ayaa la abuuray badan oo xoog iyo awood u ogolaanaya in la isticmaalo ma aha oo kaliya la baabbi'iyo, laakiin sidoo kale ujeedooyin wax dhisid ah. Waa wax qarsoodi ah barnaamijka gantaal naqshadeeye sare Sergey Pavlovich Korolev ayaa taageere u ahaa fikrado Tsiolkovsky iyo ku riyoon jiray ka adkaada oo iyo meel sahaminta. Suurtagalnimada of R-7 kuu ogolaanaya in aad u soo dirto satalayt ama pride xitaa la duuliyo off caalamka.

Waxa ay ahayd in ay ka mahad R-7 ballistic iyo "Atlas" markii ugu horeysay Dadka waxa ay awood u Adkaan ciidanka ee cuf. At isla markii gantaalo gudaha oo awood u leh bixinta si ay diirada u xamuul 5-ton of kaydka badan oo horumar ah, halkii ay ka Maraykanka. Tani, oo ay weheliso goobaha juquraafi ahaaneed ee labada dal, in la ogaado siyaabaha kala duwan si ay u abuuraan ugu horeysay la duuliyo pride (GAC) "Mercury" iyo "East". Buusterka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti lahaa magaca la mid ah sida PKK.

History of abuurka

horumarinta markab bilaabay in Edo S. P. Koroleva (hadda RSC "Energia") dayrta ee 1958. Si aad u hesho waqti iyo Maraykanka "inay derejeeyo" ee Midowga Soofiyeeti tegey jidka ugu gaaban. Marka marxaladdan ee la dhigaayo circuit Maraakiibta kala duwan loo arkaa ka daydo safar jidaynayey dalka meel siiyey oo ku dhow dhulka ku, si ballistic - foomka of-celiska ah laga. Abuur gantaal dalxiisayaal oo qaadi kara load-waday sare ayaa lala xiriiriyay mugga weyn oo cilmi, la qaab goobaabin marka la barbar dhigo.

Ahayd mid ku salaysan cusub ee loogu talagalay in lagu samatabbixin madaxyada nukliyeerka, gantaalaha Intercontinental (MR) P-7. Ka dib markii ay casriyeynta iyo ku dhashay "East": side gantaal iyo pride ah eponymous duuliyo. peculiarity ayaa ka mid ah "Vostok" hab gooni ah oo ka degaya ee kaabsal dhaadhaca iyo cir ka dib markii uu ejection. Nidaamka waxaa loogu talagalay geeddiga degdegga ah ee doonnida wajiga firfircoon ee duulimaadka. Tani waxay xaqiijisay ilaalinta ee nolosha, iyadoo aan loo eegayn meesha beerto waxaa fuliyey - on dusha adag ama biyo.

design ee Launcher ah

marka hore "Vostok" gantaal ujeedooyin rayid ah ayaa la soo saaray eedda ka mid ah markabka-satellite galay kastana falagiisuu dhex agagaarka Earth ee xildhibaanka R-7 salaysan. imtixaanada duulimaadka Its saarnayn bilaabay May 5, 1960, oo horay 12-kii April 1961 ayaa markii ugu horeysay lagu qabtay diyaarad meel la duuliyo - Muwaadin ka mid ah USSR Yu A. Gagarina..

nidaamka dhismaha saddex-yada adigoo isticmaalaya heer kasta oo shidaal dareere ah (shito + oxygen dareere) waxaa lagu firfircoonaan. Labada Marxaladood ee hore waxay ka kooban yihiin shan blocks, mid dhexe (dhexroor ugu badnaan 2,95 m, oo dhererkiisu 28,75 m) iyo afar dhinac (dhexroor 2,68 m, oo dhererkiisu 19.8 m). Ushaada saddexaad waxaa ku xiran unit dhexe. Sidoo kale dhinacyada tallaabo kasta ku yiil qollado haya in dhaqdhaqaaq. At madaxa PAC ku dhajinta (halkan - satalayt), daboolay fairing ah. blocks kooxdiisa waxaa ku qalabaysan shukaanaha dabada.

astaamaha farsamo ee side "Vostok"

Gantaal wuxuu lahaa ballaciisu yahay ugu badnaan 10.3 mitir dherer ah 38,36 mitir. nidaamka Start miisaanka gaadhay 290 tons. miisaanka qiyaasay payload durba waa saddex jeer ka badan dhigiisa American ah oo u qalma in 4.73 tons.

Waxuun jar in vacuum ah:

• Bartamaha - 941 Kn;
• kooxda - 1 MN;
• stage 3rd - 54.5 Kn.

