Faddarayn shucaaca ee ciidda iyo saamaynta ay

dhaq aadanaha marar aad u xun adduunka ku wareegsan xejisto iyo dabeecadda walax saameeyaa. horumarinta degdegga ah ee suuqa, beeraha degdeg ah, dhibaatooyin maareynta qashinka - waxan oo dhan si dhab ah oo halis ku ecology ee caalamka. Iyadoo horumarinta tamarta nukliyarka iyo horumar ah ee hubka nuclear jirto dhibaato kale - faddarayn ee carrada, biyaha, jawiga.

Qeexida dhibaatada

faddarayn shucaaca ee ciidda - waxay u badnayeen uruureen radionuclide on tilmaamayaasha ee heerka ugu badnaan la ogolyahay ay sabab u tahay waxqabad aadanaha.

meelaha wasakhaysan waxaa lagu gartaa qaadasho weyn xad-gaadhista dibadda iyo gudaha. Si aad u diraan caadooyinka ionizing daaweeyo Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Ilaalinta Shucaaca (ICRP), qiyaasta celceliska sannadlaha ah ee shucaaca waxaa lagu soo bandhigay in carradu iyo dhagaxyada 0.25-0.5 microsieverts sanadkii (mSv / y). Heerka waxa uu qeexayaa heerka shucaaca waa ammaan u ah caafimaadka dadka iyo waa marar badan ka hooseeya wixii ka dhalan karto dhimashada shaqeeyo nool ah oo dheeraad ah oo ah 30 maalmood.

sababaha

Sidee waa wasakhda ah ee ciidda? Ilaha wasakhda - labada kooxood ee radionuclides:

• nin-dhigay,
• dabiiciga ah.

Waxaa la og yahay in ciidda ku jira radionuclides dabiiciga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay fiirsashada waxaa aad u kordhay ay sabab u tahay wax soo saarka, kaydinta alaabta dabiiciga ah cayriin, processing, unugyada labka iyo dheddiga, ay soo saaridda, sari dhuxusha duuli isticmaalka ash sida dhirta a bacarimiso ama soo saaridda of qalabka dhismaha, iwm

Maaddaama ay wax soo saarka ee degdeg ah iyo isticmaalka Bacriminta sanad kasta xaddiga carradu radioactively wasakhaysan kordhay. Tusaale ahaan, arin liidata fahamsan of sii kordhaya fiirsashada of radionuclides ee ciidda ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka potash iyo phosphate Bacriminta.

radionuclides Artificial tiro badan ku dhacaa qayb ka ah biosphere caalamka ee ay sabab u tahay qaraxyo nuclear.

Sidaas darteed, sababta ugu weyn ee keenaya wasakhda ah ee ciidda kala yihiin:

• horumarinta degdegga ah ee dhulka beeraha;
• warshadaha culus;
• macdanta khayraadka dabiiciga ah,
• hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka,
• qiiqa ka soo shucaaca nuclear,
• imtixaanka nuclear.

faddarayn shucaaca ee carrada: saamaynta faddarada

Waxaa jira saamaynta badan xun ee wasakhda carrada:

• saamaynta taban toos ah walxaha shucaaca on xoolaha, dhirta iyo Insiba leh,
• xaddidaadda weyn ee suurtagal ah ee la isticmaalayo khayraadka ciidda ujeedooyin beeraha. Ka dib oo dhan wax soo saarka oo lagu helay shirqool noocan oo kale ah waa heerka caadiga ah ee fiirsashada qalabka shucaaca kor ku xusan ay sabab u faddarayn of berkadood furan iyo dhulka, ciidda ka xeryahooda halkaas oo waxyeello ku maydhay. faddarayn daran waxay keeni kartaa awood la'aanta in ay isticmaalaan biyaha cusub ma aha oo kaliya la cabo iyo cunto karinta, laakiin sidoo kale on xoolaha desoldering ama waraabka ee dalka beeraha.

culimada badan ayaa ku doodaya in guuldaradii deegaanka shucaac ah dhexdhexaad ah ka keenaysaa si ay u dhamaystiraan lumis ah biogeotsionozov iyo dadka. Waxay tani dhacdaa marka heerarka sare ee wasakhaysan. meelaha sida go'an yihiin agagaarka meelaha ugu weyn halkaas oo ahayd in la sii daayo a shucaac iyo, iyada oo sababtu tahay, wasakhda ah ee ciidda. Chernobyl - zone-saaridda ka dib shilka. Markaas boqolaal hektar heshay dose ugu xooggan ee shucaaca, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo ay gebi ahaanba laga saaro ka hawl aadanaha.

geeddi socodka ku lammaan

Ciidda u dhuuqin cayn adag oo walxaha shucaaca. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa iyaga ku qabaneysa muddo dheer.

