Eber Absolute: taariikhda helitaanka iyo codsiga ee aasaasiga ah

Ra'yiga jirka ah "eber buuxda" waa in sayniska casriga ah waa mid aad u muhiim ah, waxaa aad ula xiriira fikrad sida superconductivity, furitaanka kaas oo abuuray kudhegaas ah ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii labaatanaad.

Si loo fahmo waxa ay tahay eber buuxda, tixraac shuqullada physicists caan ah sida, sida G. Fahrenheit, Celsius, A., J. Gay-Lussac iyo William Thomson. Waxay door muhiim ah in abuurista loo isticmaalaa ilaa hadda miisaanka ugu weyn ee heerkulka.

First baaxadda uu heerkulka soo jeediyay in 1714, jirka dadka Jarmal G. Fahrenheit. Waayo eber buuxda, taas oo ah, halkii ugu hooseysey ee heerka, heerkulka of isku dar ah waa la qaatay, oo ay ka mid ah baraf iyo ammonia. factor xigta muhiim ahaa heerkulka caadiga ah aadanaha jidhka, kaas oo ahaa si siman u 1000. Iyadoo la raacayo, qeyb kasta oo ka mid ah baaxadda loo yaqaan "degrees Fahrenheit" iyo miisaanka laftiisa - ". Fahrenheit"

Ka dib markii astronomer 30 sano Swedish A. Celsius jeediyay qiyaasta heerkulka a halkaas dhibco aasaasiga ah noqon baraf heerkulka barafku iyo dhibic karkaraya oo biyo ah. qiyaasta Tani ayaa loo magacaabay "Celsius", weli waa loo jecel yahay dalalka ugu badan dunida, oo ay ku jiraan in Russia.

In 1802 sano ah, kabacdi uu tijaabo caan ah, saynisyahan Faransiiska J. Gay Lussac ogaaday in mass mugga gaaska at cadaadis joogto ah waa si toos ah ay ku xidhan tahay heerkulka. Laakiin ugu xiiso ahaa xaqiiqada ah in marka cimiladu ay tahay 10 Centigrade, xaddiga korodhka gaaska ama hoos by tiro la mid ah. Samaynta u xisaabin loo baahdo, Gay-Lussac ogaaday in qiimaha this waa loo siman yahay si 1/273 ee mugga gaaska heerkulka a of 0C.

From sharcigan raacay gabagabo yahay in cimiladu ay tahay mid loo siman yahay si -2730S waxaa heerkulka ugu hooseeya, xitaa soo socda in ku dhow ah, waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la gaaro. Waxaa la heerkulka tani waxaa la yiraahdaa "eber buuxda."

Waxaa intaa dheer, eber waadaxa ahaa dhibic-upka abuuraya baaxadda heerkulka buuxda, ka qaybgalka firfircoon oo qaaday jirka Ingiriiska William Thomson, sidoo kale loo yaqaan Rabbiga Kelvin.

Waxa uu cilmi baaris hoose ka walaacsan caddayn in jirin jirka ee dabiiciga ah, in aan la qaboojiyey karaa ka hooseeya eber buuxda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu isticmaalaa labaad sharciga ah thermodynamics, sidaas darteed, iyaga soo bandhigay ee 1848, baaxadda heerkulka buuxda noqday kuwa loo yaqaan thermodynamic ama "qiyaasta Kelvin."

In ka sano ee soo socda iyo labaatan sano oo ay meel qaatay kaliya faahfaahinta tirsi ah fikirka ah "eber buuxda", kaas oo ka dib ansixinta badan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay -273,150S siman.

Sidoo kale waa in la ogaadaa in eber buuxda kaalin aad muhiim u ah in nidaamka SI ah. Waxa ugu waa in 1960, shirkii soo socda General on Unit Miisaanka iyo Tallaabooyinka ee heerkulka thermodynamic - Kelvin - noqday mid ka mid ah lix halbeeg ugu muhiimsan ee lagu cabbiro. Sayidka gaar ah ku xusan in hal degree Kelvin tiro ahaan siman yihiin in ay hal degree of Celsius, marka laga reebo in "Kelvin" dhibcood tixraaca waxaa loo arkaa inay eber buuxda, i.e. -273,150S.

dareen aasaasiga ah jirka ah ee eber buuxda ka kooban yahay in xaqiiqda ah in, sida uu qabo sharciga aasaasiga ah ee physics, heerkulka this tamarta ee mooshinka ka mid ah qurubyada hoose sida atamka iyo taagoo waa loo siman yahay si eber, iyo haddii ay taasi si ay u joojiyaan wax mooshin random oo ka mid ah qayb ka mid ah. At heerkul ah eber buuxda, atamka iyo taagoo in ay qaataan mowqif cad oo ah qodobada muhiimka ah ee ka qaylisay oo baraf, sameynta nidaamka ku amray.

Currently, iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab gaar ah, cilmi-baarisyada way heli karo heerkulka kaliya ppm yar ka badan eber buuxda. Si loo gaaro magnitude this isku jidh ahaan wax aan macquul aheyn sababo la xiriira sharciga kor ku tilmaamay labaad ee thermodynamics.