Fikradda ah 'biosphere'. Qaab-dhismeedka of biosphere ah

Maqaalkani waxa aad barayaa fikirka ah "biosphere", ayay ka hadli doonaa waxa uu yahay qaab-dhismeedka biosphere ah.

Ereyga "biosphere" waxa macno ahaan loo tarjumay sida "gudbikaraa nolosha." Waxaa markii ugu horaysay la soo bandhigay galay sayniska saynisyahan Austria Eduard Zyuss ee 1875. Nin cilmiga nafleyda barta B. ZH. Lamark dambe ku adkeeyay in dhammaan waxyaabaha ku ah in ay u sameeyaan qolof ah oo korka ka mid ah dunida dacaladeeda ayaa lagu sameeyay ay sabab u tahay waxqabad ee noolaha. fasiraadda casriga ah ee fikirka ah "biosphere" waxa ay tilmaamaysaa nooc ka mid ah qolof ah Earth, kaas oo waxaa jira noolaha oo dhan oo ay si joogto ah la dhaqanka iyaga jajabkii oo ah walaxda ee caalamka. Its formation bilaabay oo ku saabsan 3.8 billion. Years ka hor, inta lagu guda jiro dhalashada ugu horreeyey ee dunida ka mid ah noolaha. Biosphere, iyo qaab-dhismeedka waa mid ka mid ah xubno ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka jaranjaro ee dabiiciga ah. Halabuurka The galkii this galo qaybta sare ee lithosphere, hydrosphere ah, iyo qeybta hoose oo dhan jawiga.

Qaab dhismeedka Biosphere presupposes:

• walax ku nool dhismaha noolaha ku nool in ay degi dhulkeenna.
• walxaha Biogenic ahaan inta lagu jiro hawlgalka ee noolaha, taas oo ah natiijada processing iyo noolaha abuuro (gaasas atmosfeerta, saliid, Peat, dhuxusha, nuuradda, iwm). Tan iyo dhalashada ka mid ah noolaha ugu horeysay ku nool ay seegeen kun oo jeer iyada oo xubnaha, unugyada, badaha dhiiggoodii oo dhan, unugyada ay dunida ee, qayb weyn oo ka mid ah jawiga, qadar weyn oo ah macdanta.
• walax Inert, aasaasay aan gargaarka ee noolaha.
• walax Bioinert ka dhasha is dhexgalka ee hababka non-noolaha iyo hawlaha muhiimka ah ee noolaha ku nool, isagoo hoganaya firfircoon ka mid ah iyo kaxeynayo kale (yl, ciidda, jilif cimilada et al.). Waxay ku jiraan boos ugu horeeysa ee jirka.
• walax A waa ku jira xaalad ah suuska shucaaca.
• atamka kala firidhsan yihiin si joogto ah ka timi wax kasta dunida, iyadoo ay sabab u gaadhista shucaaca meel.
• Muqaadaraadka unearthly, qof runtan.

Dhanka kale, waa in la tilmaamay si faahfaahsan cutubka koowaad waa wax sida qaab-dhismeedka biosphere ah. arrinta ku nool waa hay'ad adag ee noolaha. Its mass waa yar yahay marka loo eego qaybaha kale ee qaab-dhismeedka kaliya 2.4 - 3.6 x 1012 tan oo miisaan qalalan. Waa mid ka mid-millionth of mass ee biosphere oo dhan, taas oo iyana waa qayb yar hal-kun of mass ee caalamka. In kasta oo miisaanka yar oo noocan oo kale ah, waxaa aad u muhiim ah sida ciidamada goobtaa ayaa dhulka, maxaa yeelay, jidhka ma qaadi kaliya ay xilkooda u gutaan muhiim ah in qolof ah, laakiin sidoo kale saameyn ku leh Isbadal ee image of caalamka, taas oo ay deggan yihiin mid aad u sinnayn. In ka yar si caadi ah, waa la helay in guntiisa ku lithosphere iyo lithosphere ah, at height a badan, oo inta badan ku nool yihiin ciidda, oo korka ka mid ah Dhulka iyo lakabyada sare ee hydrosphere ah. Field ay qaybinta waxaa inta badan lagu go'aamiyaa lool.

Qaab-dhismeedka of biosphere ah, sida laga soo xigtay VI Vernadsky, oo hore u abuuray cilmiga biosphere ah, waxay leedahay saddex qaybood: aerobiosferu, gidrobiosferu iyo geobiosferu.

In noolaha aerobiosfere nool nolol taas element ugu weyn waa qoyaanka hawada. dhibco biyo ah oo ka kooban hawada iyo buufis ah, ka ilaha tamarta dhulka anigoo goor lagama maarmaan u ah nolosha sheyga in subsphere farshaxanka. Taa baddalkeeda, waxa ay u qaybsan yahay (keeneysa la) on subpodsfery - altobiosferu iyo tropobiosferu.

Gidrobiosferu oo dhan biyaha ee caalamka, taas oo ay deggan yihiin noolaha biyaha. Isla mar ahaantaana gidrobiosfera ku jira marinobiosferu (biyaha Oceanic iyo badda) iyo akvabiosferu (Continental biyo nadiif ah).

In geobionty geobiosfere waa arimo muhiim u ah oo dhexdhexaad ah ee aan fiicnayn waa Murerfirma Terra.

Dadka ayaa saameyn ku sii kordhaya on biosphere iyo macaamila la, sababa isbedel karin sanad walba. Wednesday habkan waxaa loo yaqaan "noosphere". The biosphere iyo noosphere ayaa si qoto dheer bartay by aqoonyahano: Vernadsky, Lysenko, Professor Lepeshinsky iyo maskaxda kale oo badan oo ku weyn Russia iyo dibadda.