Radionuclides ee ciidda waxaa lagu gartaa:

• guryaha ee noocyada kiimikaad ahaan firfircoon;
• guryaha iyo halabuurka ah ee ciidda laftiisa;
• sifooyinka radionuclides khilaafka;
• xuduudaheedu cimilada,
• muuqaalada muuqaalkii.

Radionuclides quudin u gal dusha ciidda ee halabuurka ah ee aerosols, macdanta, shidaalka particulate, iwm qaybta ugu badan ee jajabka ay L. in khilaafka ka caalamiga ah ee 30-90%. Tirada ugu badan ka cesium iyo strontium. Sida loo dhaqmo radionuclides mustaqbalka - ninna waxba kama oga. hoganaya Dynamic kordhisaa la hoos milmi of depositions ay. Ciid walxaha organic L iyo acidification gaarka ah ee deegaanka saameeyaa socdaalka sii kordhaya ee radionuclides oo loo isticmaalo ujeedo ee ay nadiifiskeeda u.

socodka ah ee wasakhda shucaaca ku xiran tahay:

• Halabuurka mineralogical;
• helitaanka in caqabadaha goobtaa ayaa ciidda;
• qaybinta size walxaha ;
• humus guryaha;
• dhexdhexaad dareen-celin.

qaybin Horizontal ee radionuclides

In la saadaaliyo saamaynta suurto galka ah ee wasakhda carrada waa mid aad u muhiim ah in la ogaado dabeecadaha socdaalka ee radionuclides.

qeybiyey ee radionuclides ee ciidda ka dhacdaa tilmaamaha siman oo toosan ee hab dabiici ah oo sababo hawlaha aadanaha.

socdaalka Horizontal waxaa sabab u ah:

• gaadiidka aeolian (magaca uu ka yimaado magaca dabaysha ilaah Aeolus);
• daadan daadadka in keenaya nisin faddarayn dheeraad ah oo degdeg ah iyo dhulal,
• digada xoolaha (earthworms, boars duurjoogta ah, jiirarka iyo kale "qodaya");
• gaadiidka;
• miro calafka cagaaran on seeraha wasakhaysan,
• dababka kaynta, kuwaas oo aad u awood badan isotopes wareejiyo qodob.

socdaalka Ugu Yar siman arkay coenoses kaynta, iyo ugu badnaan - in agrocenoses leh carradu iftiin. qaybin siman, oo gacanta ku hal, yaraynaysaa heerka faddarada ciidda la nuclides shucaaca, oo dhinaca kale ah - ballaarinta meelaha ay qaybinta.

socdaalka qumman

Sida qaybin toosan, ka dibna dhammaan noocyada ciidda, waa gaabis ah. xawaaraha toosan ee geedi socodka uu yahay mid ka ah meelood yar laba sentimitir sanadkiiba. Ciid kiiskan u dhaqmo sida ooday biogeochemical. Studies aaga Chernobyl muujisay in inta badan ee radionuclides ee hadhaagii gudahood lakabka sare ee carrada (oo ku saabsan 10 cm) muddo dheer. Oo alwaaxdiisa of this zone walxaha shucaaca ururtay in qashin ah (caleemaha, cirbadaha) iyo lakabka hoose ee ciidda (oo ku saabsan 1-2 cm).

socdaalka toosan ee radionuclides ku xiran tahay waxyaabaha ay ka midka:

• buureedyada,
• roobka, faniinkaba kala iibsiga qoyaan iyo uumi,
• kala iibsiga oo ka mid ah nidaamka xididka geedka;
• dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha - kiinnee, waraabka.

Meelaha ugu wasakhaysan ee dunida

On meeraha, waxaa jira boqolaal meelaha radioactively wasakhaysan. khatarta dhabta ah waa meesha hanford ee gobolka Washington, USA. Halkan dhismaha Rafaa, darajada koowaad ee dunida horumarinta nuclear la dhisay bartamihii qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Sidaas darteed of howlaha ay ka sumaysan aagga 518 mitir oo laba jibbaaran. km.

Carradu ee Soomaaliya ayaa lagu isticmaalo qashin-darrada ah ee qashinka nukliyeerka. site Semipalatnsky in Kazakhstan halkaas oo baaritaan nuclear lagu fuliyay, waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu badan ee shucaac-halista ah ee dunida. In magaalada Maili-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, macdanta uranium ayaa lagu beddelo in qiyaasta Midowga, taasoo keentay in ay isugu soo urureen oo aad u sarreeya ee isotopes radioactive ee miinooyinka degmada.