GAC design

gantaal la duuliyo "East" (Gagarin sida pilot) koobnaa hay'adaha dhaadhaca qaab dhinacyo dhexroor dibadda ee 2.4 mitir iyo qol dheecaan qalab-qalab. A Lander daahan caqabad kaamerada lahaa oo dhumucdiisuna waxay a of 30 ilaa 180 mm. Warqada waxaa ku jira talooyin, parachuting iyo godobihii farsamada. qalab jeeda waa nidaamka korontada, ku haynta kaamerada, gacanta, taageerada nolosha iyo hanuuninta iyo sidoo kale inaanu gacanta, qalabka isgaarsiinta iyo telemetry DF, spaceman fog.

In qol wadar ahaan labada lug ay gacanta qalab-ku taala iyo hanuuninta gaadiidka, korontada, VHF telemetry radio, qalab-waqtiga barnaamijka. On a dusha 16 kaalinta dhululubada nitrogen PAC nidaamka isticmaalka hanuuninta iyo oxygen neefsashada, hiitarka qabow la shutters taaba, dareemayaal Qorraxda iyo matoorrada orientation. Waayo, de-orbiting loogu tala galay engine Fariin, abuuray hoos jihada ee M. Isayev.

module deggan yahay waxay ka kooban tahay:

• guryaha,
• Fariin engine,
• kursiga ejection;
• 16 dhululubada gaaska Life iyo nidaamka orientation;
• ilaalinta kaamerada,
• qol qalab;
• aqbasho, geeddi-socodka iyo adeegga godobihii;
• weelka cuntada,
• anteenooyinkooda adag (tape radio caadi nidaamka amarka radio);
• guryaha isku xira korontada,
• ihin cajalad;
• nidaamka suuroggalaan;
• unit ee qalabka elektarooniga ah,
• daaqad dayuuradeed;
• camera TV-ga.

Mashruuca "Mercury"

Muddo yar ka dib duulimaad guul ugu horeysay ee aan dabiici ahayn satellite Earth warbaahinta Maraykanka ka aarsan calaamadeeyey abuurka ah la duuliyo "Mercury" pride xitaa la odhan jiray taariikhda horyaalka ugu horeysay. Xaaladahan, waa mid aad u muhiim ah in aad waqti u helaan si ay guusha tartanka meesha bannaan ee, iyo waqti isku mid ah si ay u muujiyaan dunida Fadilmo ee nidaamka siyaasadeed oo gaar ah. Sidaas darteed, gantaal ku bilaabay "Vostok" Nin on board ka wareeray qorshayaasha hami ee tartamaya.

Horumarinta ah "Mercury" ayuu ku bilaabay in "Mc Donnell Douglas" ee 1958. April 25, 1961, furitaanka ugu horeysay ee gaari wadin on dhabbihii a suborbital, iyo May 5 - duulimaadka ugu horeeya ee la duuliyo of cir A. Shepard - sidoo kale on dhabbihii a suborbital of 15 daqiiqo. , Toban bilood ka dib markii diyaarad Gagarin ee, ee duulimaadka orbital horeysay February 20, 1962 oo keliya (3 markooda oo jiraya qiyaastii 5 saacadood) cir Dzhona Glenna sabuuradda "Frendshir-7." rocket "Redstone" waxa loo adeegsaday duulimaad suborbital iyo orbital - "Atlas-D". By waqti in Midowga Soofiyeeti jiray duulimaad maalin firfircoon meel G. S. Titova saarnaa ee "Vostok-2".

Astaamaha modules deggan

"East" - gantaal in mustaqbalka

ka shan furayey imtixaan maraakiibta noocan ah laga reebo, lix duulimaad duuliyo la go'an. In mustaqbalka, oo ku salaysan "East" ayaa abuuray taxane ah oo "Voskhod" ee kala doorashada xaafuun iyo double, iyo sidoo kale satalayt fotorazvedchik "gebogabeeyey".

Midowga Soofiyeeti bilaabay meesha ugu horeeyay sputnik iyo pride ah nin on board. Marka ugu horeysa, dunida qaatay erayga "satellite" iyo "cir", laakiin muddo ka dib ay bedelay Ingiriiska ku hadla dibada "satellite" iyo "cir".

gunaanad

gantaal Space "Vostok" furi doonaa dadka dhab ah oo cusub - heli off dhulka iyo gaari for xiddigaha. Inkastoo isku dayga soo noqnoqda in la yaraysto muhiimadda ay duulimaadka ee cosmonaut ugu horeysay ee adduunka Yuriya Alekseevicha Gagarina April 12, 1961, dhacdadan marnaba libdhi doonaa, maadaama ay tahay mid ka mid ah calaamadaha ugu caansan taariikhda ilbaxnimada oo dhan.