The si fiican u yaqaan zone Chernobyl - zone ah oo dhintay, halkaas oo boqolaal dad badan oo kiilomitir wasakhda carrada dhacay. Chernobyl - ma aha oo keliya ee adduunka ee saldhigga nukliyeerka, halkaas oo ahayd musiibo nuclear ee heerka caalami ah. Midka ka dhacay Fukushima, Japan. Halkan, dhulgariirkii iyo tsunami ee March 2011 sababay shil ka dhacay warshadda, kaas oo uu soo gaaray iyadoo ay sabab u dhulka u weyn.

adag Industrial "Mayak" ee Russia magaalada qarsoon "Chabrovsk-40" oo u dhow magaalada Kyshtym saameeyeen shilka 1957. cawaaqib Its noqday faddarayn radioactive ah 25 000 oo hektar oo dhul layaal. Noocan oo kale ah xaalad musiibo agagaarka OJSC Siberian Chemical Isku in Tomsk Oblast, Russia.

Features of isticmaalka meelaha wasakhaysan

In ciidda inta badan ku ururto radionuclides la suuska qeybtii dheer: promethium-147, Cerro-144, cesium-137, Ruthenium-106 iyo 103, strontium-90. The ugu halista badan noolaha waa strontium-90. Sidaa darteed, ee beeraha ku qaba shucaaca, agrochemical dhaqanka, xoola-farsamo iyo hawlaha kale, kuwaas oo ay awoodaan si loo yareeyo wareejin xeryahooda halista ah ka soo ciidda si ay dhirta. Ujeedada this sidoo kale gooyay dihnayd iyo xabaaleed.

qiyaas ku oolka ahi waa farcankii reer noocyo qaar ka mid ah dhirta iyo noocyada, kaas oo waxaa lagu gartaa heerka ugu yar ee raasamaal radionuclide. Qof walba waa ogyahay in naaxinta xoolaha, isticmaal oo keliya feed nadiif ah. Sorbents waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida lagu daro gaarka ah in la xakameeyo marinka walxaha shucaaca ee caanaha.

shaqada noqoshadii xoriyada golleeyahay in lagu yareeyo qaadashada ee radionuclides galay dhirta. Si taas loo sameeyo this ka dhigi sorbents ciidda, sida vermiculite, zeolite, macdanta iyo daro organic, lime. In beeraha raasamaal hoos u dhac ku dhirta dhacdaa by hab dhaqanka beeraha radionuclides. Bixiya kiinnee plantage, la isbeddelkaas dhismaha. farsamada beerashada Tani waxay keenaysaa in qotodheeraata wasakhda shucaaca. Sababo la raasamaal this of walxaha in dhirta waa la dhimay by 24 jeer. In beeraha, waa in la beddelo qaab-dhismeedka wareeg dalagga. Waxaa fiican si ay u bilaabaan si ay u koraan dalagga warshadaha in aan loo isticmaalin cuntada.

Hab kale oo la isticmaalayo goobta sumaysan yahay ka saarida ee wax saamayn gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, waxaad samayn kartaa kaydka gaar ah. In calaamadeysan shucaaca jeeda goobta cudurka beeray kaynta, inta geed.

tallaabooyin lagu sugayo ammaanka

tallaabooyin lagu sugayo ammaanka goobaha ay jirto faddarayn radioactive ee ciidda, waxaa si toos ah in lagu yareeyo saamaynta taban ee shucaaca. Fuliyay falalka noocaas ah:

• istaraatijiyad horumarinta isticmaalka waxa ka sameysan iyo soohdinta reer heer qaran ama caalami ah, taas oo ku xidhan inta uu la egyahay wasakhda iyo halista ka iman karta wasakhda meelaha ku wareegsan;
• noqoshadii xoriyada, tallaabooyin beero-iyo-farsamo;
• jeermi kiimikada,
• isticmaali of sorbents;
• xannibaadyo hawlaha aadanaha;
• wacyigalinta dadweynaha ee ku saabsan khatarta ay suurtogal tahay,
• xaddido dhoofinta wax soo saarka kasta oo ka aagga khatarta ah.

wakhtiga ay ansax xayiraadahaas ku xiran tahay ugu horrayn on cufnaanta ee faddarayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, fiiro gaar ah u dose-gaadhista ee shucaaca dareenka. Xilligan waxa uu socon karaa dhowr toddobaad ilaa dhowr sano. Sayidka ecologists yareeyo wasakhda ah ee ciidda iyo saamaynta ay.